In News:

India’s coastline has grown significantly over the past five decades, now extending 11,098 km in 2023-24, compared to 7,516 km in 1970. This marks an increase of 47.6% in just over five decades, attributed to a more precise methodology for measuring coastlines.

Key Factors Behind the Growth:

New Methodology for Measuring Coastlines:

• The old methodology used straight-line distances to measure the coastline, a method that didn't capture the complexity of India’s coastlines.
• The updated approach incorporates bays, estuaries, inlets, and other geomorphological features, offering a more accurate and detailed representation of the coastline.
• Advanced technologies like geospatial mapping have been used to ensure greater precision.

State-wise Recalculated Coastline Changes:

• Gujarat:
  • Old coastline (1970): 1,214 km
  • New coastline (2023-24): 2,340 km
  • Growth: The largest absolute increase in coastline, nearly doubling its size.
• West Bengal:
  • Old coastline: 157 km
  • New coastline: 721 km
  • Growth: A dramatic 357% increase, marking the highest percentage rise.
• Tamil Nadu:
  • Old coastline: 906 km
  • New coastline: 1,068 km
  • Growth: Revised length now exceeds Andhra Pradesh’s coastline, which was 1,053 km.
• Puducherry:
  • Old coastline: No major shift, but the updated data shows a contraction of 4.9 km (-10.4%), due to erosion and recalculations.
• Kerala:
  • Old coastline: Relatively small increase of 30 km (5%), the smallest among the states.

Notable Observations:

• Andhra Pradesh is developing new ports like Ramayapatnam, Krishnapatnam, and Kakinada Gateway, aiming to boost economic growth and employment by leveraging its expanding coastline.
• The recalculated coastline helps in better maritime planning, focusing on port development, tourism, biodiversity conservation, and coastal erosion.

Impact of Coastline Expansion:

• Economic Growth:
  • Coastal states, particularly Gujarat and West Bengal, benefit from an expanded coastline that improves maritime trade, port infrastructure, and tourism.
  • The expansion supports industrialization, with growing logistics and transportation activities along the coast.
• Environmental Considerations:
  • The new data aids biodiversity conservation, helping to track coastal erosion and accretion (land buildup), especially in areas like the West Coast.
  • Understanding these changes is essential for disaster preparedness and sustainable coastal management.
• Coastlines of Emergence and Submergence:
  • Emerging Coastlines: Land rising due to uplift or falling sea levels, such as along the Tamil Nadu Coast.
  • Submerged Coastlines: Land that has sunk or been submerged due to rising sea levels, particularly noticeable along parts of Kerala’s coast.

Geographical Significance of the Expanded Coastline:

• India’s coast touches three major bodies of water: the Bay of Bengal (east), the Indian Ocean (south), and the Arabian Sea (west).
• The expansion reflects more than just geography—accurate coastline data is crucial for policy planning, maritime security, and resource management.

In News:

e-Shram Portal, which aims to provide social security benefits to unorganised workers, has been upgraded with multilingual functionality for all 22 scheduled languages of India. This development, supported by the Bhashini Initiative, ensures that unorganised workers from diverse linguistic backgrounds can access the portal more easily and benefit from government welfare schemes.

About Bhashini Initiative:

• Launched in: July 2022
• Developed by: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
• Aim: To eliminate language barriers in accessing digital services by making AI and Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools publicly available.

Key Features:

• Local Language Translation: Bhashini offers AI-powered translation services in 22 scheduled Indian languages to ensure that digital platforms like e-Shram are accessible to everyone in their native languages.
• Open AI and NLP Resources: These tools are made available to Indian MSMEs, startups, and innovators to create a more inclusive digital ecosystem.
• Crowdsourcing Platform (Bhashadaan): A platform for people to contribute to building linguistic datasets through initiatives like Suno India, Likho India, Bolo India, and Dekho India, furthering language diversity in digital services.
• National Digital Public Platform: Aimed at providing universal access to digital content in all Indian languages, facilitating smoother communication across regions.

e-Shram Portal: A One-Stop Solution for Unorganised Workers

• Purpose: The e-Shram portal was created to provide unorganised workers with access to social security benefits and welfare schemes.

Recent Upgrade:

• Multilingual Functionality: The portal has now been upgraded to support 22 scheduled languages, making it more inclusive and user-friendly for workers who speak various regional languages.
• Previous Version: Previously, the portal was only available in English, Hindi, Kannada, and Marathi. The integration of 22 languages is a significant improvement, enabling broader participation.

Importance of the e-Shram Portal for Unorganised Workers:

• Welfare Access: The portal provides access to government schemes designed for the welfare, livelihood, and well-being of unorganised workers, including gig and platform workers and building and construction workers.
• Integration of Social Security Schemes:
  • As of now, the portal facilitates access to 12 government schemes, with plans to integrate even more, including state-level programs.
  • Future plans include launching a mobile app, a single application form, and the integration of payment gateways for faster disbursement of benefits.

In News:

IndiaAI, under the Digital India Corporation, has partnered with Microsoft to advance AI adoption in India for inclusive development and economic transformation. The collaboration focuses on skilling, innovation, AI safety, and responsible AI development, with a goal of fostering AI innovation across India, particularly in underserved rural and urban areas.

Key Highlights:

• Training 500,000 Individuals by 2026:
  • Target Audience: Students, educators, developers, government officials, and women entrepreneurs.
  • Goal: Empower these groups with foundational and advanced AI skills for economic opportunities and digital transformation.
• AI Catalysts (Centers of Excellence):
  • Establishment of AI hubs in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities to foster rural AI innovation.
  • Objective to equip 100,000 AI innovators and developers through hackathons, community building, and creating an AI marketplace.
• AI Productivity Labs:
  • Set up in 20 National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs) across 10 states.
  • Focus on training 20,000 educators and providing AI education to 100,000 students in 200 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs).
• Support for Startups:
  • Microsoft’s Founders Hub program will provide Azure credits, business resources, and mentorship to 1,000 AI startups in India, boosting innovation and growth in the Indian startup ecosystem.
• Development of Indic Language Models:
  • Work on creating foundational AI models with support for Indic languages to address India’s linguistic diversity and cultural needs.
• AI Safety Institute:
  • Focus on building frameworks, standards, and evaluation metrics for responsible AI development.
  • Support for the creation of an AI Safety Institute in India to promote ethical and safe AI practices.
• Infrastructure & Research:
  • Microsoft will also focus on enhancing cloud infrastructure and support for AI research through Microsoft Research India.
  • AI-driven solutions will be developed for critical sectors like healthcare, education, and agriculture.

Investment and Strategic Goals:

• $3 Billion Investment:
  • Microsoft has pledged $3 billion to expand AI and cloud infrastructure in India over the next 2 years. This investment will focus on:
    • Building scalable infrastructure for AI applications.
    • Enhancing cloud services and AI capabilities.
    • Establishing new data centers across India, supporting the AI-first agenda.
• AI Skill Development:
  • 10 million people will be trained over the next five years in AI skills, empowering the Indian workforce to adapt to AI technologies, driving job creation and economic growth.
• AI in India’s Economy:
  • India aims to become a global leader in AI, with AI-powered solutions contributing to diverse sectors like finance, e-commerce, and manufacturing.
  • Focus on economic growth through AI-powered industries and fostering entrepreneurship in underserved communities.

AI Technologies and Applications:

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) involves machines performing tasks that require human intelligence like decision-making, problem-solving, and learning from data.
  • Machine Learning (ML): AI systems improve through data without being explicitly programmed.
  • Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI systems understand and respond to human language.
  • Computer Vision: AI systems analyze and interpret visual information.
  • Robotics: AI powers automated tasks through robots in industries like manufacturing and healthcare.
• Cloud Infrastructure enables the scaling of AI systems:
  • Cloud Computing provides on-demand access to computing power, essential for AI tasks requiring large amounts of data and processing power.
  • Data Centers host AI models and data, and cloud services such as Microsoft Azure will support AI startups and businesses.

Expected Impact and Benefits:

• Inclusive AI Development: Focus on empowering women, students, and rural innovators to bridge the digital divide and promote economic empowerment.
• Startup Ecosystem: The collaboration will foster a robust AI startup ecosystem, promoting innovation and entrepreneurship through AI tools, Azure credits, and mentorship.
• Skill Development & Education: AI-driven skill training initiatives will prepare millions of individuals for the jobs of the future, particularly in the AI-driven economy, and support education reform.
• AI for Critical Sectors: Development of AI-enabled solutions to address challenges in sectors such as healthcare, education, and agriculture, driving social impact and economic growth.

In News:

• Prayagraj Municipal Corporation has successfully transformed over 56,000 square meters of garbage dumps and barren lands into lush green forests using the Miyawaki Technique over the past two years, as part of environmental conservation efforts in preparation for Mahakumbh 2025.

About Miyawaki Technique:

• Origin: Developed by Akira Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist, in the 1970s to create dense and fast-growing forests.
• Key Features:
  • Dense Planting: Trees and shrubs are planted close together, often using native species.
  • Accelerated Growth: Trees grow 10 times faster than in traditional forests.
  • Soil Restoration: Improves soil fertility and promotes natural regeneration.
  • Biodiversity Boost: Supports a variety of flora and fauna by mimicking natural ecosystems.
• Significance:
  • Urban Reforestation: Converts barren or polluted lands into green spaces.
  • Environmental Benefits:
    • Reduces air and water pollution.
    • Absorbs carbon and helps combat climate change.
    • Lowers temperatures by 4-7°C.
  • Sustainability: Prevents soil erosion and promotes long-term ecological balance.

Miyawaki Forests in Prayagraj:

• Achievements:
  • Over 56,000 square meters of land converted into dense forests using the Miyawaki technique over the last two years.
  • The project aims to create oxygen banks in preparation for the Mahakumbh 2025 and enhance air quality for millions of expected visitors.
• Plantations:
  • 55,800 square meters of area developed across 10+ locations in Prayagraj.
  • Largest plantation: 1.2 lakh trees in Naini industrial area.
  • 27,000 trees planted in Baswar after cleaning the city's largest garbage dump.
• Environmental Impact:
  • The plantations are helping to reduce dust, dirt, and foul odors, thus improving air quality.
  • Temperature regulation: The dense forests can lower temperatures by 4 to 7 degrees Celsius.
  • Biodiversity and Soil Fertility: Accelerated growth of trees boosts biodiversity and improves soil fertility.
• Tree Species Planted:
  • Mango, Mahua, Neem, Peepal, Tamarind, Arjuna, Teak, Amla.
  • Ornamental and medicinal plants like Hibiscus, Kadamba, Gulmohar, etc.
  • Other species include Sheesham, Bamboo, Lemon, Drumstick (Sahjan), and Tecoma.

Benefits of Miyawaki Forests:

• Air and Water Pollution Reduction: Trees absorb carbon, purify air, and improve water quality.
• Temperature Control: The forests help in reducing urban heat islands, lowering the temperature during hot months.
• Soil Conservation: The dense forests prevent soil erosion and promote the regeneration of the natural ecosystem.
• Enhanced Biodiversity: The technique supports a rich variety of species, improving ecological balance.

In News:

AnemiaPhone, a technology developed by Cornell University researchers to accurately, quickly, and cheaply, assess iron deficiency, has been transferred to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for integration into its programmes for anaemia, women’s health, and maternal and child health throughout the country.

Key Highlights:

• Technology Features:
  • Portable, Rapid, and Affordable: AnemiaPhone is designed to detect iron deficiency efficiently at low cost.
  • Requires a fingerstick (small blood sample).
  • Results are available within minutes.
  • Wireless: Data uploaded to a clinical database via mobile, tablet, or computer.
  • Can be used by healthcare workers to assess iron deficiency on the spot and take action (guidance, triage, referral).
• Working Mechanism:
  • A drop of blood is placed on a test strip.
  • The reader processes the sample.
  • Data is uploaded for immediate diagnosis and action.
  • Test results assist in on-the-spot intervention by healthcare workers.

Anaemia and Iron Deficiency:

• Prevalence in India:
  • Iron deficiency is a leading cause of anaemia.
  • 50%-70% of pregnant women in India suffer from anaemia.
  • 59% of women and 47% of children (6-59 months) in India suffer from anaemia (NFHS data).
• Consequences of Anaemia:
  • Fatigue, dizziness, organ failure, complications in childbirth, and in severe cases, death.
  • Contributes to higher maternal and child mortality rates in India.
• Impact on Health in India:
  • India has one of the highest rates of anaemia in the world.
  • Iron deficiency is a significant contributor to maternal deaths.

ICMR's Role and Integration into National Programs:

• ICMR and AnemiaPhone:
  • The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has integrated AnemiaPhone into its Anaemia Mukt Bharat (Anaemia-Free India) program.
  • The program focuses on eliminating anaemia by 2025 through screening, diagnosis, and treatment in women and children, especially in remote areas.
• Transfer of Technology:
  • In November 2024, Cornell University transferred the technology to ICMR for free.
  • This collaboration aims to improve health outcomes by sharing innovative health technologies.

Advantages of AnemiaPhone:

• Cost-Effective and Portable:
  • Low-cost compared to traditional lab tests.
  • Portable and can be used in remote and underserved areas.
• Quick Diagnosis: Results are processed in minutes, allowing healthcare workers to act without delay.
• No Need for Expensive Labs:
  • Can be used at primary health centers or in door-to-door health surveys.
  • Facilitates healthcare in rural or difficult-to-reach areas.
• Wireless and Easy to Use: The device is user-friendly and does not require extensive training.

Impact on Healthcare System:

• Improvement in Accessibility:
  • Helps reduce the need for people to travel long distances for diagnosis, especially in rural areas.
  • Ensures early diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency and anaemia.
• Enhancing Maternal and Child Health: AnemiaPhone will contribute to reducing maternal and child mortality rates linked to anaemia.

Technology Testing and Development:

• Testing in India:
  • AnemiaPhone has been tested in India and has shown accurate results in diagnosing iron deficiency.
  • Single-use test strips help ensure accuracy and prevent contamination.

Global Health Context:

• Global Prevalence of Anaemia: More than 2 billion people worldwide suffer from anaemia, particularly pregnant women and young children.
• WHO’s Role: The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies anaemia as a major global health issue.

In News:

• On January 7, 2025, during the inaugural India-Malaysia Security Dialogue in New Delhi, both countries agreed to enhance cooperation in critical minerals and rare earth elements (REEs).
• The meeting was co-chaired by India's National Security Adviser, Ajit Doval, and Malaysia’s Director General of the National Security Council, Raja Dato Nushirwan Bin Zainal Abidin.
• The agreement follows the upgrade of bilateral relations to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership during Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim’s visit to India in August 2024.
• The dialogue also focused on other security aspects such as counter-terrorism, cyber security, and maritime security.

Importance of Critical Minerals and REEs:

• • Critical Minerals: These are essential for a variety of industries like IT, energy, and defense. They are integral to manufacturing electric vehicle batteries, solar cells, and advanced electronics.

• • Rare Earth Elements (REEs): Used in high-tech applications such as wind turbines, electric vehicle engines, and high-powered magnets. While their extraction is not rare, it is technically difficult due to their complex nature.

Strategic Relevance:

• • Global Demand: The global demand for critical minerals is rising, and both countries see it as a strategic necessity to ensure a stable supply of these materials.
  • Malaysia's Resources: Malaysia possesses significant deposits of non-rare radioactive earth ores, including essential REEs like Neodymium (Nd), Dysprosium (Dy), and Praseodymium (Pr). These elements are crucial in today’s technological innovations.
  • India’s Dependence on Imports: India, which currently imports a substantial portion of its critical minerals, aims to diversify its supply chain by collaborating with Malaysia.

Sustainability and Ecological Accountability:

• • Both countries recognize the environmental challenges of mining these critical resources. Malaysia aims to adopt responsible mining practices that minimize ecological harm.
  • India seeks to ensure a supply chain that aligns with sustainable development goals, balancing economic needs with environmental responsibilities.

Enhancing Supply Chain Resilience:

• • Diversification of Supply Chain: This partnership aims to reduce India’s dependency on a limited number of countries for critical minerals, enhancing resilience against global supply chain disruptions.
  • Collaboration in Extraction and Processing: Both nations are exploring joint ventures in the exploration, extraction, and processing of critical minerals to boost their technological and economic standing globally.

Future Prospects:

• • The institutionalization of this dialogue through annual meetings is expected to strengthen bilateral cooperation in the critical minerals sector.
  • Increased cooperation is likely to enhance economic growth for both countries, aligning them strategically in the global minerals market as demand for these resources continues to soar.

Broader Security Cooperation:

• • Beyond critical minerals, the India-Malaysia Security Dialogue explored enhanced collaboration in areas like counter-terrorism, cyber security, maritime security, and defense industries.
  • This broadening of security cooperation complements the strategic minerals partnership, further solidifying the bilateral ties between the two nations.

In News:

The Indian Railways has unveiled a monumental engineering achievement with the completion of the Anji Khad Bridge, India’s first cable-stayed rail bridge.

Overview:

• The Anji Khad Bridge is India's first cable-stayed rail bridge, located in Jammu and Kashmir’s Reasi district.
• It is a key part of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) project aimed at enhancing connectivity between Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of India.
• The bridge crosses the Anji River, a tributary of the Chenab River, and is expected to transform regional transport, boost tourism, and promote economic growth.

Key Features:

• Dimensions:
  • Total length: 725.5 meters.
  • Main Pylon Height: 193 meters from the foundation, standing 331 meters above the riverbed.
  • The bridge is designed for train speeds of up to 100 km/h and can withstand wind speeds of up to 213 km/h.
• Structure and Design:
  • Asymmetrical cable-stayed design supported by 96 cables with varying lengths (82 to 295 meters).
  • The structure includes:
    • A 120-meter approach viaduct on the Reasi side.
    • A 38-meter approach bridge on the Katra side.
    • A 473.25-meter cable-stayed portion crossing the valley.
    • A 94.25-meter central embankment linking the main bridge to the approach viaduct.
• Construction Techniques:
  • Used advanced construction techniques such as DOKA Jump Form Shuttering, Pump Concreting, and Tower Crane Technique to enhance safety and reduce construction time by 30%.
  • A 40-ton tower crane imported from Spain was employed for operations at great heights.
  • The project utilized site-specific investigations by IIT Roorkee and IIT Delhi due to the region’s complex geological and seismic conditions.
• Engineering Challenges:
  • The bridge had to be constructed in the difficult Himalayan terrain, with fragile geological features such as faults and thrusts.
  • Seismic activity in the region required additional precautions in the design and construction process.
• Safety and Monitoring:
  • Equipped with an integrated monitoring system that includes multiple sensors to ensure the structural health of the bridge during operation.

Importance and Impact:

• Connectivity: The bridge will significantly improve connectivity between Katra and Reasi, ensuring faster rail travel and linking the Kashmir Valley with the rest of India.
• Tourism and Economic Growth: Expected to boost tourism and economic development by improving access to the region, attracting visitors, and facilitating smoother transportation of goods and services.
• Sustainability: The bridge's design ensures it remains safe under extreme weather conditions, offering long-term reliability for the Indian Railways network.

Collaboration and International Expertise:

• The design and supervision were handled by ITALFERR (Italy), with proof-checking conducted by COWI (UK).
• The project combines Indian engineering codes with Eurocodes, adhering to international standards for structural integrity.

In News:

Centre urges states, UTs to ensure undertrial prisoner relief in jails.

Key Highlights:

• Objective: The MHA has urged states and Union Territories (UTs) to implement provisions of Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023 to provide relief to undertrial prisoners (UTPs) in jails. This initiative aims to address issues such as long detention and overcrowding in prisons.

Key Provisions of Section 479 of BNSS, 2023

• Purpose: To offer relief to undertrial prisoners by mandating their release on bail or bond under specific conditions.
• Key Provisions:
  • Subsection (1):
    • Release on Bail: UTPs who have served half the maximum sentence for their offense (except offenses punishable by death or life imprisonment) are eligible for release on bail.
    • Release on Bond for First-Time Offenders: First-time offenders, who have served one-third of the maximum sentence, are eligible for release on bond by the court.
  • Subsection (3):
    • Mandatory Application: It is the responsibility of the prison superintendent to apply to the concerned court for the release of eligible prisoners on bail or bond.
• Superintendent’s Role:
  • Prison superintendents are mandated to ensure timely applications for bail or bond are filed for eligible UTPs.

Implementation and Reporting

• MHA’s Advisory:
  • On January 1, the MHA issued a letter to the Chief Secretaries, Director Generals, and Inspectors General of prisons in all states and UTs to ensure compliance with the provisions of Section 479 of BNSS.
  • States and UTs were instructed to report the status of implementation in a prescribed format starting from January 1, 2025.
• Data to be Reported:
  • First-Time UTPs: Number of first-time UTPs who have served one-third of their maximum sentence.
  • Court Applications: Number of applications for bail filed by jail superintendents.
  • Release on Bail: Number of UTPs released on bond or bail after meeting the eligibility criteria.
  • Other UTPs: Number of UTPs who have completed half of their sentence, and the number of applications filed for their release.
• MHA’s Campaign:
  • Launched on Constitution Day (November 26), this campaign encouraged states and UTs to identify eligible prisoners and file their bail applications, thus helping to reduce overcrowding in prisons and mitigate long-term detention.

Background and Context

• Why Section 479?
  • Section 479 aims to reduce the prolonged detention of undertrials, some of whom may have already served significant portions of their maximum sentences. This will not only alleviate overcrowding in prisons but also expedite justice for prisoners who have spent extended periods in jail awaiting trial.
• Earlier MHA Initiatives:
  • Prior to this directive, the MHA had issued an advisory on October 16, 2024, encouraging states and UTs to implement Section 479. A special push was also made during Constitution Day to move applications for the release of eligible prisoners.
• Expected Outcome:
  • The measures are expected to significantly ease the challenges of overcrowded jails and provide timely relief to undertrials, especially first-time offenders. By enforcing these provisions, the government seeks to improve the judicial process for UTPs and contribute to a more effective and humane criminal justice system.

In News:

India and the U.S. have announced cooperation on the co-production of U.S. sonobuoys to enhance Undersea Domain Awareness (UDA) for the Indian Navy. This technology is vital for tracking submarines and strengthening defense capabilities, particularly in the Indian Ocean region amidst growing Chinese naval presence.

This partnership is a key step in deepening defense cooperation under the U.S.-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET), launched in May 2022, and will contribute to strengthening both countries’ defense industrial bases.

About Sonobuoys

• What They Are:
  • Sonobuoys are expendable sonar devices used for anti-submarine warfare and underwater acoustic research.
  • Typically, small (13 cm in diameter and 91 cm in length), they are designed for deployment from aircraft or ships to detect submarines in deep waters.
• Working Principles:
  • Deployment: Dropped from aircraft or ships, they activate upon water impact.
  • Surface Float: Equipped with inflatable floats and radio transmitters to communicate with tracking platforms on the surface.
  • Sensors: Hydrophones descend to selected depths, capturing underwater acoustic signals.
  • Data Communication: Transmit acoustic data via Very High Frequency (VHF) or Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radios to operators on aircraft or ships.
• Types of Sonobuoys:
  • Active Sonobuoys: Emit sound energy and receive echoes, transmitting the data back to operators.
  • Passive Sonobuoys: Only listen for underwater sounds from submarines or ships and relay the information back.
  • Special Purpose Sonobuoys: Measure environmental data like water temperature and ambient noise.
• Other Applications:
  • Beyond anti-submarine warfare, sonobuoys are used for environmental research, including studying marine life such as whales.

Co-production of Sonobuoys: India-U.S. Collaboration

• Manufacturing Agreement:
  • Ultra Maritime (U.S.) and Bharat Dynamics Ltd. (BDL) have entered into discussions to co-produce U.S. sonobuoys, in line with India’s "Make in India" initiative.
  • The production will follow U.S. Navy standards, with manufacturing split between the U.S. and India.
  • The focus will also be on developing bespoke technologies to optimize sonobuoy performance in the unique acoustic environment of the Indian Ocean.
• Interoperability:
  • The sonobuoys co-produced in India will be interoperable between U.S. Navy, Indian Navy, and allied aircraft such as P-8, MH-60R, and MQ-9B Sea Guardian.
  • This ensures seamless integration and compatibility with naval assets from the U.S., India, Japan, and Australia, especially given the Quad's strategic naval exercises like Malabar.
• Production Location:
  • The sonobuoys will be manufactured at BDL's facilities in Visakhapatnam, with a focus on meeting the Indian Navy’s operational demands.

Strategic and Defense Context

• U.S. and Indian Naval Cooperation:
  • India has increasingly acquired military platforms from the U.S., such as the P-8I maritime patrol aircraft, MH-60R helicopters, and MQ-9 drones. These assets are also used by other Quad nations like Australia and Japan, highlighting the importance of interoperability and shared defense capabilities in the region.
• Enhanced Maritime Domain Awareness:
  • With China’s growing naval presence in the Indian Ocean, the cooperation on sonobuoys aligns with India’s strategic priority of enhancing maritime domain awareness (MDA) and Undersea Domain Awareness (UDA), which are critical for national security.
• Future Plans:
  • India has also signed a $3.5 billion contract for 31 MQ-9B drones, enhancing its surveillance capabilities for maritime and other defense applications. Deliveries of these drones will begin in 2029, further boosting India’s defense readiness in the region.

In News:

A significant discovery in paleoanthropology has unveiled a new species of ancient humans, Homo juluensis. This species, characterized by its unusually large skulls, lived in eastern Asia between 300,000 to 50,000 years ago. The discovery adds to our understanding of human evolution, particularly during the Middle to Late Pleistocene epoch.

Key Characteristics

• Name Origin: Homo juluensis is named after "julu," meaning "big head," reflecting the species' large cranium.
• Geographical Range: This species inhabited regions of eastern Asia, including parts of China, Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
• Fossil Evidence: Fossils have been discovered in Xujiayao and Xuchang (northern and central China), dating from 220,000 to 100,000 years ago.
• Physical Traits:
  • Homo juluensis had large braincases, up to 30% larger than modern humans.
  • They had thick skulls and facial features reminiscent of both Neanderthals and Denisovans.
  • Their dental and jaw features show strong similarities to Neanderthals.
• Cultural Practices:
  • They lived in small groups and were hunter-gatherers, hunting wild horses and potentially processing animal hides.
  • Their tool-making and survival strategies indicate a complex level of social organization and resource use.

Relationship with Other Ancient Human Species

• Coexistence with Other Species: Homo juluensis coexisted with Neanderthals and Denisovans, potentially interacting and interbreeding with these species.
• Genetic Exchange: Studies suggest hybridization between Neanderthals, Denisovans, and early Homo sapiens played a significant role in shaping the genetic makeup of modern humans, especially in Asia.
• Evolutionary Significance: The species' relationship with other Pleistocene hominins is complex, involving shared ancestry with Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans. The genetic exchange among these populations likely influenced the course of human evolution in eastern Asia.

Neanderthals and Denisovans

• Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis):
  • Lived between 400,000 to 40,000 years ago, primarily in Europe and parts of Asia.
  • Neanderthals contributed significantly to the modern human gene pool, especially among non-African populations.
  • Evidence of Neanderthal DNA is present in living humans, indicating past interbreeding with early human species.
• Denisovans:
  • Identified through DNA analysis in 2010, based on fossils found in a Siberian cave.
  • Closely related to Neanderthals, Denisovans inhabited diverse environments ranging from Siberian mountains to Southeast Asia’s jungles.
  • Like Neanderthals, Denisovans interbred with both Homo sapiens and Neanderthals, influencing the genetic structure of modern populations, especially in Asia.

Implications for Human Evolution

• Complex Evolutionary Web:
  • The discovery of Homo juluensis highlights the complex web of interrelated ancient human species during the Pleistocene epoch. These species did not live in isolation but likely interacted, competed, and interbred, shaping the evolutionary history of humans in Asia.
• Broader Understanding of Human Development:
  • By expanding our knowledge of species like Homo juluensis, we gain a better understanding of the genetic diversity and cultural complexity in ancient human populations. This also provides insights into the environmental and social conditions that shaped early human survival strategies.
• Impact on Modern Genetics:
  • The interbreeding between these ancient species has left a lasting imprint on the genetic makeup of modern humans, especially in regions like Asia, where Denisovan genes are still present in the DNA of some populations.

In News:

The 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) Convention will be held from January 8-10, 2025, in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Key Highlights:

• Theme 2025:
  • The theme is "Diaspora’s Contribution to a Viksit Bharat", highlighting the vital role of the Indian diaspora in India's development into a prosperous and developed nation.
• Exhibitions:
  • The convention will feature four major themed exhibitions:
    • Vishwaroop Ram – The Universal Legacy of Ramayana: Showcasing the Ramayana’s influence through traditional and contemporary art forms.
    • Diaspora’s Contribution to Technology and Viksit Bharat: Highlighting the global technological impact of the Indian diaspora.
    • Spread and Evolution of the Indian Diaspora: Focused on the migration of Indians from Mandvi (Gujarat) to Muscat (Oman).
    • Heritage and Culture of Odisha: A look into Odisha’s rich cultural traditions.
• Key Initiatives:
  • Pravasi Bharatiya Express: PM Modi will flag off this special tourist train for the diaspora, covering key religious and tourist sites in India under the Pravasi Teertha Darshan Yojana.
  • Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards (PBSA): Recognizing significant contributions by members of the Indian diaspora in various fields.

About Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD):

• Origins:
  • Celebrated on January 9 each year, marking Mahatma Gandhi's return to India from South Africa in 1915, symbolizing the contributions of migrants.
  • First held in 2003, the event became biennial in 2015.
• Objectives:
  • Recognizes the contributions of the Indian diaspora to India’s growth.
  • Fosters engagement between India and its global diaspora.
  • Strengthens India’s relations with host countries and promotes understanding of India’s culture and achievements.

Contributions of the Indian Diaspora to a Viksit Bharat:

• Economic Growth:
  • The diaspora plays a pivotal role through remittances, investments, and connecting Indian businesses to global markets.
  • Example: The development of a thorium-based fuel by a U.S.-based NRI is a significant step toward clean nuclear energy in India.
• Global Trade Linkages:
  • Facilitating partnerships, investments, and knowledge exchange to expand India’s trade base and global market presence.
• Supporting Innovation: Diaspora-driven collaborations in emerging markets boost India’s entry into high-growth sectors, enhancing the country's development prospects.
• Cultural Contributions: Indian diaspora members serve as cultural ambassadors, promoting Indian traditions, art, and heritage globally (e.g., Diwali recognized as a public holiday in several U.S. states).

Challenges Faced by the Indian Diaspora:

• Cultural Integration: Struggles with balancing cultural identity and integrating into host societies can lead to alienation.
• Political and Religious Issues: Increasing politicization and religious biases, especially against Hindus and Sikhs, in countries like the USA and Europe.
• Legal and Citizenship Issues: Complicated visa statuses, restrictive immigration laws, and issues like the H-1B visa challenge the diaspora, despite their significant contributions.
• Remittance Challenges: Economic instability, exchange rate fluctuations, and banking hurdles affect the regular flow of remittances to India, impacting families dependent on them.

Government Initiatives for the Diaspora:

• National Pension Scheme for NRIs
• Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) Card Scheme
• Pravasi Bhartiya Kendra
• Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF)

In News:

ISRO successfully germinated cowpea seeds (Vigna unguiculata) in microgravity conditions during the PSLV-C60 POEM-4 mission. This experiment, conducted using the Compact Research Module for Orbital Plant Studies (CROPS), marks a significant advancement in space-based agricultural research.

Details of the Experiment:

• Mission Overview:
  • The experiment took place aboard the PSLV-C60 POEM-4 mission, which included 24 sophisticated payloads.
  • The CROPS payload, developed by the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), is an automated system designed to study seed germination and plant survival in microgravity environments.
• Methodology:
  • Eight cowpea seeds were placed in a controlled, closed-box system, equipped with temperature regulation and advanced monitoring tools.
  • The system tracked plant development using high-definition cameras, sensors for oxygen, carbon dioxide, humidity, temperature, and soil moisture levels.
• Significance:
  • The cowpea seeds successfully germinated within four days, with leaf development expected soon.
  • This breakthrough in space agriculture is vital for the development of sustainable farming techniques in space, especially for long-term space missions and human settlements on other celestial bodies.

Broader Implications:

• Space Agriculture:
  • The successful germination of cowpea seeds sets the foundation for growing crops in space, essential for self-sufficient habitats in space.
  • This experiment is a significant step towards sustainable space agriculture, reducing the need for Earth-based resources in extraterrestrial environments.
• Future Missions:
  • The experiment's success is pivotal for future missions aimed at Moon or Mars exploration, where space-grown crops will be necessary to support human life.
  • ISRO’s achievement reinforces its growing expertise in space research and highlights the potential for international collaboration in space exploration and agricultural science.

About Cowpea Seeds:

• Cowpea (also known as lobia in Hindi) is a robust, nutrient-rich legume, ideal for agricultural research due to its adaptability and resilience in varied environments.
• The successful experiment with cowpea seeds holds promise for future extraterrestrial agriculture, ensuring food security for astronauts on long-duration missions.

In News:

Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar’s Address at NCC Republic Day Camp 2025.

Key Highlights

• PanchPran as the Foundation of India’s Transformation:
  • PanchPran (Five Resolutions) were outlined by Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar as the guiding principles for India’s future development.
  • These principles are fundamental to India’s national progress, ensuring a balanced approach to development and societal transformation.

The Five Principles of PanchPran:

• Social Harmony:
  • Aims to strengthen unity by leveraging India’s diverse cultures and traditions as sources of national strength.
  • Promotes inclusiveness and national integration.
• Family Enlightenment:
  • Emphasizes the importance of families in nurturing patriotic and moral values.
  • Acts as a foundation for creating a cohesive, enlightened society that respects traditions.
• Environmental Consciousness:
  • Advocates for sustainable development and conservation of nature.
  • Focuses on protecting natural resources for future generations.
• Swadeshi (Self-reliance):
  • Encourages promoting indigenous products as part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
  • Strengthens India’s self-reliance by focusing on domestic production and consumption.
• Civic Duties:
  • Instills responsibility among citizens to actively contribute to the nation’s growth.
  • Encourages participation in community and national development activities.

National Cadet Corps (NCC)

• The National Cadet Corps (NCC) is the youth wing of the Indian Armed Forces, established in 1948.
• It is open to school and college students on a voluntary basis and is a Tri-Services organization, comprising the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• Purpose and Training:
  • Cadets undergo basic military training in small arms and drills.
  • Officers and cadets have no obligation for active military service after completing their courses.
• Historical Background:
  • Traces its origins back to the ‘University Corps’ formed under the Indian Defence Act of 1917 to address shortages in Army personnel.
• Structure and Leadership:
  • The NCC is headed by a Director General (DG), a senior officer with a 3-star rank.
  • Its headquarters are located in New Delhi.

In News:

The Madhya Pradesh government has begun disposing of the 337 tonnes of toxic waste from the premises of Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) in Bhopal, 40 years after the gas tragedy.

Key Highlights:

• Packing and Transportation:
  • Waste is packed in airtight containers under the supervision of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board (MPPCB).
  • 12 specially designed airtight containers are being used for packing, and each container will be loaded onto trucks for transport.
  • The waste movement will be escorted with a green corridor of about 250 kilometers.
• Incineration Process:
  • The waste will undergo incineration in Pithampur, with residue stored in a two-layer membrane landfill to prevent contamination.
  • A trial incineration of 10 tonnes of the waste was done in 2015 with no harmful effects, and results were submitted to the High Court.

Bhopal Gas Tragedy: A Historical Overview

• About the Tragedy:
  • In 1984, a chemical leak at the Union Carbide pesticide plant released methyl isocyanate (MIC), leading to one of the worst industrial disasters in history.
  • The leak was caused by a failed maintenance attempt and malfunctioning safety systems.
  • Immediate effects included respiratory issues, eye problems, and abdominal pain, while long-term effects included chronic lung conditions, genetic abnormalities, and higher infant mortality rates.
• Legal and Government Response:
  • In 1985, the Indian government passed the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act to represent victims in legal claims.
  • UCIL initially offered USD 5 million, while the Indian government demanded USD 3.3 billion. The case was settled in 1989 for USD 470 million.
  • In 2010, seven Indian nationals were convicted for causing death by negligence, but were released on bail.

Hazardous Waste Management in India

• Definition and Types:
  • Hazardous waste refers to waste that poses significant risks due to toxicity, reactivity, or corrosiveness.
  • Common sources include chemical production, outdated technologies, and wastewater treatment.
• Regulations and Disposal Methods:
  • The Environment Protection Act (1986) and the Basel Convention (1992) govern hazardous waste management in India.
  • India generates about 7.66 million tonnes of hazardous waste annually, with the majority being landfillable (44.3%) and recyclable (47.2%).
  • Disposal methods include incineration, co-processing in cement plants, and material/energy recovery.
• Challenges in Hazardous Waste Management:
  • Inadequate treatment technologies, especially in small and medium industries.
  • The need for stricter compliance with waste management laws and more efficient remediation of hazardous sites like Bhopal.

In News:

In its annual report, the Union Home Ministry has warned the public against getting trapped in organised 'pig-butchering scams'.

Key Highlights:

• What is it?
  • The Pig-Butchering Scam is a sophisticated form of cybercrime in which fraudsters deceive victims into investing in fake online trading platforms. The term "pig-butchering" is derived from the analogy of "fattening up" victims before stealing their money, much like preparing a pig for slaughter.
• How it works:
  • Initial Contact: Scammers typically reach out to victims through social media platforms, dating apps, or deceptive ads on websites like Google and Facebook.
  • Building Trust: Fraudsters create false friendships, using these connections to lure victims into investing in fake online trading apps. Cryptocurrency investments are often involved due to the ambiguity in the crypto market.
  • The Scam: Victims are shown fabricated profits to encourage further investment. However, when they try to withdraw their funds, the money is stolen, and they realize the trading platform was fake.
• Features of the Scam:
  • Use of fraudulent online trading platforms
  • Fabricated blockchain transactions, making fund recovery nearly impossible
  • Reliance on victims’ desire for quick financial gains
  • Linked to money laundering and cyber slavery in some cases
• Origin of the Scam:
  • The scam first appeared in China in 2016, where it was referred to as “sha zhu pan” (translated as "killing pig game").
  • It is a form of Ponzi scheme, wherein organized scammers exploit victims by using fake online identities and offering false investment opportunities.
• How Cybercriminals Lure Victims:
  • The scammer (host) contacts potential victims via social media, dating apps, or deceptive online advertisements.
  • They build trust with the victim, enticing them into exploring online investments and cryptocurrency trading, often capitalizing on the lack of clarity in the crypto space.
  • The victim is then persuaded to invest larger amounts in fake trades, believing they are making real profits.
• How the Scam is Executed:
  • The scammer uses fake online trading platforms to create the illusion of profit.
  • After building the victim’s confidence, the fraudster encourages larger investments.
  • When victims try to withdraw their funds, they realize their money is gone, often with blockchain transactions making it nearly impossible to trace or recover the funds.
• Statistics on Cybercrime in India:
  • In March 2024, the National Cybercrime Threat Analytical Unit recorded over 37,500 complaints related to cybercrime.
  • The highest number of complaints (42%) were associated with WhatsApp (14,746), followed by Telegram (7,651), Instagram (7,152), Facebook (7,051), and YouTube (1,135).
• Union Home Ministry’s Response:
  • The MHA has flagged pig-butchering scams as a global phenomenon that could involve large-scale money laundering and cyber slavery.
  • The Ministry is collaborating with Google for intelligence sharing to flag suspicious digital lending apps and other forms of fraud.
  • The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre is working on capacity building to combat such scams and improve the response to cybercrimes.

In News:

An international cruise terminal to facilitate a “global” port-led city, “high-end” tourism infrastructure, and a ship-breaking yard are among the new additions to the ?72,000 crore mega-infrastructure project in Great Nicobar Island proposed by the Union Shipping Ministry.

Overview of the Project:

• The Great Nicobar Island Development Project is a ?72,000-crore initiative to transform the southernmost island of India into a hub for defense, logistics, commerce, eco-tourism, and infrastructure development.
• It is being implemented by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation Ltd (ANIIDCO) over 16,610 hectares of land.
• The project includes multiple components like an International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT), an international airport, greenfield cities, a mass rapid transport system, and a free trade zone.

Key Proposed Developments:

• International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT): To make Great Nicobar a key player in global maritime trade.
• Greenfield International Airport: To improve connectivity and serve as a strategic airport.
• Greenfield Cities: New urban settlements to support the infrastructure.
• Coastal Mass Rapid Transport System: An advanced transportation network along the coast.
• Free Trade Zone: To facilitate international trade activities.
• International Cruise Terminal (new addition): To attract global tourists and facilitate cruise tourism.
• Ship Breaking Yard (new addition): To establish a facility for ship building and breaking.

Geographical and Ecological Context:

• Great Nicobar Island is the largest island in the Nicobar group, located at the southern tip of India. It is covered in rainforests and hosts diverse species, including endangered ones like the leatherback turtle and the Nicobar megapode.
• The island's ecosystem is rich in biodiversity, with extensive mangroves, coral reefs, and rainforests.

Significance of the Project:

• Geo-strategic Importance: The island’s location near the Malacca Strait offers a strategic maritime advantage, enhancing India’s global maritime presence.
• National Security: With increasing Chinese influence in the region, the project aims to strengthen India's maritime security.
• Economic Growth: The ICTT and other infrastructure will boost economic activities, making the region a vital trade hub.
• Job Creation: The development will lead to numerous job opportunities for locals, especially in sectors like tourism, ports, and transport.
• Tourism Development: With eco-tourism at its core, the project is expected to generate substantial income through tourism, improving the local economy.
• Social Infrastructure: It will lead to improvements in healthcare, education, and digital services through initiatives like telemedicine and tele-education.

In News:

In a first, the Chhattisgarh state has introduced an innovative plan that connects the ecosystem services of its forests with the Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP).

Key Highlights:

Chhattisgarh's Green GDP Initiative:

• First State in India to link forest ecosystem services with Green GDP.
• Forests cover 44% of Chhattisgarh's land area, playing a vital role in climate change mitigation.
• Key forest products (tendu leaves, lac, honey, medicinal plants) contribute significantly to the rural economy.

Green GDP:

• Definition: An adjustment of traditional GDP that accounts for environmental costs like resource depletion and ecosystem degradation.
• Formula:
  • Green GDP = Net Domestic Product (NDP) − (Cost of Resource Depletion + Ecosystem Degradation)
  • NDP = GDP − Depreciation of Produced Assets.

Importance of Green GDP:

• Traditional GDP overlooks the environmental cost, treating activities like deforestation as economic gains.
• Green GDP adjusts for sustainability, ensuring long-term economic growth aligns with environmental preservation.

Global Context & Initiatives:

• SEEA (System of Environmental-Economic Accounting): Developed by the UN to track economic-environment relationships.
• WAVES: World Bank initiative integrating natural capital into national economic accounts.
• Bhutan’s GNH: Emphasizes ecological sustainability in development.

Benefits of Green GDP for Chhattisgarh:

• Promotes sustainable development by integrating economic and environmental goals.
• Climate Change Mitigation: Forests help absorb CO2, playing a key role in carbon sequestration.
• Biodiversity Conservation: Supports sustainable use of resources, preserving ecosystems.
• Cultural Integration: Acknowledges forests' cultural and spiritual importance to local tribal communities (e.g., sacred groves).

Key Features of the Initiative:

• Valuing Ecosystem Services: Includes clean air (CO? absorption), water conservation, and biodiversity.
• Eco-tourism Promotion: Developing jungle safaris and national parks, boosting local employment.
• Scientific Assessments: Employing experts to quantify forest contributions to the economy.

Challenges of Green GDP Framework:

• Valuation Complexity: Difficult to assign monetary value to non-market environmental benefits like biodiversity.
• Data Gaps: Lack of comprehensive data on environmental degradation and resource usage.
• Implementation: Requires significant changes in accounting systems and policymaking.
• Forest Definition: Plantations like oil palm may be counted as forests, misleading environmental assessments.
• Political Resistance: States may manipulate data to secure funding, prioritizing plantations over natural forests.
• Local Integration: Difficulties in involving local bodies like Panchayats due to literacy and awareness gaps.

Future of Green GDP:

• Sustainable Resource Use: Encourages responsible consumption and production, aligning with SDG 12.
• Climate Action: Contributes to the reduction of fossil fuel reliance and promotes renewable energy, aligning with SDG 13.
• Green Investments: Stimulates green technologies and industries, fostering sustainable economic growth (SDG 8).

In News:

• Launch of the Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) 2024 report and the Logistics Excellence, Advancement, and Performance Shield (LEAPS) 2024 awards in New Delhi.

Key Highlights:

• Objective of LEADS 2024 Report:
  • Evaluate logistics performance across Indian states and union territories.
  • Provide actionable insights for logistics reforms to foster competitive federalism.
  • Assess logistics infrastructure, services, regulatory environment, and sustainability efforts.
• Performance Evaluation:

Region                                Achievers                                                                              Fast Movers                                                                                         Aspirers

Coastal States                    Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu        Andhra Pradesh, Goa                                                                             Kerala, West Bengal

Landlocked States             Haryana, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand                Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan            Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand

North-Eastern States        Assam, Arunachal Pradesh                                                   Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura                                 Manipur

Union Territories               Chandigarh, Delhi                                                               Dadra and Nagar Haveli & Daman and Diu, Jammu and Kashmir,         Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Ladakh

                                                                                                                                          Lakshadweep, Puducherry

• Key Remarks:
  • Action Plans for Better Logistics: States should develop regional and city-level logistics plans, including for last-mile connectivity, to attract investments.
  • Green Logistics: Advocate for sustainable logistics practices to ensure environmentally responsible growth.
  • Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Encourage PPPs to promote multi-modal hubs and streamline logistics infrastructure.
  • Technological Integration: Push for the adoption of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Data Analytics to enhance efficiency in logistics operations.
  • Skill Development & Gender Inclusivity: Focus on workforce inclusivity and skill development to boost sectoral growth. Promote gender diversity in logistics.
  • LEAD Framework: Urge logistics sectors to embrace the LEAD framework (Longevity, Efficiency, Accessibility, Digitalisation) for transformation.
• LEAD Framework and Recommendations:
  • Longevity, Efficiency, and Effectiveness: Improve long-term logistics strategies.
  • Accessibility and Accountability: Ensure better reach and transparent logistics practices.
  • Digitalisation: Enhance digital transformation across logistics processes.
• About LEADS:
  • Full Form: Logistics Ease Across Different States.
  • Launched: 2018 by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
  • Purpose: To assess and improve logistics infrastructure and services across Indian states and UTs.
  • Methodology: Based on over 7,300 responses from a pan-India survey and inputs from over 750 stakeholder consultations.
• LEAPS 2024 Awards: Recognized excellence in the logistics sector across categories such as air, rail, road, maritime freight service providers, startups, MSMEs, and educational institutions.
• PM GatiShakti Course: Launched a 15-hour online course on “PM GatiShakti Concept for Efficient Infrastructure Planning and National Development”, hosted on iGOT Karmayogi platform and UGC SWAYAM portal.
• Logistics Cost Framework Report: Unveiled a report on the logistics cost framework, aiming to accurately estimate logistics costs in India through a hybrid methodology, incorporating both EXIM and domestic cargo data.
• Significance of LEADS:
  • Provides critical insights into logistics performance, helping States and UTs to improve infrastructure, services, and regulatory practices.
  • Plays a key role in India's vision of becoming a $32 trillion economy by 2047 by improving logistics efficiency, sustainability, and global competitiveness.

In News:

Five years after the COVID pandemic, China is experiencing a surge in HMPV cases, particularly in children under 14 years of age

Key Highlights:

• What is HMPV?
  • A respiratory virus from the Pneumoviridae family, discovered in 2001.
  • Causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections, similar to the common cold or flu.
• Origin and Discovery:
  • Identified in the Netherlands in 2001 through genomic sequencing of respiratory samples.
• Risk Groups:
  • Children under 5 years, especially infants.
  • Elderly individuals (65+).
  • Immunocompromised persons and those with chronic respiratory conditions (e.g., asthma).
• Symptoms:
  • Common: Cough, runny nose, fever, sore throat.
  • Severe: Wheezing, shortness of breath, potentially leading to bronchitis or pneumonia.
• Incubation Period: 3-6 days.
• Transmission:
  • Spread via droplets from coughing or sneezing.
  • Close contact (e.g., handshakes, hugs).
  • Contaminated surfaces, touching face after contact.
• Treatment:
  • No specific antiviral treatment or vaccine available.
  • Symptom management: hydration, rest, OTC medications for fever and congestion.
  • Severe cases may require hospitalization (oxygen therapy, IV fluids).
• Diagnosis:
  • NAATs (Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests): Detect viral genetic material.
  • Antigen-based immunoassays: For severe cases or outbreaks.
• Complications:
  • Can lead to bronchiolitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, or COPD flare-ups.
  • Risk of ear infections (otitis media) in some cases.
• Prevention:
  • Hygiene: Regular handwashing, covering coughs/sneezes, maintaining personal hygiene.
  • Physical Distancing: Avoid close contact, wear masks in crowded settings.
  • Caution for Vulnerable Groups: Extra care for individuals with chronic respiratory conditions.

Global Situation:

• China: Experiencing a rise in HMPV cases, particularly among children under 14 years.
• India: No reported cases yet, but monitoring the situation closely.

Key Facts:

• HMPV is a winter virus commonly seen in colder months (winter and early spring).
• Estimated 10%-12% of respiratory illnesses in children are caused by HMPV.
• The virus is part of the Pneumoviridae family, alongside respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles, and mumps.

No specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for HMPV; antibiotics are ineffective.

In News:

The National Sports Awards 2024 were recently announced by the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports to celebrate excellence in Indian sports.

Key Highlights:

Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award

• This is India's highest sporting honor, renamed in 2021 after hockey legend Major Dhyan Chand.
• It’s awarded for exceptional performance in sports over a four-year period.
• 2024 Winners:
  • Gukesh D (Chess)
  • Harmanpreet Singh (Hockey)
  • Praveen Kumar (Para-Athletics)
  • Manu Bhaker (Shooting)
• The award includes a cash prize of Rs 25 lakh.

Arjuna Award

• Recognizes outstanding performance in sports over the previous four years and attributes like leadership, discipline, and sportsmanship.
• 2024 Winners: Various athletes across multiple disciplines received this honor.

Arjuna Award (Lifetime)

• Given to retired athletes who have not only excelled during their careers but also contributed to the promotion of sports post-retirement.
• 2024 Winners:
  • Shri Sucha Singh (Athletics)
  • Shri Murlikant Rajaram Petkar (Para-Swimming)

Dronacharya Award

• Given to coaches who have made a consistent and significant contribution by guiding sportspersons to excel at international events.
• The award includes a bronze statue of Dronacharya, a certificate, and a cash prize.

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy

• Awarded to the top-performing university in the Khelo India University Games.
• 2024 Winner: Chandigarh University.

Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar

• Recognizes individuals or organizations for their contribution to the promotion and development of sports.
• 2024 Winner: Physical Education Foundation of India.

These awards were selected by a committee led by Justice (Retd.) V. Ramasubramanian and include eminent sportspersons, journalists, and sports administrators. The winners will receive their awards from the President of India, marking a prestigious moment in Indian sports.

In News:

In a remarkable discovery, a member of the Team of Research on Culture and Heritage (TORCH) has hit upon a three-foot idol of the 13th Century saint, Narahari T?rtha recently.

Key Highlights:

Birth and Early Life:

• Born circa 1243 CE in Chikakolu (modern-day Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh).
• Hailing from an aristocratic family in the Gajapati Empire of Odisha.

Philosophical Influence:

• A prominent disciple of Madhvacharya, the founder of Dvaita philosophy (dualism).
• Narahari Tirtha played a key role in propagating Madhva's Vaishnavism in Eastern India, particularly in the Kalinga region (modern-day Odisha and Andhra Pradesh).

Role in Eastern Ganga Dynasty:

• Served as a minister in the Eastern Ganga Dynasty for over 30 years.
• Guided kings to align their governance with Sanatana Dharma and reformed temple administration.
• His contributions are documented in inscriptions at the Simhachalam and Srikurmam temples.

Religious and Cultural Contributions:

• Played a key role in spreading Vaishnavism and Dvaita philosophy.
• First to compose Devaranamas in Kannada, marking a significant cultural contribution.
• Contributed to the development of Yakshagana Bayalata (a dance-drama) and the classical dance form that evolved into Kuchipudi.

Writings and Intellectual Legacy:

• Authored 15 works, with two surviving texts: Gita Bhasya and Bhavaprakasika.
• His teachings and writings significantly impacted the Madhva tradition and regional literature.

Discovery of the Idol:

• A three-foot idol of Narahari Tirtha was discovered at Simhachalam Temple in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
• The idol depicts Narahari Tirtha holding a script on palm leaves, flanked by devotees.

Contributions to Temple and Education:

• Transformed the Simhachalam Temple into a renowned center for Vaishnavism.
• Played a crucial role in safeguarding sacred idols like Moolarama and Moola Sita for Madhvacharya.

Cultural and Artistic Legacy:

• Promoted regional art forms, helping establish Kuchipudi as a classical dance style in Andhra Pradesh.
• Advocated for Yakshagana Bayalata, a form of dance-drama popular in coastal Karnataka.

Honors and Recognition:

• Bestowed titles such as "Loka Surak?a?a Ati Nipu?a?" and "Yo Avati Kalinga Bhu Sambhav?n" for his contributions to philosophy and governance.

Final Resting Place:

• Narahari Tirtha was consecrated near Chakratirtha at Hampi on the banks of the Tungabhadra River after his death.
• His legacy continues to influence the temple traditions, especially in Puri Jagannath, strengthening the Madhva influence in Odisha.

In News:

The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) has declared 2025 as the "Year of Artificial Intelligence" (AI), aiming to empower over 14,000 AICTE-approved colleges and benefit 40 million students. This initiative aligns with the Prime Minister’s vision to make India a global leader in AI and technology.

Key Objectives and Features of the AICTE AI Initiative:

• Positioning India as a Global AI Leader:
  • Empowering students with AI skills to drive innovation and lead in the emerging AI-driven economy.
  • Preparing India’s workforce for the technological advancements of the future.
• Core Elements of the AICTE AI Initiative:
  • AI Affirmation Pledge: Institutions will adopt and display an AI Affirmation Pledge, focusing on innovation, ethics, and education in AI.
  • Comprehensive AI Integration:
    • Introducing interdisciplinary AI courses and research programs.
    • Setting up AI labs in collaboration with industries to meet global standards.
    • Promoting ethical AI practices with societal benefits in focus.
  • AI Awareness Campaign:
    • “AI for All: The Future Begins Here” campaign includes workshops, hackathons, and guest lectures.
    • Formation of student-driven AI chapters to foster innovation and research.
  • Faculty Development & Industry Partnerships:
    • Workshops and certification programs for faculty to improve AI teaching.
    • Collaboration with companies like Adobe, CISCO, and IBM for student exposure through internships and mentorships.
  • Recognition of Excellence: Institutions excelling in AI integration will be recognized, serving as role models for others.
• Action Plan for Institutions:
  • All institutions are required to submit AI Implementation Plans by December 31, 2024. These plans will be evaluated by the AICTE Approval Bureau and exemplary submissions will be highlighted as benchmarks.
• Shaping India as a Global AI Leader:
  • AICTE aims to revolutionize India’s education system and enhance its position in the global AI race, focusing on building a self-reliant workforce.

Additional Context on AICTE and its Role:

• AICTE Overview:
  • A statutory body and national-level council under the Ministry of Education.
  • Established in November 1945 as a national-level apex advisory body for technical education in India.

Government Initiatives to Support AI and Consumer Protection:

• AI and Consumer Protection:
  • AI-driven tools launched to enhance consumer protection, such as the National Consumer Helpline, e-MAAP Portal, and Jago Grahak Jago mobile application.
  • New guidelines for regulating deceptive marketing in e-commerce to ensure consumer confidence in the digital market.
  • Tools like the e-Daakhil Portal for online complaint filing.

Impact:

• This initiative will have a far-reaching impact, involving more than 14,000 institutions and 40 million students nationwide, preparing them for leadership roles in AI and technology, and helping India secure its future in the global AI-driven economy.

In News:

Madhya Pradesh to translocate 15 Tigers to Rajasthan, Odisha and Chhattisgarh.

Key Highlights of the Translocation:

• Scale of Translocation: Largest relocation of big cats from a single state in India.
• Approval: NTCA has approved the translocation of 15 tigers from Madhya Pradesh to Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha.
• Source Reserves:
  • Bandhavgarh, Panna, Kanha, and Pench Tiger Reserves in Madhya Pradesh.
• Distribution Plan:
  • Rajasthan: 4 tigresses.
  • Chhattisgarh: 2 male tigers and 6 tigresses.
  • Odisha: 1 male tiger and 2 tigresses.
• Funding: States receiving tigers will bear all expenses related to translocation.

Objectives of the Translocation:

• Enhance Tiger Conservation: Reintroduce and bolster tiger populations in recipient states.
• Population Management: Relocate tigers to areas with suitable habitats to alleviate territorial disputes in overpopulated reserves.
• Genetic Diversity: Introduce new individuals to isolated tiger groups to prevent inbreeding and support long-term species survival.

About Kanha, Bandhavgarh, and Pench Tiger Reserves:

• Kanha Tiger Reserve:
  • Location: Maikal range of the Satpura Mountains.
  • Significance: Largest national park in Madhya Pradesh.
  • Distinct Feature: First tiger reserve in India with an official mascot, ‘Bhoorsingh the Barasingha’.
  • Flora and Fauna: Rich biodiversity with Royal Bengal Tigers, leopards, and the IUCN Vulnerable species, Barasingha.
• Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve:
  • Location: Between Vindhyan and Satpura ranges in Umaria district, Madhya Pradesh.
  • Significance: Known for one of the highest densities of Royal Bengal Tigers in India.
  • Historical Link: The ancient Bandhavgarh Fort, linked to the legend of Lord Rama and Lakshmana.
• Pench Tiger Reserve:
  • Location: Spans Seoni and Chhindwara districts in Madhya Pradesh, extends into Maharashtra.
  • Significance: Inspiration for Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book.
  • Flora and Fauna: Includes teak, saag, mahua forests; tigers, leopards, wild dogs, and gaur are key species.

Tiger Translocation Project Overview:

• First Project:
  • Initiated in 2018, two tigers relocated from Kanha and Bandhavgarh to Satkosia Tiger Reserve in Odisha.
• Main Objectives:
  • Reintroduce Tigers: In areas where they have been extirpated or extinct.
  • Alleviate Territorial Disputes: Overpopulated reserves need additional tigers to reduce human-animal conflict.

Benefits of Translocation:

• Ecological Balance: Restores predator-prey dynamics in underpopulated reserves.
• Human-Animal Conflict Mitigation: Reduces conflict in overcrowded reserves.
• Rewilding Landscapes: Revives areas where tigers were locally extinct.

Concerns Associated with Translocation:

• Local Community Protests: Villagers fear tigers will pose a threat to their safety.
• Territorial Disputes: New tigers may face conflict with resident tigers.
• Poor Forest Management: Inadequate prey augmentation and habitat management may hinder success.

Madhya Pradesh’s Role in Tiger Conservation:

• Largest Tiger Population: Madhya Pradesh hosts the largest number of tigers in India, with 785 tigers as per NTCA’s 2022 report.
• Tiger Reserves: The state is home to nine tiger reserves, including the newly notified Madhav Tiger Reserve in Shivpuri.
• Translocation Strategy: Madhya Pradesh’s involvement helps reduce local tiger population pressure and contributes to broader conservation efforts across India.

Inter-State Tiger Translocation Goals:

• Reinforcement and Reintroduction: Introduce tigers into areas historically part of their range but from which they have been extirpated or extinct.
• Genetic Diversity: Introduce new tigers to isolated populations to maintain long-term population health.

In News:

In a significant event for both Kerala and Tamil Nadu, Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan and Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin are set to reunite at Vaikom, to inaugurate the extensively renovated memorial dedicated to Tamil reformist E.V. Ramasami Naicker, popularly known as Thanthai Periyar. This marks a historic occasion over a year and a half after they jointly inaugurated the centenary celebrations of the Vaikom Satyagraha.

Key Highlights:

Memorial History and Significance:

• Established: January 1994
• Location: 70-cent property near Valiyakavala Junction, Vaikom
• Ownership: Tamil Nadu Government
• Periyar Statue: Installed in 1985 on 84 cents of land provided by Kerala government; remains the centerpiece.
• Historical Neglect: The memorial suffered from years of neglect before the renovation.

Role of Periyar in Vaikom Satyagraha:

• Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–1925):
  • First organized movement for the rights of the ‘untouchable’ communities in India.
  • Led by prominent leaders like T.K. Madhavan, K.P. Kesava Menon, and K. Kelappan.
  • Periyar, alongside his wife Nagamma, joined the movement, seeking access to public roads leading to the Sri Mahadeva Temple in Vaikom.
  • Periyar’s Contribution:
    • Was imprisoned twice for his participation in the movement.
    • Honored with the title Vaikom Veeran for his leadership.
• Impact: The movement played a crucial role in securing social equality for all sections of society.

Periyar’s Legacy:

• Self-Respect Movement: Founded by Periyar to promote social equality and eliminate caste-based discrimination.
• Dravidar Kazhagam: A political and social organization founded by Periyar, advocating for the rights of the Dravidian people.
• Father of the Dravidian Movement: Periyar’s philosophy and activism laid the foundation for the Dravidian political ideology and social reforms in Tamil Nadu.

In News:

Tularemia, commonly known as "rabbit fever," is a rare but highly infectious bacterial disease caused by Francisella tularensis. Though uncommon, it can lead to severe health complications if left untreated. Over recent years, cases of tularemia have been on the rise in the United States, drawing attention to the broader environmental and epidemiological factors influencing the disease’s spread.

Rising Incidence of Tularemia

Between 2011 and 2022, the United States saw a 56% increase in the annual average incidence of tularemia infections compared to the previous decade, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vulnerable populations include children aged 5 to 9, older men, and individuals of American Indian or Alaska Native descent. The increasing number of reported cases highlights the growing concern over this disease, despite its rarity.

Transmission Pathways

Tularemia is primarily transmitted through:

• Direct Contact with Infected Animals: Common carriers include rabbits, hares, and rodents, particularly those infected with Francisella tularensis. This presents a risk for individuals working closely with wildlife, such as hunters.
• Insect Bites: Ticks, especially in regions with high tick populations, and deer flies can spread the disease.
• Contaminated Food or Water: Consuming undercooked meat from infected animals or untreated water can lead to infection.
• Inhalation of Contaminated Dust or Droplets: This is a potential risk in agricultural or laboratory settings and can result in pulmonary tularemia.

Contributing Factors to the Rise in Cases

Several factors contribute to the increasing prevalence of tularemia:

• Climate Change: Rising temperatures are increasing tick activity and extending breeding seasons, allowing the bacteria to spread more easily.
• Habitat Encroachment: Deforestation and increased human interaction with wildlife are amplifying exposure to infected animals.
• Improved Diagnostic Tools: Advances in surveillance and testing methods have made it easier to detect tularemia, leading to more reported cases.

Early Symptoms and Diagnosis

Tularemia symptoms can vary depending on the route of infection. Symptoms typically appear 3 to 5 days post-exposure and may include:

• Sudden high fever (up to 104°F or 40°C)
• Chills, fatigue, and body aches
• Swollen lymph nodes, especially near the site of infection (e.g., under the arms or in the groin)

There are four primary forms of tularemia:

• Ulceroglandular: Characterized by skin ulcers and swollen lymph nodes.
• Glandular: Swollen lymph nodes without ulcers.
• Pneumonic: Lung infection, often resulting from inhalation.
• Typhoidal: A more systemic form, with symptoms like fever and abdominal pain.

Differentiating tularemia from other conditions such as flu, pneumonia, or lymphadenitis is key for diagnosis. A skin ulcer or swollen lymph nodes in individuals with recent exposure to wildlife or ticks is a critical diagnostic clue.

Treatment and Prognosis

Tularemia is treatable with antibiotics. First-line treatment includes streptomycin or gentamicin, while doxycycline or ciprofloxacin may be used for milder cases. Treatment typically lasts 10 to 21 days, and when initiated promptly, the disease has a high recovery rate and minimal complications. However, untreated cases can lead to chronic infections, lung abscesses, pneumonia, or severe sepsis, with mortality rates of 1-2% under treatment. Untreated severe cases can result in mortality rates between 30% and 60%.

Tularemia in India: A Potential Concern?

Tularemia is extremely rare in India, mainly due to the country's differing ecological conditions and limited interaction with the primary reservoirs of Francisella tularensis. However, awareness remains crucial, especially for individuals traveling to endemic regions or working in wildlife settings. Despite its rarity in India, the rising global incidence and changing environmental factors warrant continued vigilance.

In News:

Recently, Donald Trump threatened to take back the Panama Canal, calling the transfer treaty “foolish”.

Why Trump Called the Panama Canal Transfer 'Foolish'?

• Transit Fees:
  • Trump expressed frustration over high transit fees imposed by the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) on U.S. vessels.
  • In 2023, due to droughts affecting Lakes Gatun and Alhajuela (which are crucial for canal operations), the ACP reduced crossing slots by 36%, leading to an increase in transit fees for ships.
• Chinese Presence:
  • Trump is also concerned about the growing Chinese influence in the Panama Canal region.
  • In 2017, Panama became the first Latin American country to sign a Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) agreement with China, increasing Chinese investments.
  • Hutchison Ports PPC, a subsidiary of a Hong Kong-based company, operates ports near the canal, raising concerns over China's influence on logistical operations and potential surveillance capabilities.

The Torrijos-Carter Treaties and Canal Transfer:

• Panama Canal Treaty (1977):
  • The treaty transferred control of the Panama Canal from the U.S. to Panama by December 31, 1999.
  • The U.S. would no longer control the canal, and Panama would assume full responsibility for its operation and defense.
• Permanent Neutrality Treaty (1977):
  • Declared the canal to be neutral and open to vessels of all nations.
  • U.S. Right to Defense: The U.S. retained the right to defend the neutrality of the canal and had priority passage in case of military emergencies.

Panama’s Response to Trump’s Criticisms:

• Defense of Transit Rates:
  • President José Raúl Mulino rejected Trump’s claims, defending the transit fees as being in line with international standards and based on a transparent procedure.
• Sovereignty:
  • Mulino emphasized Panama’s sovereignty over the canal, asserting that Panama’s control over the canal was non-negotiable. He categorically denied the presence of Chinese soldiers in the canal, stating that there would never be any.

China’s Response:

• China's Position:
  • China's Foreign Ministry responded by emphasizing that the Panama Canal is a neutral passageway, a vital infrastructure for Panama and the global trade system.
  • China affirmed its respect for Panama's sovereignty and denied any military presence in the canal area.

Implications and Future:

• Diplomatic Tensions:
  • The issue of transit fees and foreign influence, particularly China's presence in the region, is likely to remain a point of diplomatic negotiation.
  • Panama is expected to assert its sovereignty and seek international support to prevent any external interference in the canal’s operations.
• U.S. Influence:
  • The U.S. might attempt to renegotiate terms related to the Panama Canal's operations, especially concerning transit fees and military rights, although Panama remains firm on maintaining control.

Torrijos-Carter Treaties:

• Significance:
  • Panama Canal Treaty and Permanent Neutrality Treaty marked a major shift in U.S.-Latin America relations, ending U.S. control and restoring Panamanian sovereignty.
  • The treaties also ensured the neutrality of the canal while maintaining U.S. military access in emergencies.
• Impact:
  • The treaties were a symbol of Panama’s regained sovereignty and played a key role in stabilizing relations between the U.S. and Panama, as well as resolving tensions over control of the canal.

In News:

• The CPPS aims to enhance pension accessibility and simplify the disbursement process for over 7.85 million pensioners in India.
• Key Benefit: Pensioners can now receive their pension from any bank or branch across India, eliminating the need for physical verifications and providing seamless nationwide pension disbursement.

Key Highlights:

• Key Features:
  • No need for physical verification: Pensioners do not have to visit the bank for verification at the time of pension commencement.
  • Seamless pension disbursement: Upon release, the pension amount is credited immediately.
  • Nationwide access: Pensioners can withdraw their pension from any bank or branch, without needing to transfer Pension Payment Orders (PPO) when relocating or changing banks.
• Significance:
  • Eliminates the decentralised pension system, where each regional office maintained separate agreements with a few banks.
  • Ensures pension portability, especially for pensioners who move or change banks.

Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO):

• Overview:
  • EPFO is a statutory body under the Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Act, 1952, and works under the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
• Structure:
  • Administered by a tripartite board called the Central Board of Trustees, consisting of representatives from:
    • Government (Central & State)
    • Employers
    • Employees
  • The Central Board of Trustees is chaired by the Union Minister of Labour and Employment.
• Key Schemes Operated by EPFO:
  • Employees’ Provident Funds Scheme, 1952 (EPF): A savings scheme for workers.
  • Employees’ Pension Scheme, 1995 (EPS): A pension scheme for employees after retirement.
  • Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme, 1976 (EDLI): Provides life insurance coverage to workers.
• Global Coverage: EPFO is also the nodal agency for implementing Bilateral Social Security Agreements with other countries, offering reciprocal social security benefits to international workers from countries with such agreements.
• Impact: The EPFO schemes cover Indian workers and international workers from countries with which EPFO has signed bilateral agreements.

Key Facts:

• CPPS improves the convenience and accessibility of pension services for millions of pensioners across India by simplifying the pension disbursement process and providing nationwide access without the need for physical verifications.
• EPFO, a statutory body under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, plays a crucial role in managing provident funds, pensions, and insurance schemes for both domestic and international workers, fostering social security across India.

In News:

• The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has deployed the Open Data Kit (ODK) platform to enhance transparency in government spending and improve accountability in the delivery of government schemes.
• The toolkit is being used for designing, collecting, and managing data relevant to audits.

Key Highlights:

Objective:

• Enhance transparency in public spending.
• Improve accountability in government schemes and projects.
• Collect real-time beneficiary feedback to aid audit planning and identify areas needing additional review.

Key Features:

• End-to-end encryption: Ensures secure data management.
• Integration with CAG’s Operating System (OIOS): Facilitates seamless analysis and management of data.
• Multi-language support: Allows for surveys in multiple languages, making it more accessible to diverse beneficiaries.
• User-friendly interface: Simplifies the design and management of data collection processes for auditors.

Usage and Applications:

• Beneficiary surveys are a key tool for gathering data, helping CAG identify problem areas in government schemes.
• The ODK toolkit was recently deployed in audits of AIIMS institutions in Mangalagiri (Guntur) and Bibinagar (Hyderabad) to assess patient satisfaction and gather evidence for performance reviews.

Working Process:

• Surveys are designed on the ODK platform and deployed to beneficiaries.
• Data is collected in real-time and analyzed using the OIOS system to generate actionable insights for audits.
• Beneficiary feedback is used to evaluate scheme delivery and improve efficiency.