What is the News ?

• Two Krivak- or Talwar-class stealth frigates are now expected to be delivered by May and October in 2024
• The ship is in the final stages of development; in two months time, it will go for sea trials.

Facts About:

The Talwar class of frigates of the Indian Navy have been built in Russia under an Indo-Russian joint production. 

The Talwar class guided missile frigates are modifiedKrivak III class frigates from Russia. 

• In October 2016, India and Russia signed an Inter-Governmental Agreement for four stealth frigates, after which a $1-billion deal was signed for direct purchase. 

The Talwar Class has a displacement of 4,000 tons and speed of 30 knots and is capable of accomplishing a wide variety of naval missions, primarily, finding and eliminating enemy submarines and large surface ships. 

Due to the use of stealth technologies and a special hull design, the resulting frigate features reduced radar cross section (RCS) as well as electromagnetic, acoustic and infrared signatures.

Source: https://swarajyamag.com/defence/russia-delays-advanced-talwar-class-stealth-frigates-delivery-yet-again-now-projected-to-join-navy-by-may-and-october-2024

What is the News ?

Recently, the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) Secretary launched the ‘Graphene-Aurora program’ at a function in Maker Village Kochi, Kerala.

Facts About:

• The program shall be implemented by Digital University Kerala with joint funding from Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), and Government of Kerala and Industry partners, Carborundum PvtLimitedjoined as one of the main industry partners.
• It shall nurture the deep/emerging Graphene technology & innovation ecosystem that can guide, develop, implement, and support SMEs and startups to commercialize developed graphene technologies for scale adoption.
• Creation of a commercialization eco-system for graphene as an emerging technology would help India take a pole position in the world’s new material market.

Key facts about Graphene

• Graphene is a material that is extracted from graphite and is made up of pure carbon.
• It is one of the most important elements in nature which we find in daily objects like the lead of a pencil.
• It is the world’s thinnest, strongest, and most conductive material of both electricity and heat.
• It conducts electricity better than copper.
• It is 200 times stronger than steel but six times lighter.
• It is almost perfectly transparent as it absorbs only 2% of light.
• It is impermeable to gases, even those as light as hydrogen and helium.

Source:  https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1948661

What is the News ?

Odisha has no ‘deemed forest’ as per the amended Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.

Facts About:

What are deemed forests?

Deemed forest refers to land that resembles forests but has not been recognized as such by either the Union or the States.

They account for about 1% of the total forest land in the country.

In 1996, the Supreme Court expanded the remit of the Van (SanrakshanEvamSamvardhan) Act to areas that weren’t notified as forests but conformed to the “dictionary” definition of forests i.e. deemed forests.

• The Godavarman verdict stated that the states must identify and categorize such land.
• The SC directed the states to establish Expert committees to determine deemed forests in order to clarify the area that may be protected under the Forest (Conservation) Act.

According to the Forest Act, land cannot be diverted without the consent of the Centre as well as gram panchayats in the regions.

• It serves as a deterrent to deforestation by directing the parties responsible for diverting forest land to grow trees on a plot of land equivalent to twice the razed area and imposing a significant monetary penalty.

What does the Odisha government directive mention?

All district collectors must ensure that the diversion of forest land for infrastructure projects, particularly state development projects, should follow provisions of the new law.

Any survey or exploration will also not be treated as a non-forestry activity.

Expert Committees

Although all the states were expected to form expert committees to identify deemed forests, not all States submitted their reports.

• This has left states with enough leeway in defining or omitting large parcels of land as forests.

According to the Union Ministry of Environment, the amendments to the 1980 Act were necessary to remove ambiguities and clarify the application of the laws.

According to the amended act, the Forest Conservation Act would not apply to notified forest land that was legally diverted for non-forest uses between 1980 and 1996.

• As a result, forest land that was not specifically notified as such would cease to be protected under the provisions of the Act.

The Union Environment Ministry had earlier stated that deemed forests would continue to be protected.

• The amendments made to the FCA recognized deemed forest lands, which had been identified by the Expert Committee of the State. Therefore the provisions of the Act will be applicable in such lands also.

Future unclear

According to the latest Forest Survey of India, Odisha has approximately 52,156 square km or 130 lakh acres of forest coverage.

• This amounts to 33.50% of the State’s geographical area, which is much higher than the national level of forest cover - 21.71%.

Since 1996, around 66 lakh acres have been identified as deemed forests in Odisha.

• However, a majority of this land has not been officially notified in the government records.

This amounts to about 40-50% of Odisha’s forest land.

In addition, there are several community forests that are managed by tribal and forest-dependent groups while several have land title rights under the provisions of the separate Forest Rights Act.

• The decision of the Odisha government that deemed forests have ceased to exist means that these will face an uncertain future.

One consequence of the new amendments is that there will be no check on forest diversion, making it easier to divert forest land.

• According to data from the Union Coal and Mining Ministry, of the 19,200 hectares of forest land that have been diverted nationally for mining between 2017-2022, around 8,000 hectares was from Odisha.

The reality on the ground is that most of the forest officer bureaucracy isn’t too keen on protecting forest rights

Impact

The Adivasi communities of Odisha depend on the deemed forests for their livelihood.

• These include some of the community-protected forests and bio-cultural habitats of vulnerable tribal groups such as the Dongria Kondhs in Niyamgiri.
• The removal of deemed forest areas from the Act could adversely affect the statutory rights of these communities which have claimed community forest rights and habitat rights on such forests

Around 46% of Odisha’s geographical area is notified as fifth schedule area under the Constitution, where thePanchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act applies.

Boundary disputes: In Karnataka, people have alleged that large amounts of agriculture and non-forest land are “unscientifically” classified as deemed forest land.

• This was found to have caused undue hardship to farmers in the region and restricted industrial development.

Criticism

Deemed forests already identified as forests in records ‘held’ by any department or administration should be considered as ‘forest’ even by the new amendment.

• However, the directive of the Odisha government violates this.

It is uncertain if the amendment is yet to be considered to be law as the date of enforcement is yet to be notified.

• The government has temporarily withdrawn the notification until the Union Government establishes the rules and guidelines of the new act.

The amendment narrows down the definition of forests.

• As a result, vast tracts of forests are excluded which leaves them vulnerable to destruction.

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/no-more-deemed-forests-says-odisha-government/article67198187.ece