In News:

The Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) recently marked a significant milestone with the signing of the Charter and the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the establishment of its Secretariat in Colombo. This initiative aims to strengthen regional security collaboration among member states.

Key Features of the Colombo Security Conclave

1. Member States: The CSC comprises five member countries:
   • India
   • Bangladesh
   • Sri Lanka
   • Maldives
   • Mauritius

Additionally, Seychelles participates as an observer nation.

2. Core Objectives: The primary goal of the CSC is to enhance regional security by addressing transnational threats and challenges that are common concerns for member states. This includes a collaborative approach to ensure stability and safety in the region.

Origin and Evolution

• The CSC originated as the Trilateral for Maritime Security Cooperation, established through trilateral meetings among National Security Advisors (NSAs) and Deputy NSAs from India, Maldives, and Sri Lanka starting in 2011.
• The initiative faced a setback after 2014 due to heightened tensions between India and the Maldives.
• It was revived and rebranded as the CSC in 2020, expanding its membership to include Mauritius and, more recently, Bangladesh.

Structure and Cooperation

• The conclave facilitates interactions among NSAs and Deputy NSAs of member countries, fostering dialogue and cooperation on security matters.
• Cooperation under the CSC is organized around five key pillars:
  1. Maritime Safety and Security
  2. Countering Terrorism and Radicalization
  3. Combating Trafficking and Transnational Organized Crime
  4. Cybersecurity and Protection of Critical Infrastructure
  5. Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief

Permanent Secretariat

• The establishment of a permanent Secretariat in Colombo is expected to enhance coordination and streamline operations among member states, bolstering the efficacy of the CSC in addressing regional security issues.

In News:

The Thanjavur Veena has the distinction of being the first musical instrument in India to receive the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, highlighting its cultural and artistic significance. Here’s an overview of its features, types, and craftsmanship:

About Thanjavur Veena

1. Construction:
   • The Thanjavur Veena is known for its unique construction, which comes in two main types:
     • Ekantha Veena: Carved from a single block of wood.
     • Sada Veena: Composed of three sections—resonator (kudam), neck (dandi), and head—with joints.
2. Design Features:
   • The instrument features 24 fixed frets (mettu), enabling musicians to play a wide range of ragas.
   • Traditionally made from the bark of the Jackfruit tree, the bark undergoes extensive testing to ensure quality and durability.
3. Craftsmanship:
   • The process of crafting a Thanjavur Veena can take 15-20 days, involving cutting, intricate carving, shaping, and assembly of the wood to form the integral parts of the instrument.

Types of Veena

The Thanjavur Veena is one of several types of veenas used in Indian classical music:

• Rudra Veena and Vichitra Veena: Predominantly used in Hindustani classical music.
• Saraswati Veena and Chitra Veena: Associated with Carnatic classical music, with the Saraswati Veena being unique to Thanjavur.

Cultural Significance

• The Saraswati Veena is particularly notable as it is often associated with Goddess Saraswati, the deity of learning and arts, who is frequently depicted holding a veena. This connection emphasizes the instrument's importance in Indian culture and music.

In News:

The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, approved seven schemes to improve farmers’ lives and increase their incomes at a total outlay of Rs 14,235.30 Crore.

1. Digital Agriculture Mission: based on the structure of Digital Public Infrastructure, Digital Agriculture Mission will use technology for improving farmers’ lives. The Mission has a total outlay of Rs 2,817 crores. It comprises two foundational pillars

1. Agri Stack

1. Farmers registry
2. Village land maps registry
3. Crop Sown Registry

2. Krishi Decision Support System

1. Geospatial data
2. Drought/flood monitoring
3. Weather/satellite data
4. Groundwater/water availability data
5. Modelling for crop yield and insurance

 The Mission has provision for 

• Soil profile
• Digital crop estimation
• Digital yield modelling
• Connect for crop loan
• Modern technologies like AI and Big Data
• Connect with buyers
• Bring new knowledge on mobile phones

2. Crop science for food and nutritional security: with a total outlay of Rs 3,979 crore. The initiative will prepare farmers for climate resilience and provide for food security by 2047. It has following pillars:

1. Research and education
2. Plant genetic resource management
3. Genetic improvement for food and fodder crop
4. Pulse and oilseed crop improvement
5. Improvement of commercial crops
6. Research on insects, microbes, pollinators etc.

3. Strengthening Agricultural Education, Management and Social Sciences: with a total outlay of Rs 2,291 Crore the measure will prepare agriculture students and researchers for current challenges and comprises the following

1. Under Indian Council of Agri Research
2. Modernising agri research and education
3. In line with New Education Policy 2020
4. Use latest technology … Digital DPI, AI, big data, remote, etc
5. Include natural farming and climate resilience

4. Sustainable livestock health and production: with a total outlay of Rs 1,702 crore, the decision aims to Increase farmers income from livestock and dairy. It comprises the following

1. Animal health management and veterinary education
2. Dairy production and technology development
3. Animal genetic resource management, production and improvement
4. Animal nutrition and small ruminant production and development

5. Sustainable development of Horticulture: with a total outlay of Rs 1129.30 crore the measure is aimed at increasing farmers’ income from horticulture plants. It comprises the following

1. Tropical, sub-tropical and temperate horticulture crops
2. Root, tuber, bulbous and arid crops
3. Vegetable, floriculture, and mushroom crops
4.  Plantation, spices, medicinal, and aromatic plants

6. Strengthening of Krishi Vigyan Kendra with an outlay of Rs 1,202 crore

7. Natural Resource Management with an outlay of Rs 1,115 crore

Overview

India’s mental healthcare landscape is evolving, with increasing awareness and decreasing stigma around mental health issues. However, access to mental healthcare remains a significant challenge due to a shortage of professionals. Here are the key points:

Current State of Mental Healthcare in India

1. Rising Demand: Shifts in societal attitudes have led to more individuals seeking mental health support. Awareness and willingness to access treatment have notably increased.
2. Professional Shortage: Despite the rising demand, there are only 0.75 psychiatrists per one lakh population, far below the World Health Organization’s recommendation of three per lakh. As of the latest data, India has about 9,000 psychiatrists, while an estimated 36,000 are needed to meet the standard.
3. Slow Workforce Growth: Approximately 1,000 psychiatrists enter the workforce annually, but with attrition and unemployment, it could take around 27 years to reach the WHO target without intervention.
4. Comparative Analysis: India has one of the lowest psychiatrist-to-population ratios among BRICS nations, trailing only Ethiopia. However, it performs better than many South Asian countries.

Limitations of Current Data

1. Outdated Survey: The data largely relies on the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) conducted between 2015 and 2016, which is based on a limited sample size of around 40,000 people across 12 states.
2. Narrow Focus: The NMHS primarily addressed specific mental illnesses and overlooked milder conditions, emotional issues, and vulnerable populations like prisoners and the homeless.
3. Need for Updated Research: A second NMHS is scheduled for release next year, which may provide more comprehensive data and insights.

Improvements in Awareness and Attitudes

1. Positive Attitudinal Shift: A study by the LiveLoveLaugh Foundation found significant improvements in how Indians perceive mental health. For instance, the percentage of people believing that individuals with mental illnesses can handle responsibilities rose from 32% in 2018 to 65% in 2021.
2. Willingness to Seek Help: Over 90% of respondents in 2021 indicated they would seek treatment for themselves or support others in doing so, a substantial increase from 54% in 2018.
3. Increased Awareness: Awareness of mental health issues has grown, with 96% of respondents in 2021 recognizing mental health compared to 87% in 2018.

Conclusion

While India is making strides in reducing stigma and increasing awareness around mental health, the critical shortage of mental health professionals poses a significant barrier to accessing timely care. Addressing this issue requires targeted policy interventions and incentives to boost the supply of mental health professionals and improve the overall infrastructure for mental healthcare in the country.

Introduction

India's digital revolution has significantly transformed governance and service delivery in recent years by creating digital identities, secured payments and transactions. This progress has paved the way for a thriving digital ecosystem across various sectors, including finance, healthcare, education, and retail, positioning India as a leader in citizen-centric digital solutions.

For a similar transformation of the Agriculture Sector, the Union Cabinet Committee, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the 'Digital Agriculture Mission' with a substantial financial outlay of Rs. 2,817 Crore, including a central government share of Rs. 1,940 Crore, on September 2, 2024.

The Digital Agriculture Mission is designed as an umbrella scheme to support various digital agriculture initiatives. These include creating Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), implementing the Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES), and supporting IT initiatives by the Central Government, State Governments, and Academic and Research Institutions.

The scheme is built on two foundational pillars:

• Agri Stack
• Krishi Decision Support System.

Additionally, the mission includes ‘Soil Profile Mapping’ and aims to enable farmer-centric digital services to provide timely and reliable information for the agriculture sector.

AgriStack: Kisan ki Pehchaan

AgriStack is designed as a farmer-centric Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) to streamline services and scheme delivery to farmers. It comprises three key components:

1. Farmers' Registry

2. Geo-referenced village maps

3. Crop Sown Registry

• A crucial feature of AgriStack is the introduction of a 'Farmer ID', similar to Aadhaar card, serving as a trusted digital identity for farmers.
  • These IDs, created and maintained by the State Governments/ Union Territories, will be linked to various farmer-related data, including land records, livestock ownership, crops sown, and benefits availed.
• The implementation of AgriStack is progressing through partnerships between the Central and State Governments, with 19 states having signed MoUs with the Ministry of Agriculture. Pilot projects have been conducted in six states to test the creation of Farmer IDs and the Digital Crop Survey.
• The six states include Uttar Pradesh (Farrukhabad), Gujarat (Gandhinagar), Maharashtra (Beed), Haryana (Yamuna Nagar), Punjab (Fatehgarh Sahib), and Tamil Nadu (Virudhnagar).

Key targets include:

• Creating digital identities for 11 crore farmers over three years (6 crore in FY 2024-25, 3 crore in FY 2025-26, and 2 crore in FY 2026-27)
• Launching the Digital Crop Survey nationwide within two years, covering 400 districts in FY 2024-25 and all districts in FY 2025-26

 2. Krishi Decision Support System

• The Krishi Decision Support System (DSS) will integrate remote sensing data on crops, soil, weather, and water resources into a comprehensive geospatial system.

 3. Soil Profile Mapping

Under the mission, detailed soil profile maps on a 1:10,000 scale for approximately 142 million hectares of agricultural land have been envisaged, with 29 million hectares of soil profile inventory already being mapped.

• Further under the Digital Agriculture Mission, the Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES) will be used for crop-cutting experiments to provide precise yield estimates, enhancing agricultural production accuracy.
• The mission is expected to create direct and indirect employment in agriculture, providing opportunities for around 2,50,000 trained local youth and Krishi Sakhis.
• By leveraging modern technologies like data analytics, AI, and remote sensing, the mission will improve service delivery for farmers, including streamlined access to government schemes, crop loans, and real-time advisories.

Key Components of the Mission

The Digital Agriculture Mission focuses on grassroots implementation, targeting farmers as the primary beneficiaries. Some of the key benefits of the mission include:

• Digital authentication for accessing services and benefits, reducing paperwork and the need for physical visits.
• Enhanced efficiency and transparency in government schemes, crop insurance, and loan systems through accurate data on crop area and yield.
• Crop map generation and monitoring for better disaster response and insurance claims.
• Development of digital infrastructure to optimize value chains and provide tailored advisory services for crop planning, health, pest management, and irrigation.

Digital Public Infrastructure for Agriculture

• Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced in the Union Budget 2024-25 that the Government, in partnership with states, will implement Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for agriculture over the next three years.
• This initiative will cover farmers and their lands, with a digital crop survey for Kharif planned for 400 districts this year. The goal is to update registries with details of 6 crore farmers and their lands.
• The Union Budget 2023-24 had previously introduced the DPI for agriculture, which aims to provide comprehensive data on farmers, including demographic details, land holdings, and crops sown. The DPI will integrate with state and central digital infrastructures to offer a range of farmer-centric services, including information on livestock, fisheries, soil health, and available benefits. 

Conclusion

• The Union Cabinet also approved six major schemes alongside the Digital Agriculture Mission, with a total outlay of Rs 14,235.30 crore.
• These initiatives include Rs 3,979 crore for Crop Science aimed at ensuring food security and climate resilience by 2047, and Rs 2,291 crore for strengthening Agricultural Education, Management, and Social Sciences to support students and researchers. Rs 1,702 crore is allocated for Sustainable Livestock Health and Production to boost incomes from livestock and dairy, while Rs 1,129.30 crore is designated for Sustainable Development of Horticulture to increase income from horticulture. Additionally, Rs 1,202 crore will be invested in strengthening Krishi Vigyan Kendra, and Rs 1,115 crore towards Natural Resource Management.
• These comprehensive approaches leverage digital technologies to enhance productivity, efficiency, and sustainability in India's agricultural sector, potentially transforming the lives of millions of farmers across the country. By extending the digital revolution to agriculture, India aims to further solidify its position as a global leader in innovative, technology-driven solutions for critical sectors of the economy.

In News:

On August 31, 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the National Conference of District Judiciary at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. This event marked the 75th anniversary of the Supreme Court of India, highlighted by the unveiling of a commemorative stamp and coin.

Supreme Court of India: History and Key Insights

The Origins of the Judiciary

• The concept of law, or Dharma, in ancient India was significantly influenced by the Vedas, which outlined rules of conduct and rituals in the Dharma Sutras. These texts addressed the duties of individuals and the rights of kings, forming the foundation of Hindu Law. The earliest systematic examination of jurisprudence can be found in Kautilya's Artha Sastra (circa 300 B.C.), particularly its third chapter, which discusses legal transactions and disputes.

Establishment of the Supreme Court

• The Regulating Act of 1773, enacted by the British Parliament, initiated the establishment of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Calcutta, with its Letters of Patent issued on March 26, 1774. This court had the authority to hear all complaints and lawsuits involving His Majesty’s subjects in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. Additional Supreme Courts were later established in Madras (1800) and Bombay (1823).
• The Indian High Courts Act of 1861 replaced these Supreme Courts with High Courts in various provinces, which became the highest judicial authorities until the Federal Court of India was created under the Government of India Act 1935. After India gained independence in 1947, the Supreme Court of India was formally established on January 26, 1950, with its inaugural session held on January 28, 1950.
• The Supreme Court's rulings are binding across India, and it possesses the power of judicial review to ensure that legislative and executive actions align with constitutional provisions and fundamental rights.

Structure and Functioning

• Initially, the Supreme Court operated for only a few hours each day and convened for 28 days a year. Today, it functions extensively, meeting approximately 190 days annually. The court was temporarily housed in the Parliament House before moving to its current location on Tilak Marg, New Delhi, in 1958.
• The court's architecture symbolizes justice, featuring a prominent dome and spacious corridors. It began with a Chief Justice and seven judges, with Parliament later increasing this number as the workload grew. Currently, the Supreme Court includes a Chief Justice and 30 judges.

Appointment and Qualifications of Judges

• Judges are appointed by the President of India, based on recommendations from a committee of senior judges (Collegium System). A candidate must be a citizen of India and have served as a High Court judge for at least five years or as an advocate for ten years. The age of retirement for judges is 65 years.

Judicial Independence and Removal

• Judicial independence is constitutionally protected. A Supreme Court judge can only be removed by the President on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity, following a resolution supported by a two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament.

Judicial Salaries and Provisions

• Judges’ salaries and pensions are defined by the Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act, 1958, and are charged to the Consolidated Fund of India.

Acting Chief Justice

• In the absence of the Chief Justice, the President appoints another judge as the Acting Chief Justice, as stipulated in Article 126.

Post-Retirement Opportunities

• While retired judges cannot practice law in India, they often serve in governmental roles, such as leading commissions. There have been calls for a "cool-off" period before such appointments.

Ad Hoc Judges

• Ad hoc judges may be appointed when necessary, and must meet the qualifications for Supreme Court judges. Retired judges can also be called back to serve temporarily.

Courts of Record

• Both the Supreme Court and High Courts are classified as courts of record, with the authority to punish for contempt as per Article 129.

Seat of the Supreme Court

• The Supreme Court is based in Delhi but can convene anywhere in India, with such decisions made by the Chief Justice in consultation with the President.

In News

Recently, the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) proudly launched the first indigenously built Pollution Control Vessel, ‘Samudra Pratap’, in Goa.

Key Highlights of the Launch

• Vessel Details:
  • Built by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL), the vessel is specifically designed to combat oil spills along India’s coastlines.
  • Dimensions: Length: 114.5m, Breadth: 16.5m, Displacement: 4170 T.
  • The keel laying ceremony took place on November 21, 2022.
• Contract and Construction: GSL signed a contract worth Rs 583 crores for the construction of two Pollution Control Vessels for the ICG. This marks the first instance of such vessels being designed and built entirely in India.
• Significance of the Vessel: ‘Samudra Pratap’ stands as a testament to India's shipbuilding capabilities, showcasing GSL's expertise in producing advanced Pollution Control Vessels and reinforcing India's commitment to indigenization in defense manufacturing.

In News:

Union Minister of Youth Affairs & Sports and Labour & Employment, Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya launched “Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training” (RESET) Programme on the occasion of National Sports Day in New Delhi.

Key Highlights:

This programme aims to empower retired athletes by equipping them with essential career skills and knowledge, enhancing their employability and enabling them to contribute meaningfully to the sports ecosystem.

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: Retired athletes aged 20 to 50 years.
• Achievements:
  • Must be winners of international medals or participants in international events.
  • Alternatively, must have been national or state medallists or participants in competitions recognized by:
    • National Sports Federations
    • Indian Olympic Association
    • Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.

Programme Structure

• Levels: Two tiers based on educational qualifications:
  • Class 12th and above
  • Class 11th and below
• Learning Mode: A hybrid approach, combining:
  • Self-paced online learning through a dedicated portal.
  • On-ground training for practical skill development.

Lead Institute

• Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (LNIPE) will oversee the implementation and administration of the programme.

Support and Opportunities

• Placement Assistance: Comprehensive guidance for job placements in relevant sectors.
• Entrepreneurial Guidance: Support for athletes looking to start their own ventures in sports or related fields.
• Internships: Opportunities for hands-on experience in:
  • Sports organizations
  • Competitions
  • Training camps
  • Leagues

Implementation and Benefits

• Self-Paced Learning: Flexibility for participants to manage their learning schedules effectively.
• On-Ground Training: Hands-on practical sessions aimed at enhancing skills relevant to various career paths.
• Evaluation and Certification: Participants will be assessed and awarded a certificate upon successful completion, adding value to their career prospects.

The RESET Programme not only recognizes the achievements of retired athletes but also empowers them to leverage their experiences in new and impactful ways, fostering a robust sports ecosystem in India.

In News:

Recently, the Union Government issued an advisory that LGBTQIA+ individuals and queer couples can open joint bank accounts. They can nominate each other as beneficiaries.

Key Details:

• Supreme Court Background:

• In October 2023, the Supreme Court of India urged the government to consider equal entitlements for partners in queer relationships.
• This was part of a judgment that did not recognize same-sex marriage but suggested enabling joint bank accounts and beneficiary nominations.

• Clarification from the Department of Financial Services:

• Issued on August 28, 2023, confirming no restrictions on opening joint accounts for the queer community.
• The Reserve Bank of India also clarified this to Scheduled Commercial Banks on August 21.

• Private Banks' Initiatives:

• Some banks, like Axis Bank, have been allowing joint accounts and beneficiary nominations for LGBTQIA+ couples since September 2021.
• Axis Bank expressed support for the Finance Ministry's advisory, noting alignment with its inclusive banking initiative.

• Government Committee Formation:

• In April 2023, a six-member committee was established to define entitlements for queer couples.
• Chaired by the Cabinet Secretary, it includes Secretaries from various ministries.
• The committee can co-opt experts if needed.

In News:

• The Indian Army launched the first phase of Project NAMAN, aimed at supporting Defence Pensioners, Veterans, and their families.
• Key Features of Project NAMAN:
  • Implements the SPARSH (System for Pension Administration Raksha) digital pension system.
  • Streamlines pension processes and provides accessible facilitation points for Veterans and Next of Kin (NOK).
• Importance:
  • Ensures care and support for veterans and their families.
  • Services extended to residents of military stations and surrounding localities.
• Establishment of Common Service Centres (CSCs):
  • Tripartite MoU signed between:
    • Indian Army’s Directorate of Indian Army Veterans
    • CSC e-Governance India Limited
    • HDFC Bank Limited
  • CSCs provide:
    • SPARSH-enabled pension services
    • Government to Citizen (G2C) services
    • Business to Consumer (B2C) services
• Phase One Deployment:
  • 14 CSCs established in key locations: New Delhi, Jalandhar, Leh, Dehradun, Lucknow, Jodhpur, Bengdubi, Gorakhpur, Jhansi, Secunderabad, Saugor, Guntur, Ahmedabad, Bangalore.
  • Future expansion plans for approximately 200 centres nationwide in the next 2-3 years.
• Infrastructure Support:
  • HDFC Bank provided necessary IT infrastructure.
  • Local military stations contributed physical facilities.
• Community Engagement:
  • Concept developed based on feedback from the Defence community.
  • Promotes camaraderie among serving and retired Armed Forces personnel.
• Management of CSCs:
  • Each CSC managed by a Village Level Entrepreneur (VLE) selected from veterans or NOKs by Local Military Authorities (LMAs).
  • VLEs receive training from CSC e-Governance India Limited.
  • HDFC Bank offers monthly grants of ?20,000 for the first 12 months to support VLEs.
• Conclusion:
  • Project NAMAN reflects the Indian Army's commitment to veteran welfare.
  • Offers SPARSH-centric services and entrepreneurial opportunities for Veterans and NOKs, empowering them to contribute to their communities.

In News:

• Establishment of Disease-Free Zones:
  • The Union government plans to create FMD-free zones in eight states: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
  • Aim: Expand export opportunities for Indian animal products and enhance global market presence.
• Vaccination Efforts:
  • Advanced vaccination initiatives are underway in the identified states, as stated by Alka Upadhyaya, Secretary of the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
• Collaborative Workshop:
  • A workshop on ‘Animal Infectious Disease Prioritisation’ was held in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organisation.
  • Focus: Prioritized 20 major animal infectious diseases based on severity, transmissibility, and national importance.
• Action Plan:
  • Formulated focusing on five critical areas:
    • Coordination
    • Communication
    • Monitoring and surveillance
    • Prevention and control
    • Therapeutics and socio-economic planning
• Regional Disease Prioritization:
  • Strengthening regional-level prioritization of animal diseases for tailored control strategies.
• Overview of FMD:
  • Highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals like cattle, swine, sheep, and goats, but not horses or cats.
  • Significant economic impact due to its effect on livestock production and trade.

Key Characteristics of FMD:

• Transmission:
  • Virus present in excretions and secretions; aerosolized virus can infect other animals via respiratory or oral routes.
• Symptoms:
  • Fever, blister-like sores on the tongue, lips, and hooves.
  • High mortality in young animals, with production losses noted even post-recovery.
• Vaccination:
  • Available vaccines must be matched to specific virus types/subtypes.

In News:

• The Department of Consumer Affairs (DoCA), Government of India, has established a committee of experts to create a framework for the Repairability Index.

• Objective:
  • Enhance consumer transparency regarding product repairability.
  • Promote sustainable practices in the tech industry.
• National Workshop:
  • Held on August 29, 2024, focusing on the Right to Repair in the Mobile and Electronics Sector.
  • Aimed to gather industry stakeholders to agree on evaluating components for the Repairability Index.
• Key Goals:
  • Address the rapid demand and short lifespan of mobile and electronic devices.
  • Provide essential repair information and ensure access to spare parts, even for discontinued products.
• Repairability Index:
  • A consumer-focused tool that helps in making informed product decisions based on repairability.
  • Aims to standardize repairability assessments, enabling easier product comparisons.
• Consumer Empowerment:
  • The index fosters mindful consumption and sustainability.
  • Ensures affordable repair options and improves overall consumer satisfaction by addressing information gaps.
• Key components of the Repair Ecosystem:

• Comprehensive Repair Information: Access to repair manuals/DIYs, diagnostics, and a list of necessary tools and parts.
• Accessible Spare Parts: Easily identifiable and timely delivery of spare parts.
• Affordable Tools: Inexpensive, widely available, and safe tools for consumers.
• Modular Design: Key components designed for independent access and modularity.
• Economic Feasibility: Ensuring that the cost of repair parts and labor is affordable for consumers.

Taking into account the above necessities the committee is expected to recommend enabling framework for Policies/Rules/Guidelines which support repairability and integration of repairability index with the extant regulatory provisions in mobile and electronics sector to enhance consumer experiences in reusing the mobile and electronics products they own.

The committee will submit a comprehensive report including a framework for repairability index in Indian context by 15th November, 2024.

In News:

The Indian Cabinet has recently approved the BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) proposal, a significant move to advance the country’s biotechnology sector.

Scheduled to take effect on April 1, 2025, the BioE3 policy aims to capitalize on India's biotechnology potential by focusing on six key areas: bio-based chemicals, functional foods, precision biotherapeutics, climate-resilient agriculture, carbon capture, and marine/space research.

Current Status of India’s Biotechnology Sector

India ranks among the top 12 biotechnology destinations globally and is the third-largest in the Asia-Pacific region. As of 2024, India's Bioeconomy is valued at an estimated USD 130 billion. The sector is integral to India’s goal of becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024, with biotechnology contributing about 3% to the global market share.

Biotechnology Categories in India:

• Biopharmaceuticals: India is a major supplier of low-cost drugs and vaccines, leading in biosimilars with the highest number of approvals.
• Bio-Agriculture: India dedicates approximately 55% of its land to agriculture, holding the fifth-largest area of organic agricultural land worldwide. The sector's contribution to the Bioeconomy is expected to grow from USD 10.5 billion to USD 20 billion by 2025.
• Bio-Industrial: Biotechnology is enhancing industrial processes, manufacturing, and waste disposal.
• Bio IT & BioServices: India excels in contract manufacturing, research, and clinical trials, hosting the highest number of US FDA-approved plants outside the US.

Government Initiatives:

• 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) is permitted in greenfield pharma and medical devices.
• The National Biotechnology Development Strategy 2021-25 aims to make India a global leader in biotechnology, targeting a USD 150 billion Bioeconomy by 2025.
• The Department of Biotechnology has established 51 Biotech-KISAN hubs to connect farmers with scientific advancements.
• The Union Budget 2023-24 includes INR 10,000 crore for 500 ‘waste to wealth’ plants under the GOBARdhan scheme.
• The GenomeIndia Project focuses on sequencing and analyzing the Indian population’s genomes to aid public health.

Challenges and Recommendations

Challenges:

• Regulatory Hurdles: The complex approval process for GMOs and overlapping regulatory bodies slow down progress.
• Funding Issues: Limited funding and high risks deter investment. The biotechnology sector receives only 0.05% of India's GDP from the Central Government.
• Infrastructure Gaps: Inadequate research facilities and cold chain infrastructure hamper progress.
• IP Concerns: Intellectual property protection remains weak, affecting innovation.
• Global Competition: Indian firms face stiff competition from established global players.
• Talent Shortages: A brain drain and skills mismatch impede growth.
• Ethical Dilemmas: Ethical issues related to GMOs and gene editing pose challenges.

Recommendations:

• Regulatory Streamlining: Establish a unified Biotechnology Regulatory Authority and adopt a risk-based assessment approach.
• Innovative Funding: Create a Biotechnology Investment Fund with public-private partnerships.
• Talent Development: Launch skill development programs and integrate biotech training into various disciplines.
• Infrastructure Investment: Develop shared high-end research facilities and upgrade cold chain infrastructure.
• IP Strengthening: Enhance the IPR regime and establish a Biotech Patent Pool.
• Leverage Make in India: Expand the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to cover more biotech products and establish specialized manufacturing corridors.

In News:

The new Unified Pension Scheme (UPS), set to launch on April 1, 2025, aims to provide improved old age income security. Around 23 lakh Central government employees will benefit from this new scheme, and those currently under the National Pension System (NPS) will have the option to switch to UPS. States can also adopt the UPS for their employees, but they will need to secure funding from their own resources.

Key Components of UPS

The UPS introduces several enhancements to pension benefits:

1. Pension Benefits: Employees will receive half of their average basic pay over the final 12 months of service as a monthly pension after completing a minimum of 25 years of service. For those with less than 25 years, the pension will be proportionately reduced, with a minimum pension of ?10,000 for those with at least 10 years of service.
2. Family Pension: A family pension equivalent to 60% of the employee's pension will be provided to dependents upon the employee's death.
3. Inflation Adjustment: Pension incomes will be adjusted in line with the consumer price trends for industrial workers, similar to the dearness relief provided to current government employees.
4. Superannuation Payout: In addition to gratuity, a lumpsum superannuation payout will be given, amounting to 1/10th of the employee’s monthly emoluments for every six months of service.

Differences from the Current System

The new UPS combines features from the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) and NPS:

• Old Pension Scheme (OPS): Employees who joined before January 1, 2004, are covered under OPS, which guarantees a pension of 50% of the last drawn salary, adjusted for dearness allowance. It also offers a family pension of 60% of the last drawn pension, with provisions for commutation and additional increases for pensioners over 80 years of age.
• National Pension System (NPS): Introduced in 2004, NPS replaced OPS for new employees, shifting from a defined benefits system to a defined contribution scheme. Employees and the employer contribute a percentage of the salary to market-linked securities, with no guaranteed pension amount, only a corpus that must be used to buy an annuity upon retirement.

The UPS aims to blend the certainty of OPS with the funded approach of NPS. While employees' contributions will be capped at 10% of their salary, the government will contribute 18.5%, with potential adjustments over time. The government will cover any shortfall between investment returns and pension promises.

Reasons for the Change

The transition to UPS addresses concerns raised by government employees and political pressure regarding the NPS. Employees have criticized NPS for its lack of guaranteed pension benefits compared to OPS. The issue has become politically significant, with opposition parties promising to revert to OPS in various states.

In March 2023, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a review of NPS led by former Finance Secretary T.V. Somanathan. Though the review’s findings are yet to be made public, the introduction of UPS reflects a compromise balancing employee expectations with fiscal prudence.

Reactions and Future Impact

Central government employees generally welcome the UPS, recognizing it as a step toward addressing the shortcomings of NPS. However, there are concerns about the contributory nature of UPS and the absence of a commutation option like in OPS. Economists are analyzing the scheme's financial implications, with an expected additional cost of ?7,050 crore this year for the government. Future pension payouts may increase but are anticipated to be manageable with higher revenue growth.

The UPS marks a significant shift in pension policy, aiming to provide greater financial security for government employees while managing fiscal responsibilities.

In News:

In a significant breakthrough, scientists at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in Kolkata have identified a new target for cancer therapy. Their study, recently published in The EMBO Journal, focuses on how cancer cells manage DNA repair during cell division, potentially paving the way for more effective treatments.

Key Findings

The researchers explored how cancer cells respond to topoisomerase 1 (Top1)-targeted chemotherapy. Top1 inhibitors, such as camptothecin, topotecan, and irinotecan, disrupt DNA replication and transcription, causing damage that usually leads to cell death. However, cancer cells can sometimes develop resistance by employing internal DNA repair mechanisms, primarily involving a protein called TDP1.

Mechanism of Action

Top1 is crucial for relaxing DNA supercoils during cell division, a process necessary for accurate chromosome segregation. Drugs targeting Top1 can kill cancer cells by preventing this relaxation. Nonetheless, cancer cells counteract this damage with TDP1, which repairs the DNA and promotes cell survival.

The IACS team discovered that TDP1's function is influenced by its phosphorylation status, which changes during the cell cycle and drug treatment. This modification helps TDP1 detach from chromosomes during cell division, a mechanism that helps cells survive despite the presence of chemotherapy drugs.

Novel Therapeutic Approach

The researchers propose a novel approach that combines inhibitors of two key molecules: CDK1 protein and TDP1 enzyme. CDK1 plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle, while TDP1 is involved in repairing DNA damage. By inhibiting both, the researchers aim to disrupt the cancer cell's ability to repair DNA damage caused by Top1 inhibitors.

This combinatorial targeting strategy could enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatments. While Top1 inhibitors induce DNA damage, CDK1 inhibitors could prevent the repair of this damage or halt the cell cycle, making it difficult for cancer cells to survive. This dual-target approach may also help overcome resistance mechanisms that cancer cells develop against single-agent therapies.

Clinical Implications

CDK1 inhibitors, including avotaciclib, alvocidib, roniciclib, riviciclib, and dinaciclib, are currently in various stages of clinical trials. These drugs can be used alone or in combination with other DNA-damaging agents. Combining CDK1 inhibitors with Top1 inhibitors holds promise for significantly improving cancer treatment outcomes by targeting different aspects of the cell cycle and DNA replication.

Although the study was conducted using human breast cancer cells, the findings suggest potential benefits for patients with other types of cancer, such as ovarian, colorectal, and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). SCLC, in particular, is associated with tobacco smoking and could potentially benefit from this new combinatorial approach.

Conclusion

The IACS study opens new possibilities for cancer treatment by targeting DNA repair mechanisms in cancer cells. By combining CDK1 and Top1 inhibitors, the researchers aim to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy and overcome resistance. Further research, including clinical trials, will be essential to validate these findings and develop personalized cancer therapies that could improve patient outcomes across various cancer types.

In News:

Recently two representatives from the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment, working 1.5 km underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota, announced that they had placed the tightest restrictions yet on the identities of dark matter particles, resulting in a null finding that clarified which identities these particles could not have, leading to a sense of resignation rather than disappointment among the physics community, as similar experiments like XENON-nT in Italy and PandaX-4T in China have yielded empty results for decades despite significant efforts.

Background on Dark Matter

• Definition: Dark matter makes up most of the universe's mass, contributing to its structure.
• Composition: Likely consists of previously unknown particles that:
  • Do not interact with photons.
  • Remain stable over billions of years.
• Key Question: Can dark matter interact with atomic nuclei and electrons?

Experimental Strategies

• Proposed Method:
  • Introduced by physicists Mark Goodman and Ed Witten in 1985.
  • Concept: Use a “sail” (a chunk of metal) deep underground to detect dark matter interactions.
  • Objective: Measure unknown mass and interaction rate (cross-section) of dark matter particles.

Scattering Cross-Section

• Concept:
  • Similar to light interaction with different media (vacuum, glass, rock).
  • Cross-sections indicate how readily a particle can scatter.
• Previous Limits: Proposed limits as small as 10−38cm210^{-38} text{cm}^210−38cm2.
• Current Achievements: Recent experiments have ruled out cross-sections as small as 10−44cm210^{-44} text{cm}^210−44cm2.

Challenges Ahead

• Neutrino Interference:
  • As detectors increase in size, they also detect more noise from neutrinos, complicating dark matter detection.
  • Both PandaX-4T and XENONnT report issues with neutrino signals.
• Resignation in Community:
  • Scientists had hoped for clearer results before facing the challenge of distinguishing dark matter from neutrinos.

Alternative Research Avenues

• Focus on Lighter Particles:
  • Exploring dark particles lighter than atomic nuclei for easier detection.
• Technological Development:
  • Advancing technologies to measure minimal energy transfers using special materials.

Conclusion

• Ongoing Effort: The search for dark matter continues to unite scientific disciplines and require innovative approaches.
• Human Ingenuity: The pursuit reflects a broader effort to understand the universe, drawing on collective expertise and creativity.

In News:

A recent government survey has shed light on the demographics of workers engaged in the hazardous cleaning of urban sewers and septic tanks across India. This initiative, part of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment's NAMASTE programme, highlights significant disparities within this labor sector.

Key Findings

• Community Representation: An overwhelming 91.9% of the 38,000 workers profiled belong to marginalized communities:
  • Scheduled Castes (SC): 68.9%
  • Other Backward Classes (OBC): 14.7%
  • Scheduled Tribes (ST): 8.3%
  • General Category: 8%
• Mortality Rates: Between 2019 and 2023, at least 377 individuals died while performing hazardous cleaning tasks, underscoring the dangers associated with this work.

The NAMASTE Programme

• Objective: The NAMASTE programme aims to mechanize sewer work to prevent fatalities linked to manual cleaning. It seeks to transition workers into safer, more sustainable roles as "sanipreneurs" by providing safety training, equipment, and capital subsidies.
• Background: This programme replaces the earlier Self-Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers (SRMS), focusing on the more technical aspects of hazardous cleaning rather than manual scavenging.
• Namaste is a Central Sector Scheme of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) as a joint initiative of the MoSJE and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).
• The Scheme has been approved with an outlay of Rs. 360 crore for four years from 2022-23 to 2025-26.
• NAMASTE aims to achieve the following outcomes:
  • Zero fatalities in sanitation work in India
  • All sanitation work is performed by skilled workers
  • No sanitation workers come in direct contact with human faecal matter
  • Sanitation workers are collectivized into SHGs and are empowered to run sanitation enterprises
  • All Sewer and Septic tank  sanitation workers (SSWs) have access to alternative livelihoods
  • Strengthened supervisory and monitoring systems at national, state and ULB levels to ensure enforcement and monitoring of safe sanitation work
  • Increased awareness amongst sanitation services seekers (individuals and institutions) to seek services from registered and skilled sanitation workers

Progress and Coverage

• Implementation: Since the scheme's inception, 3,326 urban local bodies (ULBs) have begun profiling workers, with many reporting minimal or no workers engaged in hazardous cleaning.
• Data Collection: The government is gathering data from over 3,000 ULBs across 29 states and union territories to better understand the scope and risks associated with this labor.

Introduction

• The AVGC (Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics) sector is set to be the future of the media and entertainment industry. 
• According to the FICCI-EY 2024 report, India now boasts the second-largest anime fan base globally and is projected to contribute 60% to the worldwide growth in anime interest in the coming years.
• In a significant step toward making India a global hub for AVGC, the Union Cabinet recently approved the establishment of a National Centre of Excellence (NCoE) for Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics, and Extended Reality (AVGC-XR) in Mumbai.

NCoE Background

• NCoE will be set up as a Section 8 Company under the Companies Act, 2013 in India with Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry and Confederation of Indian Industry representing the industry bodies as partners with the Government of India.
• The establishment of the NCoE follows the Union Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs 2022-23 budget announcement, which proposed the creation of an AVGC task force in the country.
• NCoE AVGC aims at creating a world class talent pool in India to cater to the Indian as well as global entertainment industry.
• Provisionally named the Indian Institute for Immersive Creators (IIIC), this center aims to revolutionize the AVGC sector and foster innovation in immersive technologies.
• It will be modeled after renowned institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs).

Objective of NCoE (IIIC)

Boasting a growth rate of 25% and an estimated value of ?46 billion by 2023 (FICCI-EY Report 2023), the animation industry in India is thriving and offers a promising future for passionate young talent.

Below are some of the key objectives of the NCoE (IIIC):

• Focusing of creating Indian IP
• Leveraging our cultural heritage in new age
• Create a multiplier effect in the industry
• An industry led initiative, in partnership with state and academia
• Integrated focus on education, skilling industry, development, innovation
• Hub and spoke model of development to be followed
• IIIC as the hub and several center’s as its spokes dedicated innovation and research fund to promote start-up ecosystem

Conclusion

The Union Cabinet's approval of the National Centre of Excellence (NCoE) for AVGC marks a pivotal step in strengthening India’s media and entertainment industry. This initiative is set to boost the economy while creating new job opportunities in the rapidly growing AVGC sector. As a global hub for filmmaking, India's advancements in technology and infrastructure will enable the production of high-quality content, positioning the country as a leader in technological innovation and creativity.

In News:

Rwanda is currently facing an outbreak of Marburg virus disease (MVD), leading to six fatalities, primarily among healthcare workers.

What is Marburg Virus Disease?

Marburg virus disease is a severe and often fatal illness first identified in 1967 in Germany. It is caused by the Marburg virus, which is primarily transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals, particularly fruit bats.

Current Situation in Rwanda

The ongoing outbreak has claimed six lives, most of whom were healthcare professionals. The Minister of Health has emphasized the need for heightened preventive measures and community vigilance.

Symptoms and Transmission

Common symptoms of MVD include high fever, severe headache, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The virus spreads through direct contact with the blood, secretions, and bodily fluids of infected individuals.

Available Treatments and Supportive Care

There is currently no specific treatment for Marburg virus disease. Supportive care, including symptom management and hydration, is critical, and early medical attention is essential for those exhibiting symptoms.

Preventive Measures and Recommendations

To prevent the spread of MVD, individuals should:

• Practice good hygiene.
• Avoid contact with infected persons.
• Ensure thorough cooking of animal products.
• Use protective equipment when caring for sick patients.

Global Context and Pandemic Risk

While Marburg virus disease poses a significant mortality risk and can spread between humans, its pandemic potential is lower than that of more contagious viruses. Rapid containment efforts are essential to prevent wider outbreaks.

In News:

With its significant economic growth and leadership of the Global South, India deserves a permanent seat at the UN Security Council, says Bhutan’s Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay.

Key Highlights:

• Economic Growth: Highlights India’s significant economic growth and its leadership in the Global South as justifications for this status.
• International Backing: India’s bid gains momentum with support from several UN Member States, including France, the UK, and the U.S.
• Need for Reform: Bhutan emphasized that the UNSC is outdated and must evolve to reflect contemporary geopolitical and economic realities.
• Advocacy for Representation: Bhutan has long called for a more representative and effective Security Council, backing India’s inclusion at the high table.

About UN Security Council (UNSC)

• Composition: Total of 15 member states.
  • 5 permanent members (P5): China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (with veto rights).
  • 10 non-permanent members elected for two-year terms.
• Election of Non-Permanent Members:
  • Elected on a regional basis:
    • 5 seats for African and Asian states.
    • 2 seats for Latin American and Caribbean states.
    • 1 seat for Eastern European states.
    • 2 seats for Western European and other states.
• Presidency:
  • Rotates monthly among members, following the English alphabetical order of country names.
• Primary Functions:
  • Maintain international peace and security.
  • Investigate and resolve disputes.
  • Impose sanctions and authorize the use of force.
  • Establish peacekeeping missions.
  • Make recommendations to member states.
• Meeting Schedule:
  • Regular meetings at UN headquarters in New York.
  • Can convene at any time in response to emergencies.
• Decision-Making:
  • Requires affirmative votes from at least 9 of the 15 members.
  • Any of the P5 can veto resolutions, raising concerns about the Council's effectiveness.
• Subsidiary Bodies:
  • Includes committees, working groups, and sanctions committees focused on specific issues like counter-terrorism, nuclear non-proliferation, and peacekeeping operations.
• Reforming the UN Security Council (UNSC)
  • Charter Amendments:
    • Reforming the UNSC requires amendments to the UN Charter.
  • Voting Requirements:
    • An amendment must be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly.
    • It must also be ratified by two-thirds of UN member states, including all permanent members of the UNSC.

In News:

• The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, launched the national responsible tourism initiative ‘Paryatan Mitra & Paryatan Didi’ on September 27, 2024, coinciding with World Tourism Day.
• Vision: Aligned with the Prime Minister's vision to use tourism as a tool for social inclusion, employment, and economic development.

Pilot Locations

• Destinations: The initiative is piloted in six tourist destinations:
  • Orchha (Madhya Pradesh)
  • Gandikota (Andhra Pradesh)
  • Bodh Gaya (Bihar)
  • Aizawl (Mizoram)
  • Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
  • Sri Vijaya Puram (Andaman & Nicobar Islands)

Objectives and Training

• Enhancing Tourist Experience: The program aims to connect tourists with ‘tourist-friendly’ individuals who serve as local ambassadors and storytellers.
• Training Focus: Individuals interacting with tourists—such as cab drivers, hotel staff, street vendors, and students—receive training on:
  • Importance of tourism and hospitality
  • Cleanliness and safety
  • Sustainability practices
  • Local stories and attractions

Empowering Women and Youth

• Target Groups: Emphasis on training women and youth to develop tourism products such as:
  • Heritage walks
  • Food and craft tours
  • Nature treks and homestays
• Employment Opportunities: Aims to enable locals to secure jobs as homestay owners, cultural guides, and adventure guides.

Digital Literacy

• Training in Digital Tools: Participants are also educated in digital literacy to enhance visibility of their offerings to tourists.

Impact and Recognition

• Training Success: Since the program's pilot in August 2024, approximately 3,000 individuals have been trained.
• Local Enthusiasm: Increased local interest in participating in tourism training programs and contributing to the tourism ecosystem.
• Future Recognition: The Ministry plans to award dedicated badges to Paryatan Mitra and Didi participants, ensuring tourists can identify those committed to providing exceptional experiences.

In News:

A rare collision of two cyclones has led to significant environmental impact, including the flattening of thousands of trees within the sanctuary.

Key Details:

• Location: Situated in the Mulugu district of Telangana, near the borders of Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh. Approximately 100 km from Warangal and 250 km from Hyderabad.
• Establishment: Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1952 by the Nizam government of Hyderabad.
• Area: Covers around 806 square kilometers.

Geographic Features

Rivers:

• Dayyam Vagu: A significant water source that divides the sanctuary into two parts.
• Godavari River: Flows through the sanctuary, contributing to its rich biodiversity.

Flora

• Vegetation: Dense tropical dry deciduous forest.
• Key Species: Includes teak, bamboo, madhuca, and terminalia trees, creating a lush habitat.

Fauna

• Wildlife: Home to diverse species such as:
  • Mammals: Tiger, leopard, panther, wolf, wild dogs, jackals, sloth bear, chousingha, blackbuck, nilgai, sambar, spotted deer, and four-horned antelope.
  • Reptiles: Notable for its population of mugger crocodiles and snakes, including cobras, pythons, and kraits.

Cultural Significance

• Temple: The famous Sammakka-Saralamma Temple is located within the sanctuary.

In News:

• NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) has partnered with Trinidad and Tobago's Ministry of Digital Transformation to create a payment platform for person-to-person and person-to-merchant transactions.
• Modeling on UPI: The new digital payments system will be based on India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI), which is widely recognized as a leading digital payment solution.
• Role of NPCI: NIPL, a quasi-government body under the Reserve Bank of India, manages India’s retail payment systems, including UPI.

Previous Initiatives

• Global Expansion: Earlier in 2024, NIPL also committed to establishing digital payment systems in Peru and Namibia, leveraging the UPI model.
• Ongoing Talks: NIPL is exploring opportunities with additional countries in Africa and South America to assist in building their payment infrastructures.

Significance:

• UPI has emerged as a transformative force in India's financial landscape, registering nearly 15 billion transactions in August 2024, with an estimated value of USD 245 billion.
• This strategic partnership aims to empower Trinidad and Tobago to establish a reliable and efficient real-time payments platform for both person-to-person (P2P) and person-to-merchant (P2M) transactions, expanding digital payments in the country and fostering financial inclusion.

In News:

• Union Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare, represented India at the G20 Joint Finance-Health Task Force meeting during the 79th UN General Assembly.
• Focus: The session emphasized the importance of investing in health and addressing social determinants of health (SDH) through initiatives like debt-for-health swaps.

Key Highlights:

• Role of SDH: Underscored how social determinants such as housing, sanitation, water access, and income security are crucial for health investment priorities.
• Flagship Programs: India’s notable initiatives include:
  • Ayushman Bharat: The world’s largest health insurance scheme.
  • Swachh Bharat Mission: Aiming for a cleaner India.
  • Jal Jeevan Mission: Ensuring water access for all.
  • Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana: Promoting housing for all.
• Impact of PM-JAY: Highlighted improvements in access to healthcare and outcomes, especially for non-communicable diseases.

Data and Policymaking

• Importance of Data: Stressed the need for enhanced data availability and standardization on SDH indicators to support effective policymaking.
• Unified Approach: Called for G20 nations to collaborate on data collection and analysis for better health systems globally.

Exploring Debt-for-Health Swaps

• Potential Mechanism: Discussed debt-for-health swaps as a means to relieve financial pressure while promoting health equity.
• Next Steps: Emphasized the need for stakeholder engagement and pilot programs to ensure effective implementation.

Conclusion

• Global Leadership: India reaffirmed its commitment to health equity through evidence-based policies and partnerships.
• Shared Vision: Advocated for a unified effort towards achieving “Health for All,” highlighting the significance of investments in social determinants of health.

About Social determinants of health (SDOH)

• SDOH are non-medical factors that affect a person's health, well-being, and quality of life. They include the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age. 
• SDOH also include the broader systems that shape everyday life, such as economic policies, social norms, and political systems. 
• Some examples of SDOH include:
  • Safe housing, transportation, and neighborhoods
  • Racism, discrimination, and violence
  • Education, job opportunities, and income
  • Access to nutritious foods and physical activity opportunities
  • Polluted air and water
  • Language and literacy skills

In News:

• GST compensation cess likely to continue beyond January 2026, with potential rebranding and new end-use defined.
• Revenue Collection: Estimated Rs 20,000 crore expected from the cess by February 2026, with recent receipts of Rs 12,068 crore in August 2024.
• Cess Nature: The compensation cess, originally intended for revenue shortfall, cannot merge with the 28% GST slab due to regulatory limitations.

Financial Context

• RBI Study Insights: Weighted average GST rate decreased from 14.4% at launch to 11.6%, now even below 11%, raising concerns among states.
• State Concerns: Many states, including Punjab and Kerala, seek a 2-5 year extension for the compensation period to stabilize finances.

Regulatory Framework

• Cess Legislation: GST Compensation Cess is governed by the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act, 2017, initially set for five years.
• Taxpayer Obligations: All suppliers of designated goods/services must collect the cess, except exporters and those under the composition scheme.

Distribution Mechanism

• Calculation of Compensation: Based on projected revenue growth (14%) against actual revenue, with payments distributed bi-monthly.
• Surplus Distribution: Any surplus in the compensation fund post-transition period will be shared between the Centre and states.

Future Considerations

• Ministerial Panel: A panel established by the GST Council will recommend the cess's future and revenue sharing post-compensation.
• Tax Expert Opinions: Some experts argue against pursuing the revenue-neutral rate, suggesting broader tax base expansion instead.
• Revenue Gap Solutions: Options for addressing compensation fund deficits include revising cess formulas, increasing rates, or market borrowing.

In News:

In a significant move for global security, the Foreign Ministers of the IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa) grouping issued a strong declaration against terrorism during the 79th UN General Assembly in New York. This declaration condemned terrorism in all its forms and reaffirmed the collective responsibility of the international community to eliminate terrorist safe havens worldwide.

Key Points from the IBSA Declaration:

• Universal Threat: The ministers stressed that terrorism is a threat that transcends borders, cultures, and governments.
• Rule of Law: They emphasized that counter-terrorism efforts must adhere to international law, particularly the UN Charter and human rights laws, ensuring civil liberties are respected.
• International Framework: A call was made for establishing a comprehensive international counter-terrorism framework, with the United Nations at its core, to coordinate global efforts against terrorism.
• Cross-Border Security: The declaration highlighted the need for stringent actions against the movement of terrorists and the financing of terrorist networks, condemning groups like Al-Qaeda, ISIS/Daesh, Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT), and Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM).
• Comprehensive Convention: A renewed commitment to accelerate the adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism at the UN was emphasized, aiming to create a unified legal framework for combating terrorism.

In News:

World leaders have officially adopted the Political Declaration on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) at the UN High-Level Meeting, highlighting the urgent need for coordinated global action to combat AMR, which claims 1.27 million lives annually. This declaration recognizes drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) as a critical component of the global AMR response, marking a significant moment in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.

Key Highlights of the Declaration

• DR-TB Priority: The declaration emphasizes the severe burden that DR-TB imposes on health systems, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the potential reversal of progress made against tuberculosis and the Sustainable Development Goals.
• Global Death Reduction Target: A target to reduce global deaths associated with AMR by 10% by 2030 and a funding goal of USD 100 million to help at least 60% of countries establish funded AMR plans by 2025.
• Support for Vulnerable Groups: Recognition of the socioeconomic challenges faced by those affected by AMR, affirming the need for integrated, person-centered healthcare, including support to reduce stigma.
• Independent Panel for Action: Agreement to establish an independent panel to provide evidence for actions against AMR by 2025.

Commitment to Action

The Stop TB Partnership applauds this commitment and urges UN Member States to provide necessary funding for implementing the declaration's commitments. The partnership aims to work closely with governments and civil society to translate these commitments into concrete actions.

Challenges of Antimicrobial Resistance

AMR poses a significant threat, particularly in LMICs, where it exacerbates existing healthcare challenges:

• Increased Infections: Medical facilities often become hotspots for treatment-resistant infections, making routine procedures riskier. In LMICs, about 11% of surgical patients experience infections.
• Lack of Resources: Access to clean water, proper diagnostics, and antimicrobial medicines is often limited, increasing vulnerability to drug-resistant infections.
• Impact of Conflicts: AMR complicates treatment in conflict zones, where drug-resistant infections spread rapidly among displaced populations, further emphasizing the need for peaceful resolutions.

Economic Implications of AMR

The economic case for addressing AMR is compelling:

• Without a stronger response, AMR could lead to an additional $412 billion in healthcare expenditures annually over the next decade, along with $443 billion in losses due to workforce participation and productivity declines.
• Implementing critical AMR interventions is considered a “best buy,” with a potential return of $7 to $13 for every dollar invested.

In News:

Over 67 crore Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts (ABHA) have been created in the past three years under the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM). The digital healthcare mission marked its three-year anniversary.

Key Highlights:

• Launch Date: September 27, 2021.
• Vision: Establish a robust digital health infrastructure to enhance healthcare accessibility, efficiency, and transparency.
• Duration: A transformative three-year journey aimed at revolutionizing India’s digital healthcare ecosystem.

Objectives and Background

• Alignment with National Health Policy: The mission stems from the National Health Policy (2017), emphasizing accessibility and the integration of digital technologies.
• Building Blocks:
  • National Health Stack (2018) introduced unique health identifiers and verified registries.
  • National Digital Health Blueprint (2019) provided guidance for implementing ABDM.

Key Features of ABDM

• Unique Health Identifier (ABHA ID): Assigns a unique ID to every individual for managing health records.
• Healthcare Professionals Registry (HPR): Comprehensive database of healthcare professionals across all systems of medicine.
• Health Facility Registries (HFR): Repository of public and private health facilities, including hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies.
• Health Information Exchange and Consent Manager (HIE-CM): Allows secure access and sharing of health records based on informed consent.
• Unified Health Interface (UHI): Facilitates the discovery and delivery of health services.
• National Health Claims Exchange (HCX): Standardizes the insurance payment process for quicker claims.
• Data Privacy and Security: Ensures confidentiality and security of health-related information in compliance with the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
• Interoperability: Enables seamless data exchange among stakeholders, supported by key gateways (HIE-CM, NHCX, UHI).
• Transparency: Offers individuals access to both public and private health services, ensuring transparent pricing and accountability.

Key Initiatives

• Scan and Share: QR-code based OPD registration reduces wait times and improves data accuracy.
• Digital Health Incentive Scheme (DHIS): Financial incentives to encourage participation in the ABDM ecosystem, launched on January 1, 2023.
• Microsites for Private Sector Adoption: Operationalized 106 microsites to facilitate ABDM adoption among private providers.
• End-to-End ABDM Adoption Pilot: Aimed at digitizing healthcare facilities across India, with 131 selected for participation.

Achievements

• Health Accounts Creation: Over 67 crore Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts (ABHA) established, linking 42 crore health records.
• Ecosystem Participation: Involvement of 236 private entities and leading public institutions, enhancing interoperability.
• Healthcare Facility Registration: 3.3 lakh health facilities and 4.7 lakh healthcare professionals registered.

Moving Towards Transformation

• Collaborations: Partnerships with IIT Kanpur and Maharashtra University of Health Sciences to drive digital health education and public goods development.
• Training Initiatives: Introduction of a WhatsApp Chatbot for stakeholder training on digital health practices.
• Digital Health Standards: Launched by the National Accreditation Board of Hospitals to promote digital health technology adoption.
• Integration of eSwasthya Dham Portal: Extends ABDM benefits to Char Dham Yatris.

Vision for the Future

ABDM aims to create a seamless digital health ecosystem, ensuring every Indian citizen has access to their health records through a unique ABHA ID. The initiative includes:

• Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS): Aids healthcare professionals in improving clinical decision-making and patient outcomes.

In News:

India and Uzbekistan signed the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) aimed at boosting the confidence of investors of both the countries.

Key Highlights:

• Investor Protections:
  • Assured Protection: The BIT guarantees protection for investors from both countries, aligning with international standards.
  • Minimum Standards: It establishes a minimum standard of treatment and non-discrimination for investors.
  • Dispute Resolution: An independent arbitration forum will be available for dispute settlement.
• Investment Safeguards:
  • Protection from Expropriation: The treaty safeguards investments from unjust expropriation.
  • Transparency and Compensation: Provisions are included for transparency and compensation for losses incurred.
• Regulatory Balance: While protecting investors, the treaty maintains a balance with the state's right to regulate, ensuring adequate policy space for both countries.

Economic Context

• Shared Commitment: The BIT reflects the commitment of both nations to foster economic ties and create a resilient investment environment.
• Expected Outcomes: It is anticipated that the treaty will facilitate increased bilateral investments, benefiting businesses and economies in India and Uzbekistan.
• Current Investment Landscape: As of August 2024, Overseas Direct Investment (ODI) from India to Uzbekistan stands at $20 million, with Indian investments notable in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, amusement parks, automobile components, and hospitality.

India and Bilateral Investment Treaties

BITs are reciprocal agreements between two countries designed to promote and protect foreign private investments within each other's territories.

• Key Guarantees Established:
  • National Treatment: Foreign investors are treated on par with domestic companies.
  • Fair and Equitable Treatment: Investors receive treatment aligned with international law.
  • Protection from Expropriation: Limits the ability of a country to seize foreign investments without appropriate compensation.
• Status of BITs in India
  • Historical Context:
    • Until 2015, India had signed BITs with 83 countries, with 74 currently in force. These agreements were based on the Indian Model BIT established in 1993.
  • Revisions and Current Approach: In 2015, India revised its Model BIT text. Since then, India has:
    • Signed new BITs/Investment Agreements with four countries.
    • Entered negotiations with 37 countries/blocks for new agreements.
    • Terminated older BITs with 77 countries, with only six remaining in force.
• Key Features of the Revised Model BIT
  • Investor Protection:
    • Provides robust protection for foreign investors in India and Indian investors abroad.
    • Balances investor rights with government obligations.
  • Investor Confidence:
    • Enhances investor confidence by ensuring non-discriminatory treatment and a level playing field.
    • Establishes an independent arbitration forum for dispute resolution.
  • Investment Definition:
    • Adopts an "enterprise"-based definition of investment to encompass various forms of investment.
  • Dispute Settlement Provisions:
    • Refined Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) provisions require investors to exhaust local remedies before seeking international arbitration.
    • Limits arbitration tribunals to awarding monetary compensation only.
  • Regulatory Authority Preservation:
    • Excludes government procurement, taxation, subsidies, compulsory licenses, and national security from BIT coverage, ensuring the government retains regulatory authority.
• Strategic Impact
  • Preferred FDI Destination: The revised BIT aims to position India as a preferred destination for foreign direct investment (FDI).
  • Protection of Outbound FDI: It also focuses on safeguarding outbound investments made by Indian entities.

In News:

• India has moved up to 39th place among 133 economies in the GII 2024, showcasing significant progress from its 81st position in 2015.

Key Details:

• Regional Leadership: India ranks first among the 10 economies in Central and Southern Asia, highlighting its emerging leadership in innovation within the region.
• Lower-Middle-Income Economies: India is also the top-ranked lower-middle-income economy in the GII.
• WIPO Science & Technology Ranking: India holds the 4th position in the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Science & Technology Cluster Ranking, indicating robust innovation capabilities.
• Top Science & Technology Clusters: Major Indian cities—Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, and Chennai—are recognized among the world’s Top 100 S&T clusters, emphasizing urban centers' roles in fostering innovation.
• Intangible Asset Intensity: India ranks 7th globally in intangible asset intensity, reflecting a strong focus on knowledge-based assets and intellectual property.

Context and Significance of GII

• Purpose of GII: The GII evaluates innovation ecosystems of 133 economies, providing insights into trends that drive economic and social change through innovation.
• Global Leaders: The top five most innovative economies according to the GII 2024 are Switzerland, Sweden, the US, Singapore, and the UK.
• Fastest Climbers: India is among the fastest climbers in the GII over the past decade, alongside China, Turkey, Vietnam, and the Philippines.

Overview of WIPO

• Foundation and Mission: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), established in 1974 and part of the UN since then, aims to support global innovators and creators, ensuring the safe journey of their ideas to market.
• Membership: WIPO comprises 193 member states, including a diverse range of developing and developed countries, facilitating a broad exchange of intellectual property knowledge.
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.

In News:

The Ministry of Tourism celebrated World Tourism Day on September 27, 2024, under the theme “Tourism and Peace.” The focus was on how tourism fosters global peace by encouraging cross-cultural interactions and understanding.

Key Details:

• World Tourism Day, established in 1980 by the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), celebrates the global impact of tourism and raises awareness about its economic, social, and cultural significance.
  • This day celebrates the diverse experiences that tourism offers and commits to making travel more inclusive, sustainable, and beneficial for all; here’s all you need to know about the day.
• The date, September 27, was chosen to commemorate the adoption of UNWTO statutes in 1975
• The theme for World Tourism Day 2024 is “Tourism and Peace,” which will highlight the association between tourism and world peace, with the United Nations emphasising the significance of comprehending diverse cultures and encouraging sustainable tourism.

World Tourism Day: Significance and Celebrations

• World Tourism Day is a global event that celebrates the role of tourism in bridging cultural gaps, enhancing mutual understanding, and driving economic development.
• It focuses on responsible tourism practices, celebrating diverse cultural heritage, and addressing environmental sustainability and fair distribution of benefits.
• Events include seminars, workshops, and conferences on the theme of the year, cultural festivals, exhibitions, and public performances.
• Educational campaigns and community outreach activities raise awareness about responsible travel, supporting local economies, and protecting natural environments.

Note:

• The World Economic Forum, in its recently released Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI), shares the top countries gaining popularity in the travel and tourism industry.
• Notably, in Southeast Asia, India ranks 39th as the TTDI’s top lower-middle-income economy. India’s strong Natural (6th), Cultural (9th) and Non-Leisure (9th) resources drive its travel industry, with the country’s being only one of three to score in the top 10 for all the resources pillars.
• The TTDI measures the set of factors and policies that enable the sustainable and resilient development of the T&T sector, which in turn contributes to the development of a country. Among the 119 countries, here are the top 10 countries for travel and tourism in 2024 attracting travellers from all over the globe.

In News:

• India was elected to the 15-member GlobE Steering Committee on September 26, 2024, in a plenary session in Beijing. The election involved a multistage voting process.

• Role and Significance:
  • India will play a vital role in shaping the global agenda on corruption and asset recovery.
  • The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) highlighted India's expertise in combating corruption as a significant asset for the GlobE Network.
• About the GlobE Network:
  • The Global Operational Network of Anti-Corruption Law Enforcement Authorities (GlobE Network) is a G-20 initiative, supported by India since 2020.
  • Officially launched on June 3, 2021, during a UN General Assembly session against corruption.
  • Currently comprises 121 member countries and 219 member authorities.
• Governance Structure:
  • The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) serves as the central authority for India within the GlobE Network.
  • Indian member authorities include the CBI and the Enforcement Directorate (ED).
  • The Steering Committee consists of one chair, one vice-chair, and 13 members providing leadership and direction.
• Functionality and Objectives:
  • The GlobE Network facilitates the sharing of best practices, criminal intelligence, and strategy development among international agencies to combat corruption.
  • It is supported by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which provides secretariat services.
• G-20 Presidency Initiatives:
  • During India’s G-20 Presidency in 2023, two high-level principles for combating corruption were adopted, emphasizing the use of the GlobE Network to enhance global cooperation.

In News:

A new report from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) indicates that the world's oceans are nearing critical acidity levels.

• Key Findings:
  • Nine Crucial Factors: The report identifies nine essential elements for sustaining life on Earth.
  • Exceeded Limits: Six of these factors have already surpassed safe limits due to human activities.
  • Ocean Acidification: This is poised to become the seventh boundary breached.
• Crossed Boundaries:
  • Factors Affected:
    • Climate change
    • Loss of natural species and habitats
    • Depletion of freshwater resources
    • Increase in pollutants, including plastics and agricultural chemicals
• Causes of Ocean Acidification:
  • Primarily driven by rising carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from burning fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas).
• Implications of Acidification:
  • Damage to corals, shellfish, and phytoplankton, disrupting marine ecosystems.
  • Threats to food supplies for billions of people.
  • Reduced capacity of oceans to absorb CO2, exacerbating global warming.
• Ozone Layer Status:
  • Currently not close to being breached; showing recovery since the banning of harmful chemicals in 1987.
• Air Quality Concerns:
  • A ninth boundary related to particulate matter is near danger limits.
  • Improvements in air quality are noted, but industrializing nations still face pollution risks.
• Tipping Points:
  • Crossing these boundaries could lead to irreversible and catastrophic consequences for humanity and future generations.
  • All boundaries are interconnected; breaching one can destabilize the entire system.
• Opportunities for Solutions:
  • Addressing critical issues, such as limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, can have widespread benefits across multiple environmental challenges.

Planetary boundaries

• The planetary boundaries were introduced in 2009 to define the global environmental limits within which humans can safely live.
• Johan Rockström, former director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre, led a group of 28 renowned scientists to identify the nine processes that regulate the stability and resilience of the Earth system.
  • Climate Change: Greenhouse gas concentrations, primarily CO2, are the primary metric here. Exceeding the recommended levels risks amplifying global warming.
  • Ocean Acidification: Oceans absorb CO2, leading to decreased pH levels. This boundary measures the carbonate ion concentration, vital for marine life like corals.
  • Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: The ozone layer protects life from harmful ultraviolet radiation. This boundary emphasizes the ozone concentration in the stratosphere.
  • Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles: Excess nitrogen and phosphorus, often from fertilizers, can disrupt ecosystems. Here, the focus is on their flow into the environment.
  • Freshwater Use: Freshwater is vital for life. This boundary pinpoints the annual consumption of freshwater resources.
  • Land-System Change: As we modify landscapes, particularly through deforestation, we alter habitats and carbon storage capabilities. This threshold concerns the amount of forested land remaining.
  • Biodiversity Loss: Biodiversity underpins ecosystem resilience. This metric observes the extinction rate of species.
  • Atmospheric Aerosol Loading: Aerosols influence climate and human health. This boundary examines their density in the atmosphere.
  • Chemical Pollution: Synthetic chemicals can harm ecosystems and human health. This boundary reviews their concentration and spread.

In News:

• The 8th edition of India Water Week (IWW) 2024 was held from September 17-20, 2024, at the Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi.
• Organized by the Ministry of Jal Shakti, this prestigious international event has established itself as a key platform for collaboration in water resource management.
• With participation from global water experts, government leaders, and private-sector representatives, the event aimed to address the critical challenges of water management, foster innovation, and promote sustainable water practices.

Theme and Focus

The theme for India Water Week 2024 was "Partnerships and Cooperation for Inclusive Water Development and Management." This theme underscored the importance of cross-sectoral and international collaboration to address the 21st-century's growing water challenges and the need for integrated efforts in water conservation, management, and equitable access to water resources.

India Water Week: An International Forum

• Since its inception in 2012, India Water Week has grown into a pivotal event in global water diplomacy, offering a platform for dialogue, innovation, and knowledge sharing.
• Each edition focuses on a specific water-related issue, providing policymakers, experts, and industry leaders the opportunity to present solutions and explore cooperative strategies.

 International WASH Conference

• A key highlight of IWW 2024 was the International WASH Conference, organized by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS), Ministry of Jal Shakti.
• This conference focused on global collaboration in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH), aiming to address pressing sanitation challenges and promote hygiene standards.
• The conference was held between 17th-19th September 2024, in New Delhi. This three-day gathering, centered on the theme ‘Sustaining Rural Water Supply’, offered a platform for knowledge exchange, showcasing innovations, and sharing best practices aimed at addressing global WASH challenges, with a special focus on achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). 

Key Takeaways from India Water Week 2024

The India Water Week 2024 concluded with several important takeaways:

• Collaboration and Cooperation: Water security can only be achieved through partnerships across sectors and borders.
• Innovation in Water Management: Startups and technological innovations are key to addressing the future challenges of water resource management.
• Community Participation: Local communities play a crucial role in water conservation efforts, and their involvement is vital to achieving sustainable development.
• Policy Recommendations: The event produced several policy recommendations for sustainable water governance, addressing challenges in climate resilience, infrastructure development, and groundwater management.

Conclusion

India Water Week 2024 was a landmark event that brought together a diverse group of stakeholders to address the complexities of water management in the 21st century. The event paved the way for a more sustainable and inclusive approach to water development through partnership, cooperation, and innovation, ensuring equitable access to water resources for all.

In News:

Recently, the Prime Minister of India launched three Param Rudra Supercomputing Systems and a High-Performance Computing (HPC) system for weather and climate research via a virtual event.

PARAM Rudra Supercomputers

• Development: Indigenously developed under the National Supercomputing Mission.
• Deployment Locations:
  • Delhi: Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC) focuses on material science and atomic physics.
  • Pune: Giant Metre Radio Telescope (GMRT) will explore Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) and other astronomical phenomena.
  • Kolkata: S N Bose Centre drives advanced research in physics, cosmology, and earth sciences.

High-Performance Computing (HPC) System

• Purpose: Tailored for weather and climate research.
• Location:
  • Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune.
  • National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF), Noida.
• System Names: 'Arka' and 'Arunika', reflecting their solar connection.

Significance of the HPC System

• Enhanced Predictive Capabilities:
  • High-resolution models improve accuracy and lead time for: Tropical cyclones, Heavy precipitation, Thunderstorms, Hailstorms, Heat waves, Droughts and Other critical weather phenomena

National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)

• Launch and Goals
  • Launched in 2015 to position India among world-class computing power nations.
  • Aims to connect national academic and R&D institutions with a network of over 70 high-performance computing (HPC) facilities.
• Implementation
  • Managed by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY), Government of India.
  • Estimated cost: Rs 4,500 crore over 7 years.
  • Supports initiatives like 'Digital India' and 'Make in India'.
• Current Status
  • India ranks 74th globally in supercomputing, with only 9 supercomputers out of more than 500 worldwide.
  • The mission addresses the growing computing demands of the scientific community and aligns with international technology trends.
• Infrastructure and Networking
  • Envisions a supercomputing grid with over 70 HPC facilities networked via the National Knowledge Network (NKN).
  • NKN connects academic institutions and R&D labs through a high-speed network.

In News:

In a major shift, India surpassed Japan to become the third-largest power in the Asia Power Index, reflecting its increasing geopolitical stature. This achievement is driven by India's dynamic growth, youthful population, and expanding economy, solidifying its position as a leading force in the region.

Key Factors Behind India’s Rise:

• Economic Growth: India has shown remarkable post-pandemic economic recovery, contributing to a 4.2-point rise in its Economic Capability. India’s massive population and strong GDP growth reinforce its standing as the world’s third-largest economy in PPP terms.
• Future Potential: India’s Future Resources score increased by 8.2 points, signalling a potential demographic dividend. Unlike its regional competitors, particularly China and Japan, India benefits from a youthful population that will continue to drive economic growth and labour force expansion in the coming decades.
• Diplomatic Influence: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s leadership has garnered greater international recognition. India’s non-aligned strategic posture has allowed New Delhi to navigate complex international waters effectively. India ranked 6th in terms of diplomatic dialogues in 2023, reflecting its active engagement in multilateral forums.
  • Further, India’s large population and economic capabilities offer it substantial promise. India’s score in Cultural Influence has also remained relatively strong, underpinned by its global diaspora and cultural exports.
  • In addition, India’s role in multilateral diplomacy and security cooperation has been a point of emphasis. India's participation in dialogues, as well as its leadership in the Quad, has allowed it to play a significant role in regional security dynamics, albeit outside of formal military alliances.

Asia Power Index

• The Asia Power Index, launched by the Lowy Institute in 2018, is an annual measure of power dynamics in the Asia-Pacific region.
• It evaluates 27 countries across the Asia-Pacific, examining their ability to shape and respond to the external environment.
• The 2024 edition offers one of the most comprehensive assessments of power distribution in the region to date. Timor-Leste has been included for the first time, reflecting its growing importance in Southeast Asia.
• The Index focuses on both the material capabilities of states and the influence they exert on the international stage.

Criteria and Parameters of Power Measurement

Power in the Asia Power Index is divided into resource-based and influence-based determinants:

• Resource-Based Determinants:
  • Economic Capability: The core economic strength of a country, measured through indicators like GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP), technological sophistication, and global economic connectivity.
  • Military Capability: Evaluates conventional military strength based on defense spending, armed forces, weapon systems, and signature capabilities like long-range power projection.
  • Resilience: The internal capacity to deter threats to state stability, including institutional robustness, geopolitical security, and resource security.
  • Future Resources: Forecasts the future distribution of resources, including economic, military, and demographic factors projected for 2035.
• Influence-Based Determinants:
  • Economic Relationships: The capacity to exercise leverage through trade, investment, and economic diplomacy.
  • Defense Networks: The strength of alliances and partnerships, measured through military cooperation and arms transfers.
  • Diplomatic Influence: The extent of a country's diplomatic reach, participation in multilateral forums, and foreign policy ambition.
  • Cultural Influence: The ability to shape international public opinion through cultural exports, media, and people-to-people ties.

A country's overall power score is derived from a weighted average of these eight measures, encompassing 131 individual indicators. The results offer a nuanced understanding of how countries convert their resources into influence within the Asia-Pacific.

In News:

The “Make in India” initiative has completed 10 years. It was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on September 25, 2014.

KEY TAKEAWAYS:

• The ‘Make in India’ campaign aims to facilitate investment, foster innovation, enhance skill development, protect intellectual property & build best in class manufacturing infrastructure.
• “Make in India” was designed to transform India into a global hub for design and manufacturing.
• Seen as an important ‘Vocal for Local’ initiative, its objective is twofold. Firstly, to boost India’s manufacturing capabilities and secondly to showcase its industrial potential on a global stage.
• The “Make in India 2.0” phase encompassing 27 sectors – both manufacturing and service. 

4 pillars of “Make in India” initiative: 

• New Processes: To enhance the business environment, promote entrepreneurship and startups – ‘ease of doing business’ became a crucial factor.
• New Infrastructure: Development of industrial corridors, smart cities, integrating state-of-the-art technology and high-speed communication to create world-class infrastructure, improving intellectual property rights (IPR) infrastructure etc. 
• New Sectors: Opening of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in sectors like Defence Production, Insurance, Medical Devices, Construction, and Railway infrastructure. 
• New Mindset: In order to support industrial growth and innovation – the government embraced a role as a facilitator rather than a regulator. The Government partners with industry in the economic development of the country. 

Key Initiatives to enable Make in India initiative

Production linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: The primary goals of the PLI Schemes are to attract substantial investments, incorporate advanced technology, and ensure operational efficiency. These schemes cover 14 key sectors aimed at fostering investment in cutting-edge technology and promoting global competitiveness.

PM GatiShakti: It is a strategic initiative aimed at achieving Aatmanirbhar Bharat and a US $5 trillion economy by 2025 through the creation of multimodal and last-mile connectivity infrastructure. PM GatiShakti is a transformative approach for economic growth and sustainable development. The approach is driven by 7 engines, namely:

1. Railways
2. Roads
3. Ports
4. Waterways
5. Airports
6. Mass Transport
7. Logistics Infrastructure

Semiconductor Ecosystem Development: It encompasses four key schemes:

1. Modified Scheme for Setting Up Semiconductor Fabs in India
2. Modified Scheme for Setting Up Display Fabs in India
3. Modified Scheme for Setting Up Compound Semiconductors, Silicon Photonics, Sensors Fabs, and Discrete Semiconductors, along with Semiconductor Assembly, Testing, Marking, and Packaging (ATMP) / OSAT Facilities in India
4. Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme

It aims to foster the development of a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in the country. 

The Semicon India Programme aims to provide a significant impetus to semiconductor and display manufacturing by facilitating capital support and promoting technological collaborations. 

National Logistics Policy: Introduced to complement the PM GatiShakti National Master Plan. It focusses on enhancing the soft infrastructure of India’s logistics sector. 

The Comprehensive Logistics Action Plan (CLAP) was rolled out. The key areas which it addresses are logistics systems, standardization, human resource development, state engagement, and logistics parks.

The National Industrial Corridor Development Programme: Aims to create “Smart Cities” and advanced industrial hubs.

Startup India: Several programs aimed at supporting entrepreneurs, building a robust startup ecosystem, and transforming India into a country of job creators instead of job seekers were rolled out.

Implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST): As India’s tax reforms, it is seen as crucial in the context of the Make in India initiative.

Unified Payments Interface: For India’s digital economy growth, it is seen as one of the key initiatives to enable ease of doing business. 

Ease of Doing Business: The efforts aim to simplify regulations, reduce bureaucratic hurdles, and create a more business-friendly environment, significantly boosting investor confidence and supporting the objectives of the Make in India initiative.

In News:

China stated that it test-launched an intercontinental ballistic missile, firing it into the Pacific Ocean in its first such exercise in decades.

• Launch Details:

• The missile carried a dummy warhead and fell into a designated area in the high seas.
• The specific flight path and landing location were not disclosed.

• Testing Objectives:

• The launch tested weapon performance and troop training levels, achieving its expected objectives.

• Historical Context:

• This is the first ICBM test over the Pacific Ocean in over 40 years.
• China's first ICBM, the DF-5, was test-fired in 1980.

• ICBM Specifications:

• The latest ICBM, likely the DF-41, has an estimated range of 12,000 to 15,000 kilometers (7,400 to 9,300 miles), capable of reaching the US mainland.

• Strategic Messaging:

• Analysts interpret the test as a warning to the US, suggesting direct intervention in Taiwan could expose the American homeland.
• The test signals China's ability to engage multiple fronts simultaneously.

• Regional Tensions:

• Recent weeks have seen heightened tensions with Japan, the Philippines, and Taiwan due to military incursions and exercises.

• International Norms:

• There is a global expectation to notify nations of long-range missile launches to avoid miscalculations. China has limited agreements regarding this, primarily with Russia.

• Military Buildup:

• Under Xi Jinping, China has enhanced its nuclear capabilities and revamped the PLA’s Rocket Force.
• Recent satellite imagery indicates the construction of hundreds of ICBM silos in China’s deserts.

• Future Projections:

• As of 2023, China has over 500 operational nuclear warheads, projected to exceed 1,000 by 2030 according to the Pentagon.

• Implications of the Test:

• The ICBM test may be aimed at demonstrating military readiness despite recent corruption scandals within the Rocket Force.

About ICBMs:

• An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a long-range ballistic missile system primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery. They are powerful and destructive weapons, capable of travelling vast distances at incredibly high speeds.

• Key features of ICBMs: 
  • Range: Range greater than 5,500 kilometres with maximum ranges varying from 7,000 to 16,000 kilometres.
  • Speed: ICBMs can travel at speeds exceeding 20,000 kilometres per hour.
  • Payload: Typically designed to carry nuclear warheads, though they could potentially be used to deliver other types of weapons, such as chemical or biological weapons. 
  • Deployment: ICBMs can be launched from silos underground, mobile launchers on land, or submarines at sea. 

• Countries having operational ICBMs: Russia, United States, China, France, India,  United Kingdom, Israel and North Korea. 

In News:

The Indian government recently approved the Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment (Bioe3) Policy, which prioritizes the production of "smart proteins". This initiative aligns with broader national goals of achieving a sustainable, circular bioeconomy and a Net Zero carbon economy.

What Are Smart Proteins?

Smart proteins are alternative proteins derived from unconventional sources such as:

• Algae
• Fungi
• Insects
• Fermentation processes
• Lab-grown cells

This category also includes plant-based proteins, designed to replicate the taste and nutritional value of animal products without the need for livestock farming.

Environmental Benefits

The production of smart proteins offers significant environmental advantages:

• Water Use: 72-99% less water compared to conventional meat.
• Land Use: 47-99% less land required.
• Water Pollution: 51-91% reduction in pollution.
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 30-90% fewer emissions.

Health and Safety

With rising incomes, India's protein consumption has increased, from 9.7% of calories in 1991 to 11% in 2021. Smart proteins:

• Enhance food safety by reducing the risk of zoonotic diseases.
• Foster ethical consumption and align with traditional Indian dietary preferences.

Objectives of the BioE3 Policy

The Bioe3 Policy aims to:

• Foster high-performance biomanufacturing.
• Promote sustainable growth and innovation in biotechnology.
• Support the transition towards a Net Zero carbon economy.

By emphasizing the development of smart proteins, the Bioe3 Policy represents a strategic move towards a more sustainable and resilient food system in India.

Overview

Global nuclear disarmament remains a top priority for the United Nations, initially emphasized in the General Assembly’s first resolution in 1946. Despite historical efforts, approximately 12,100 nuclear weapons still exist today, with ongoing modernization plans in many countries.

Key Historical Milestones

• 1945: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing an estimated 213,000 people.
• 1946: First UN resolution identifies nuclear disarmament as a key goal.
• 1959: General Assembly endorses the goal of general and complete disarmament.
• 1963: Opening of the Partial Test Ban Treaty.
• 1978: First Special Session of the General Assembly dedicated to disarmament.
• 1996: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty opens for signature.
• 2017: Adoption of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.

Recent Developments

• 2019: U.S. withdrawal from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.
• 2023: Russia suspends participation in the New START Treaty, raising concerns over arms control.

The International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons

• Established: December 2013, following a high-level meeting on nuclear disarmament.
• Observed: Annually on September 26.
• Purpose: Raise awareness about the dangers of nuclear weapons and promote their total elimination.

Goals of the International Day

• Enhance public education on the humanitarian risks associated with nuclear weapons.
• Mobilize international efforts towards a nuclear-weapon-free world.

Continuing Challenges

• The doctrine of nuclear deterrence remains central to the security policies of nuclear-armed states and their allies.
• No nuclear weapons have been destroyed under a treaty framework, and current disarmament negotiations are stagnant.
• Growing frustration among UN Member States over the slow progress in nuclear disarmament.

In News:

Recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India achieved a 100-Day Target of 100 Nagar Vans under Nagar Van Yojana (NVY) with the objective to Enhance Urban Greenery.

Key Details:

• Launch: Initiated in 2020 to enhance urban greenery, improve quality of life, and foster social cohesion.
• Financial Support: Offers ?4 lakh per hectare for creation and maintenance of urban forests.
• Area Specification: Nagar Van areas range from 10 to 50 hectares.
• Coverage: Applicable to all cities with Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).

Achievements

• 100-Day Target: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change achieved a target of 100 Nagar Vans, surpassing it with the approval of 111 Nagar Vans in just 100 days.
• Geographic Spread: These 111 Nagar Vans are distributed across six states and one Union Territory.

Features of Nagar Vans

• Biodiversity Focus: Emphasis on planting fruit-bearing, medicinal, and native species to attract wildlife and maintain ecological balance.
• Community Involvement: Engages citizens, students, and stakeholders through tree planting, educational programs, and sustainable management.
• Design Elements: Each Nagar Van includes two-thirds tree cover and features components like Biodiversity Parks, Smriti Vans, Butterfly Conservatories, Herbal Gardens, and Matri Vans.

Future Goals

• Expansion Plans: Target to develop 1,000 Nagar Vans by 2027, supported by the National Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning Authority (National CAMPA).
• Environmental Impact: Aims to protect forest land from degradation and address urban environmental issues such as air pollution and habitat loss.

Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam Campaign

• Launch Date: Introduced on June 5, 2024, during World Environment Day.
• Purpose: Encourages tree planting as a tribute to mothers, fostering a culture of environmental stewardship.
• Tree Planting Goals: Aims to plant 80 crore trees by September 2024 and 140 crore by March 2025.
• Tracking Efforts: Participants can document their planting through the MeriLiFE portal, where over 75 crore saplings have been recorded.

Recent Initiatives

• Tree Plantation Drive: A recent drive on September 17, 2024, aimed at creating Matri Vans in newly approved Nagar Vans, highlighting community and governmental collaboration for sustainable urban development.

In News:

India is set to launch its first mission to Venus in March 2028, following the recent approval from the Union Cabinet. This mission, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), marks India’s second interplanetary endeavor after the successful Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013.

Importance of Studying Venus

• Earth's Twin: Venus is often referred to as Earth’s twin due to its similar mass, density, and size. Understanding Venus can provide insights into Earth’s own evolution.
• Extreme Conditions: The planet has a surface temperature around 462°C and an atmospheric pressure similar to that found deep under Earth’s oceans. Its atmosphere consists primarily of 96.5% carbon dioxide and features clouds of sulfuric acid.
• Historical Water Presence: Venus may have had water in the past, leading scientists to explore how it transitioned to its current hostile environment, likely due to a runaway greenhouse effect.

Mission Overview

• Launch Timeline: The mission will utilize a strategic launch window when Earth and Venus are closest, occurring every 19 months. It was initially planned for 2023 but is now set for 2028.
• Payload: The mission will carry around 100 kg of scientific instruments, including 17 Indian and 7 international experiments.
• Journey to Venus: After exiting Earth's orbit, the spacecraft will take about 140 days to reach Venus.

Aero-Braking Technique

• First-time Use: This mission will employ aero-braking, a technique to adjust the spacecraft’s orbit by skimming through Venus's atmosphere, creating drag that reduces altitude.
• Target Orbit: The satellite will initially be in a highly elliptical orbit of 500 km x 60,000 km and will be gradually lowered to an orbit of either 300 x 300 km or 200 x 600 km over about six months.

Scientific Payloads

• Synthetic Aperture Radar: For imaging the surface of Venus.
• Thermal Camera: To study temperature variations.
• Interplanetary Dust Analysis: Investigating dust particle flow.
• High-Energy Particle Studies: Examining particles entering the atmosphere and their ionization effects.
• Atmospheric Composition Study: Assessing the structure, variability, and thermal state of Venus’s atmosphere.