Why is it in the News?

Recently, the Union Government has decided to rename the current Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs) as 'Ayushman Arogya Mandir.'

About Ayushman Arogya Mandir:

• The government has decided to rename the Ayushman Bharat-Health and Wellness Centres as 'Ayushman Arogya Mandir'
• The rebranded AB-HWCs will also have a new tagline -- 'Arogyam Parmam Dhanam'.
• Under the Government of India's flagship Ayushman Bharat Yojana, more than 1.6 lakhs AB- HWCs have been successfully established across states and UTs over the last five years with 219 crore footfalls so far.
• Ayushman Arogya Mandir is an attempt to move from a selective approach to health care to deliver a comprehensive range of services spanning preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative care.
• It has two components which are complementary to each other.
• Under its first component, 1,50,000 Ayushman Arogya Mandir will be created to deliver Comprehensive Primary Health Care, that is universal and free to users, with a focus on wellness and the delivery of an expanded range of services closer to the community.
• The second component is the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) which provides health insurance cover of Rs. 5 lakhs per year to over 10 crore poor and vulnerable families seeking secondary and tertiary care.
• Ayushman Arogya Mandirs are envisaged to deliver an expanded range of services that go beyond Maternal and child health care services.
• It includes care for non-communicable diseases, palliative and rehabilitative care, Oral, Eye, and ENT care, mental health, and first-level care for emergencies and trauma , including free essential drugs and diagnostic services
• More than 2.71 crore wellness sessions have been held at these centers.

Why is it in the News?

The Union Cabinet recently gave its approval for the three-year extension of fast-track courts that are specifically used to handle sexual offense cases.

About Fast Track Special Court (FTSC):

• The Fast Track Special Court (FTSC) initiative started in August 2019 as a centrally sponsored scheme to handle cases related to rape and the POCSO Act.
• Originally planned for one year, it got extended to March 2023, and now it's extended further until March 2026 with a financial allocation of Rs. 1952.23 crore from the Nirbhaya Fund.
• These specialized courts, totaling 761, including 414 exclusive POCSO Courts, operate across all States and Union Territories.
• The Department of Justice, Ministry of Law & Justice, oversees their implementation.
• The primary aim is to expedite justice, offering quick relief to victims and reinforcing the nation's commitment to ending sexual and gender-based violence.
• The expected outcomes of this scheme are significant.
• They include a substantial reduction in pending cases related to Rape & POCSO Act, providing swift access to justice for victims through improved facilities and expedited trials, and reducing the burden on the judicial system by managing the number of cases effectively.

Why is it in the News?

Angkor Wat, in the heart of Cambodia, has beaten Pompeii in Italy to become the eighth Wonder of the World.

About Angkor Wat Temple:

• Angkor Wat is among the most significant archaeological sites of Southeast Asia, located in the northern province of Siem Reap in Cambodia.
• The temple was constructed by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century.
• It was originally built as a Hindu temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu by the Khmer Emperor Suryavarman II, it was converted into a Buddhist temple by his successor Jayavarman VII, who also built the famous Buddhist temple of Bayon nearby.
• The transition from Hinduism to Buddhism is evident in the intricate carvings that adorn the temple walls, depicting scenes from Hindu and Buddhist mythology.
• An interesting fact about Angkor is that it is also known as Yasodharapura.
• The name Angkor is derived from nokor, a Khmer word meaning "kingdom," which is derived from Sanskrit nagara, which means "city."
• Angkor Wat is said to represent Mount Meru, the home of the gods, according to both Hindu and Buddhist faiths.
• It is also famous for its statue of eight-armed Vishnu, also revered by the locals as their protecting deity.
• It holds the Guinness World Record for being the largest religious structure in the world, spread across some 400 km sq.
• In 1992 the temple complex was named a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Why is it in the News?

India has voted in favour of a draft resolution in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) that expressed deep concern over Israel not withdrawing from the Syrian Golan.

About the Syrian Golan/Golan Heights:

• Location: Situated in south-western Syria, the Golan Heights is a rocky plateau sharing borders with Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan.
• The elevated terrain overlooks the Jordan Rift Valley, housing the Sea of Galilee and the Jordan River, with Mount Hermon as a dominant feature.
• Demography: Over 40,000 people reside in the Israeli-occupied Golan, with a majority being Druze, an Arab minority practicing a distinct form of Islam.
• Although Israel offered Druze residents citizenship after annexation, most identified as Syrian and declined.
• Additionally, about 20,000 Israeli settlers live in the region.
• History of Conflict: Originally part of Syria, Israel captured the Golan Heights in 1967 during the Six-Day War and formally annexed it in 1981.
• Syria attempted to reclaim the area in the 1973 Middle East war but was unsuccessful.
• While an armistice was signed in 1974, international recognition of Israel's annexation is lacking, and Syria insists on the territory's return.
• Significance of Golan Heights: Israel argues that maintaining the Golan as a buffer zone is vital due to the Syrian civil war, protecting Israeli towns from neighboring instability.
• Concerns also include the fear of Iran, an ally of the Syrian president, establishing a permanent presence near the border for potential attacks on Israel.
• Both nations value the Golan's water resources and fertile soil.

Why is it in the News?

The 2023 Booker Prize has been awarded to Prophet Song, a dystopian vision of Ireland in the grips of totalitarianism.

Key Facts:

• Irish author Paul Lynch won the 2023 Booker Prize for his novel "Prophet Song," a dystopian work about an Ireland that descends into tyranny.
• Set in Dublin, it tells the story of a family grappling with a terrifying new world in which the democratic norms they are used to begin to disappear.
• He becomes the fifth Irish writer to win the high-profile literary prize, which has propelled to fame countless household names, including past winners Salman Rushdie, Margaret Atwood, and Hilary Mantel.

What is a Booker Prize?

• The Booker Prize is a literary prize awarded every year to the best novel written in the English language which is published in the UK or Ireland.
• It is a high-profile literary prize and thus, is much anticipated among book lovers.
• Background: It was established in 1969 by Booker McConnell Ltd, the prize transitioned to the Booker Prize Foundation in 2002, sponsored by the Man Group.
• Initially, the award was £21,000, increased to £50,000 in 2002.
• Selection Process: An advisory committee, comprising diverse literary figures, appoints a judging panel annually.
• BOOKER PRIZE winners: Indians
• VS Naipaul, In a Free State (1971)
• Salman Rushdie, Midnight’s Children (1981)
• Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (1997)
• Kiran Desai, The Inheritance of Loss (2006)
• Aravind Adiga, The White Tiger (2008)

Why is it in the News?

A diplomatic row sparked between Greece and the UK recently after British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak canceled a meeting with his Greek counterpart Kyriakos Mitsotakis over the status of the Parthenon Sculptures housed at the British Museum.

What are the Parthenon Sculptures?

• The Parthenon Sculptures at the British Museum are more than 30 ancient stone sculptures from Greece that are more than 2,000 years old.
• Most of them originally adorned the walls and grounds of the Parthenon temple on the rocky Acropolis hill in Athens.
• Completed in 432 BC, the temple is dedicated to the goddess Athena and is seen as the crowning glory of Athens’ Golden Age.
• While one notable sculpture, which is 75 meters long, depicts a procession for the birthday of Athena, others show gods, heroes, or mythical creatures.

How did the sculptures reach Britain?

• They were removed from the Parthenon in the early 19th century by Thomas Bruce, the 7th Earl of Elgin and then-British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.
• The marbles were taken to Britain and purchased by the British Museum in 1816.

Why is it in the News?

UK public health officials recently said they had confirmed a first human case of a swine flu strain similar to one that has been circulating in pigs.

About Swine Flu:

• Swine flu, scientifically known as H1N1 influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the H1N1 virus that commonly affects pigs.
• However, this virus can also infect humans, leading to a range of symptoms from mild to severe, and in some cases, it can be fatal.
• The virus spreads among humans through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes, making it highly transmissible.
• Swine flu symptoms resemble those of seasonal influenza, including fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, and fatigue.
• In severe cases, individuals may experience respiratory distress and pneumonia.
• One of the distinctive features of the H1N1 virus is its ability to affect younger age groups more severely compared to typical seasonal flu viruses.
• The World Health Organization declared a global pandemic of H1N1 influenza in 2009, emphasizing the need for international cooperation in monitoring and controlling the spread of the virus.
• Oseltamivir is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B.

Why is it in the News?

Astronomers at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have used the Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT) in Hanle, Ladakh, to photograph the Comet P12/Pons-Brooks.

About Comet P12/Pons-Brooks:

• Comet 12P/Pons-Brooks is a Halley-type periodic comet that was first discovered by Jean-Louis Pons on July 12, 1812.
• It is nicknamed the 'Devil Comet' or likened to the 'Millennium Falcon' for its distinctive appearance.
• It has an orbital period of about 71.3 years.
• During its closest approach to the Sun or perihelion, the comet comes within about 0.78 astronomical units (AU) of the Sun, while at its furthest point, or aphelion, it is located at a distance of about 17.2 AU.
• Comet 12P/Pons-Brooks is also known for being the probable parent body causing the κ-Draconids meteor shower.
• It will make its return in 2024 and it is expected to reach its maximum brightness (potentially visible to the naked eye) during the month of April.
• With its closest approach occurring just a few days before a total solar eclipse on April 8, 2024, it presents a unique opportunity for skywatchers to potentially view the comet during the eclipse.
• However, since the comet's brightness can be unpredictable, there is no guarantee it will be visible.
• Comet 12P/Pons-Brooks is currently in the constellation of Lyra Constellation.

Why is it in the News?

The Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying, GoI is organizing the 19th Working Party on Data Collection and Statistics (WPDCS19) of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) from 28th November to 2nd December 2023.

About the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission:

• The Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) is an intergovernmental organisation responsible for the management of tuna and tuna-like species in the Indian Ocean.
• It works to achieve this by promoting cooperation among its Contracting Parties (Members) and Cooperating Non-Contracting Parties in order to ensure the conservation and appropriate utilisation of fish stocks and encouraging the sustainable development of fisheries.
• The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations adopted the Agreement for the Establishment of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission during its 105th Session in Rome on 25 November 1993.
• The Indian Ocean holds the position as the second-largest tuna fishery globally, making it a crucial focus for the IOTC.
• Currently, the IOTC boasts 31 contracting parties, including countries and two cooperating non-contracting parties, Liberia and Senegal.
• Membership is open to Indian Ocean coastal countries, countries or regional economic integration organizations that are UN members, countries that are members of UN special organizations, and countries involved in tuna fishing in the Indian Ocean.
• India is an active member of the IOTC, with its headquarters located in Victoria, Seychelles.

Why is it in the News?

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh recently unveiled the crest of the Indian Navy's stealth-guided missile destroyer Imphal.

About INS Imphal:

• INS Imphal is the third ship in the Visakhapatnam-class stealth-guided missile destroyers.
• INS Imphal is the third of the four Project 15B stealth-guided missile destroyers.
• It's one of the biggest destroyers made in India, measuring 164 meters long and weighing over 7500 tonnes.
• Powered by Combined Gas and Gas (COGAG) propulsion, the ship is capable of achieving speeds in excess of 30 knots (56 km/hour).
• It's equipped to handle various tasks in maritime warfare.
• The ship boasts a high indigenous content of approximately 75 percent that includes BrahMos surface-to-surface missiles, medium-range surface-to-air missiles, anti-submarine indigenous rocket launchers, and 76mm super rapid gun mount.
• "Designed by the Indian Navy's Warship Design Bureau and built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited, Imphal is a hallmark of indigenous shipbuilding and is amongst the most technologically advanced warships in the world.
• The crest design on the ship represents the Kangla Palace and 'Kangla-Sa.'
• The Kangla Palace is a historical and archaeological site in Manipur, serving as the traditional seat of the past kingdom.
• On the right side of the crest, 'Kangla-Sa' is depicted—a mythical being with a dragon's head and lion's body from Manipur's history, symbolizing the guardian of its people.
• ‘Kangla-Sa' is also the state emblem of Manipur.
• Interestingly, INS Imphal is the first capital warship named after a city in the northeast—Imphal, the capital of Manipur.

Why is it in the News?

An animal keeper died after being attacked by a Himalayan black bear in the animal’s enclosure of Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (IGZP) here recently.

About Himalayan Black Bear:

• The Himalayan black bear (Scientific Name: Ursus thibetanus laniger) is a subspecies of the Asian black bear found in the Himalayas of India, Bhutan, Nepal, China, and Pakistan.
• In India, habitat covers the entire Himalayan range from Jammu & Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh, extending to hilly areas in other northeastern states.
• Habitat: Thrives in heavily forested regions with broadleaved and coniferous forests.
• It utilizes orchards, agricultural fields, and human habitats to navigate between forest patches.
• Physical Features: Possesses soft and shiny fur, featuring a distinctive white V patch on the chest.
• Average length ranges from 1.4 to 1.7 meters, weighing between 90 to 200 kg (higher weight typically before hibernation).
• Life Span: In the wild, their life expectancy is approximately 25 to 30 years.
• Diet: Omnivorous nature, consuming acorns, nuts, fruit, honey, roots, and various insects like termites and beetle larvae.
• Behavior: Primarily diurnal by nature but often shifts to a nocturnal lifestyle to avoid human contact.
• Conservation Status: IUCN Red List classification: Vulnerable
• Due to encroachment of human population, forest fires and the timber industries; these have all reduced the bear's habitat.
• There is also a high mortality rate among the newborn.

Why is it in the News?

India's AstroSat space telescope has achieved a significant milestone by detecting more than 600 Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB), each marking the death of a massive star or merging of neutron stars.

About ISRO’s AstroSat:

• AstroSat is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical, and UV spectral bands simultaneously.
• One of the unique features of the AstroSat mission is that it enables the simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite.
• AstroSat, with a lift-off mass of 1515 kg, was launched by the Indian launch vehicle PSLV from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, on September 28, 2015, into a 650 km orbit inclined at an angle of 6 degrees to the equator.
• The minimum useful life of the AstroSat mission is expected to be 5 years.
• It carried a total of five scientific payloads, enabling imaging and studying the temporal and spectral properties of galactic and extra-galactic cosmic sources in a wide range of wavelengths on a common platform.
• The scientific objectives of AstroSat’s mission are:
• To understand high energy processes in binary star systems containing neutron stars and black holes.
• Estimate magnetic fields of neutron stars.
• Study star birth regions and high energy processes in star systems lying beyond our galaxy.
• Detect new briefly bright X-ray sources in the sky.
• Perform a limited deep-field survey of the Universe in the Ultraviolet region.
• At present, all the payloads are operational and are observing the cosmic sources.

Why is it in the News?

The Election Commission recently canceled the Telangana government's approval to give money to farmers through the Rythu Bandhu Scheme.

About Rythu Bandhu Scheme:

• Rythu Bandhu Scheme, also known as the Farmer's Investment Support Scheme (FISS), was initiated by the Telangana government in 2018.
• Objectives:
• Provide timely cash grants for the initial investment needs of farmers.
• Prevent farmers from falling into the debt trap.
• Financial Assistance: Rs 5,000 per acre per farmer per season directly transferred to their accounts.
• Distribution: Biannual support for both kharif and rabi harvests.
• Usage: Farmers can use funds for purchasing seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, labor, and other field operations of their choice.
• Eligibility: Open to all resident land-owning farmers, including those in forest areas with a Record of Forest Rights (ROFR).
• Special Inclusion: Farmers in forest areas, mainly from Scheduled Tribe communities, with a ROFR document, are eligible for benefits.
• It’s India's first direct farmer investment support scheme, providing cash directly to beneficiaries.

Why is it in the News?

Recently a new plant species belonging to the 'Impatiens' genus (Balsaminaceae) has been identified in the Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tirunelveli.

About Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve:

• The Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, is situated in the Southern Western Ghats within the Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu.
• This reserve combines three major sanctuaries:
• The Kalakkad Sanctuary
• The Mundanthurai Sanctuary, and
• A portion of the Kanyakumari Sanctuary.
• The Agasthyamalai Hills, nestled between Kerala and Tamil Nadu, forms the sanctuary's core and is part of one of the world's 18 biodiversity hotspots.
• This reserve is also recognized as the “River Sanctuary,” with 14 rivers originating from it.
• Flora: The flora in this region exhibits a gradual transition from dry thorn forest to dry deciduous, moist deciduous, and a patch of West Coast wet evergreen forests at higher elevations.
• Fauna: Diverse fauna includes species such as Lion-tailed Macaque, Nilgiri Tahr, Nilgiri Pipit, Grey Headed Bulbul, Blue Winged Parakeet, and more.

Details about the New Plant Species:

• The species, named 'Impatiens Karuppusamyi,' pays tribute to S. Karuppusamy for his significant contributions to the taxonomy of South Indian angiosperms.
• This particular plant is exclusively found in the Agasthyamalai region within the southern Western Ghats.
• Belonging to the scapigerous group (stemless group), the plant is observable only during the monsoon season, lasting for a few weeks.
• Impatiens, a genus comprising over 1,000 flowering plant species, is widely distributed across tropical Africa, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, and China.

Why is it in the News?

What is Mycoplasma Pneumonia?

• Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a type of bacteria that can cause illness by damaging the lining of the respiratory system (throat, lungs, windpipe).
• It acts more like a virus and spreads faster from person to person.
• It is a common cause of pneumonia in children, adolescents, and young adults.
• Vulnerable groups, who already have respiratory issues, are prone to developing this infection in a severe form.
• Most people with respiratory infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae don’t develop pneumonia.
• For this reason, MP is known as an atypical pneumonia and is sometimes called walking pneumonia.
• Symptoms: Symptoms of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection can include:
• Fever, Cough, Headache, Sore throat, Fatigue, Muscle aches, and Shortness of breath
• In most cases, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is mild and goes away on its own within a few weeks.
• However, some people may develop more serious complications, such as meningitis or encephalitis.
• It spreads through close contact with an infected person, such as through coughing or sneezing.
• It can also be spread through contact with contaminated surfaces.
• There is no vaccine to prevent Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection however there are multiple antibiotics that effectively cure this infection.

Why is it in the News?

Prime Minister Modi will be on a two-day visit to Dubai, UAE from 30th November to attend the World Climate Action Summit.

About World Climate Action Summit:

• The World Climate Action Summit is the High-Level Segment of the 28th Conference of Parties (COP-28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
• COP-28 is being held from 28 November to 12 December 2023 under the Presidency of the UAE.
• The Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC provides a unique opportunity to impart momentum for collective action towards combating the shared challenge of climate change.
• The World Climate Action Summit will bring together heads of state and governments, leaders from civil society, business, youth, indigenous peoples' organisations, frontline communities, science, and other sectors.
• The summit aims to facilitate discussions on actions and plans to scale climate action.
• The COP 28 will focus on four paradigm shifts:
• Fast-tracking the energy transition and slashing emissions before 2030;
• Transforming climate finance, by delivering on old promises and setting the framework for a new deal on finance;
• Putting nature, people, lives, and livelihoods at the heart of climate action; and
• Mobilizing for the most inclusive COP ever.
• The summit may witness intense negotiations on unfulfilled promises of financial aid, particularly the yet-to-materialize $100 billion pledged by rich countries by 2020.
• Additionally, some countries, notably the European Union, are expected to advocate for a global deal to phase out unabated fossil fuels during COP28.
• During COP-26 in Glasgow, the Prime Minister announced five specific targets, titled "Panchamrit”, as India’s unprecedented contribution to climate action.
• The Prime Minister also announced Mission Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE) on that occasion.
• Climate change has been an important priority area of India’s G20 Presidency, and significant new steps have been captured in the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration and other outcomes during our Presidency.
• COP-28 will provide an opportunity to take forward these successes.

Why is it in the News?

SEBI on Saturday decided to bring entities facilitating fractional investment in real estate under a regulatory framework, whereby they will be required to operate as Small and Medium Real Estate Investment Trusts.

About Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs):

• A Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) is a company that owns and typically operates income-generating real estate or related assets.
• It pools funds from investors, directing them into various commercial real estate ventures, including office buildings, shopping malls, apartments, hotels, resorts, self-storage facilities, warehouses, and mortgages or loans.
• In contrast to conventional real estate firms, REITs don't develop properties for resale; rather, they acquire and develop properties primarily for inclusion in their investment portfolio.
• REITs offer individual investors an opportunity to share in the income generated by commercial real estate without the need to directly purchase such properties.
• Typically specializing in specific real estate sectors, REITs may focus on diversified or specialty portfolios, encompassing various property types like office and retail spaces.
• Most REITs are publicly traded on stock exchanges, similar to stocks, providing high liquidity compared to physical real estate investments.
• This stock-like nature allows investors to buy or sell REIT shares on the exchange at any time.

Why is it in the News?

The Supplementary Demands for Grants (SDG) are likely to see additional allocation for fertliser, food and fuel subsidy along with Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme.

About Supplementary Grants:

• According to Article 115 of the Indian Constitution, there's a provision for additional funds known as supplementary, additional, or excess grants.
• When the funds approved by the Parliament are not enough for the planned expenses, an estimate is submitted to the Parliament for extra grants.
• These additional grants are reviewed and approved by the Parliament before the conclusion of the financial year.
• If the actual spending surpasses the approved grants, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Railways make a request for an Excess Grant after the financial year ends.
• The Comptroller and Auditor General of India highlight these excesses to the Parliament.
• The Public Accounts Committee then examines these cases and provides recommendations to the Parliament.
• The Demand for Excess Grants is presented to the Parliament after the financial year, once the actual expenditures have been incurred.

Why is it in the News?

Scientists have detected one of the most powerful cosmic rays ever slamming into Earth but they have no idea what caused it or where it came from.

What is Amaterasu?

• The particle, named Amaterasu after the sun goddess in Japanese mythology, is one of the highest-energy cosmic rays ever detected.
• The Amaterasu particle has an energy exceeding 240 exa-electron volts (EeV).
• It is millions of times more than particles produced in the Large Hadron Collider, the most powerful accelerator ever built, and equivalent to the energy of a golf ball traveling at 95mph.
• It comes only second to the Oh-My-God particle, another ultra-high-energy cosmic ray that came in at 320 EeV, detected in 1991.
• Amaterasu appears to have emerged from the Local Void, an empty area of space bordering the Milky Way galaxy.

What are Cosmic Rays?

• Cosmic rays are high-energy particles, primarily protons and atomic nuclei, that originate from outer space and bombard Earth from all directions.
• They possess extraordinary energies, often exceeding those achievable in human-made accelerators.
• Created through various astrophysical processes, such as supernova explosions and the remnants of massive stars, cosmic rays travel through the vast expanse of space.
• Upon entering Earth's atmosphere, they collide with air molecules, initiating cascades of secondary particles.
• These rays play a crucial role in astrophysics, providing insights into the universe's most energetic phenomena.
• They contribute to our understanding of cosmic structures, magnetic fields, and the dynamics of celestial bodies.
• Despite their significance, the origins of certain ultra-high-energy cosmic rays remain mysterious, prompting ongoing research to unveil the secrets of these enigmatic particles.

Why is it in the News?

On the weekend of November 25 and 26, 160 pairs of buffaloes and their jockeys will race on specially made slush tracks for Kambala races at City Palace Grounds in Bengaluru.

What is Kambala?

• Kambala is a folk sport rooted in coastal Karnataka, particularly in areas where Tulu speakers are predominant.
• In the past, families and groups used to organize races in the muddy paddy fields after the harvest season.
• For many families, especially those from the Bunt community in coastal regions, Kambala holds significant prestige.
• Throughout the year, they groom pairs of buffaloes with the aim of winning major Kambala events and other races.

Kambala consists of four main categories:

• Negilu (plough): Lighter ploughs are used to tie buffaloes for the race.
• This category is for entry-level buffalo pairs participating in their first Kambala race.
• Hagga (rope): Buffaloes are raced by jockeys with just a rope tied to both buffaloes.
• Adda Halage: Participants stand over a horizontal plank dragged by buffaloes.
• Unlike Hagga and Negilu, where jockeys run behind the animals, buffaloes drag the jockeys in Adda Halage.
• Kane Halage: A wooden plank is tied to buffaloes.
• The plank, on which jockeys stand, has two holes through which water gushes out as it is dragged along the slush tracks.
• The height of water splashes determines the winner of the event.

Why is it in the News?

The Manipur Government has expressed its reservations to the Centre over a hydro-electric modernisation plan in the state’s famous Loktak Lake saying it could be detrimental to the endangered species of Sangai deer apart from disturbing the biodiversity of the lake.

About Sangai Deer:

• The sangai is an endemic and endangered subspecies of Eld's deer found only in Manipur, India.
• It is also the state animal of Manipur.
• Its common English name is Manipur brow-antlered deer or Eld's deer and the scientific name is Rucervus eldii eldii.
• It is believed to have originated from a common ancestor of the brow-antlered deer family, which is thought to have existed in the region during the Pleistocene epoch, around 12,000 years ago.
• Its original natural habitat is the floating marshy grasslands of the Keibul Lamjao National Park, located in the southern parts of the Loktak Lake, which is the largest freshwater lake in eastern India.
• Appearance: is a medium-sized deer that is unique in appearance and behavior.
• The Sangai deer is a slender and graceful deer, with long legs and a thin neck. They have a height of around 90-100 cm at the shoulder and can weigh between 70 to 120 kg.
• Food Habits: The Sangai deer is primarily found in the marshy wetlands of the Loktak Lake in Manipur, where they feed on the vegetation growing on the floating biomass called “Phumdis.”
• They are known to feed on a wide variety of plants, including grasses, sedges, and herbs.
• Vulnerable Species: The Sangai is an endangered species and is listed in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
• The population of Sangai deer has been severely threatened due to habitat loss, hunting, and poaching.
• In the 1950s, the population of the Sangai deer was estimated to be around 600-700 individuals.
• However, by the 1970s, the population had declined to less than 100 individuals due to extensive hunting and habitat loss.
• The Government of India and the State Government of Manipur took several conservation measures, including the establishment of the Keibul Lamjao National Park in 1977, to protect and conserve the Sangai deer.
• The Sangai deer is a social animal and is usually found in small herds of 2-20 individuals.
• Protecting and conserving their natural habitats is one of the most effective ways to ensure the survival of these species.
• This can be achieved through the creation and management of protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife reserves, and the restoration of degraded habitats.

Why is it in the News?

 Recently, the Survey of India (SoI) and Genesys International, a prominent Indian mapping company, revealed a strategic collaboration for the implementation of a three-dimensional (3D) digital twin-mapping initiative in India.

About Digital Twin:

• Digital twins are digital representations of physical objects, people or processes.
• They aid decision-making through high-fidelity simulations of the twinned physical system in real-time and are often equipped with autonomous control capabilities.
• These replicas serve as dynamic and detailed counterparts, providing a real-time, data-driven simulation of their physical counterparts.
• The concept of digital twins has gained prominence with the advent of technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), data analytics, and machine learning.
• In essence, a digital twin continuously collects and processes data from its physical counterpart, offering a comprehensive view of its behavior, status, and interactions.
• This real-time synchronization enables organizations to monitor, analyze, and understand the performance of physical assets or processes more effectively.

Applications:

• Manufacturing Sector: One primary application of digital twins is in the manufacturing sector.
• Manufacturers use digital twins to create virtual models of products and production processes.
• This allows for simulation, analysis, and optimization before physical prototypes are built, leading to reduced development costs and improved product quality.
• Healthcare: In healthcare, digital twins are employed to create personalized models of patients.
• These models, based on individual health data, help in predicting health outcomes, optimizing treatment plans, and advancing medical research.
• Transportation: Transportation industries utilize digital twins for optimizing logistics and predictive maintenance.
• For example, digital twins of aircraft engines can simulate performance under various conditions, aiding in proactive maintenance and minimizing downtime.
• Urban Planning: Urban planning benefits from digital twins by creating virtual models of entire cities.
• This assists in designing and optimizing infrastructure, managing resources efficiently, and planning for future growth and development.
• Industries: In industrial settings, digital twins of production processes enable real-time monitoring, troubleshooting, and optimization, leading to increased efficiency and reduced downtime.

Why is it in the News?

Brazil's geological service recently announced a new species of dinosaur, a speedy animal that lived in the desert during the early Cretaceous period.

About Farlowichnus Rapidus:

• The new species of dinosaur was a small carnivorous animal about the size of a modern-day seriema bird, or about 60-90 cm (2-3 feet) tall.
• it was a very fast reptile that ran across the ancient dunes.
• These fossilized dinosaur "trackways," were first found in the 1980s by Italian priest and paleontologist Giuseppe Leonardi in the city of Araraquara, in Sao Paulo (Brazil).
• It lived during the early Cretaceous period.

About Cretaceous Period:

• The Cretaceous Period, spanning from approximately 145 to 66 million years ago, represents the third and final epoch of the Mesozoic Era.
• It is characterized by significant geological and biological events.
• The climate was generally warm, and the world's continents were positioned closer to their present locations.
• The Cretaceous witnessed the proliferation of diverse and iconic dinosaurs, including the formidable Tyrannosaurus rex and the enormous herbivorous sauropods.
• Additionally, flowering plants, or angiosperms, experienced a remarkable evolutionary expansion during this period, transforming terrestrial ecosystems.
• Towards the end of the Cretaceous, a catastrophic event, possibly a large asteroid impact, led to the mass extinction of dinosaurs and numerous other species, marking the boundary between the Cretaceous and the subsequent Paleogene Period.
• This extinction event profoundly shaped the course of Earth's biological evolution.

Why is it in the News?

The government has warned top social media and internet companies that their platforms may be temporarily suspended and even be ordered blocked in case they are unable to tackle the menace of deepfakes.

What are Deepfakes?

• The term "deepfake" combines the concepts of deep learning with the fabrication of content.
• Deepfakes involve the creation of synthetic images and audio using machine-learning algorithms, intending to disseminate misleading content by replacing a real person's appearance, voice, or both with artificially generated likenesses or voices.
• These manipulated creations can either depict nonexistent individuals or simulate real people engaging in actions or utterances they never did.
• Originating in 2017, the word "deepfake" emerged when a Reddit user named "deepfakes" shared explicit videos featuring celebrities.
• The process of crafting deepfakes utilizes machine learning models employing neural networks to manipulate visual and auditory elements.
• To generate a convincing deepfake video, creators train the neural network on extensive real footage of the targeted person, facilitating a realistic understanding of their appearance from various angles and lighting conditions.
• This trained network is then combined with computer graphics to overlay the person onto a different actor.
• Regrettably, this technology is increasingly exploited for malicious purposes, including scams, celebrity impersonation, election interference, social engineering, disinformation attacks, identity theft, and financial fraud.
• The distinguishing factor of deepfakes lies in their challenging detection due to their sophisticated nature.

Why is it in the News?

The annual tiger census in West Bengal’s Sundarbans is scheduled to commence on November 27.

About Sundarbans Tiger Reserve (STR):

• Sundarbans Tiger Reserve (STR) is situated in the coastal districts of West Bengal, i.e. South 24- -Parganas and part in North 24-Parganas.
• It lies at the southernmost extremity of the lower Gangetic delta bordering the Bay of Bengal.
• It is one of the first nine Tiger Reserves declared under the Project Tiger scheme in the year 1973.
• It is the only mangrove forest throughout the world (besides Bangladesh) to harbour a significant tiger population.
• Borders: The Sundarbans Tiger Reserve is bound on the east by the international boundary with Bangladesh formed by the rivers Harinbhanga, Raimangal, and Kalindi.
• On the south lies the Bay of Bengal.
• The western border is formed by the river Matla, which acts as a common boundary with the territorial Forest Division of South 24- Parganas.
• Towards the northwest, the area is bound by rivers Bidya and Gomdi.
• The Sundarban Tiger Reserve is a part of the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve.
• It harbours significant populations of the river terrapin (Batagur baska), which was once believed to be extinct.
• It is the nesting ground for marine turtles like Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), and Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata).
• Flora: These comprise true mangroves or major elements, minor elements of mangroves or/and mangrove associates, shrubs, non-halophytic non-mangrove associates, halophytic herbs, shrubs, weeds, epiphytes, and parasitic plants.
• Fauna: It is to a large number of endangered and globally threatened species like the tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrina), and estuarine crocodile (Crocodilus porosus), Gangetic (Platanista gangetica) and Irrawaddy Dolphin (Oracella brevirostris), king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), etc.

Why is it in the News?

The black-spotted croaker, or the ghol fish — considered a fisherman’s lottery — was declared the state fish of Gujarat on Tuesday.

About Ghol Fish:

• The Ghol fish is a rare and valuable marine species known for its richness in essential nutrients such as iodine, omega-3, DHA, EPA, iron, taurine, magnesium, fluoride, and selenium.
• Habitat: Typically found in the Indo-Pacific region, stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Pacific Ocean, the Ghol fish thrives in the marine areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra in India, exhibiting a distinctive golden-brown color.
• Size and Price: With a length of around one-and-a-half meters, the Ghol fish's price increases with its size, reaching up to Rs 5 lakh per unit length.
• Referred to as 'Sea Gold,' the Ghol fish earns this moniker due to a pouch in its stomach with potent medicinal properties, making it highly valued in the overseas market.
• Health Benefits:
• Eye Health: Rich in vitamins, minerals, and proteins, the Ghol fish contributes to maintaining eyesight.
• Anti-Ageing: The collagen content in the fish helps prevent wrinkles, preserving skin elasticity.
• Cognitive Development: The omega-3 content supports the growth of brain cells, enhancing the IQ of infants if consumed regularly.
• Muscle Toning: The fish is known for its muscle-toning properties.
• Economic Value: In high demand for both its meat and air bladder (sold separately), the Ghol fish serves various purposes, from culinary use to making beer and wine, with its air bladder finding applications in pharmaceuticals.

Why is it in the News?

A NASA experiment on the Psyche spacecraft has beamed back a near-infrared laser that contains test data from almost 16 million kilometers away.

About the Psyche Mission:

• Psyche is a NASA mission to study a metal-rich asteroid ‘Psyche’, located in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
• The mission launched on October 13, 2023, from Kennedy Space Center and will arrive at Psyche in August 2029.
• The spacecraft will orbit the asteroid for about two years, studying its geology, composition, and magnetic field.
•  Scientists believe that Psyche may be the exposed core of an early planet that never fully formed.
• If so, studying Psyche could provide important insights into the formation of our solar system.
• It is also the first in a series of NASA science missions to be the primary payload launched on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket.
• The goals of the Psyche mission are to:
• Understand the composition and structure of a metallic asteroid.
• Determine how Psyche formed and evolved.
• Learn more about the formation of planetary cores.
• The Psyche spacecraft is a solar-powered spacecraft that uses Hall effect thrusters for propulsion.
• The spacecraft also carries a suite of scientific instruments, including:
• A magnetometer to measure Psyche's magnetic field.
• A spectrometer to measure the composition of Psyche's surface.
• A gamma-ray spectrometer to measure the abundance of elements on Psyche's surface.

Why is it in the News?

Persistent high temperatures over an extended period might be responsible for the severe infestation of the Mythimna separata pest in Assam, causing damage to paddy crops in at least 15 districts.

About Mythimna Separata:

• This is a common long-distance migratory insect and a significant pest for various grain crops.
• Distribution: Mythimna separata is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, including China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India, and eastern Australia.
• It has also been introduced to New Zealand and some Pacific islands.
• In India, it was initially identified as a sporadic pest in Tamil Nadu in 1937 and later in Kerala and Odisha in 1957.
• Known by various names such as the ear-head-cutting caterpillar, rice ear-cutting caterpillar, or armyworm, this pest feeds on leaves and has the capability to cut off panicles from the base of a crop plant.
• Its feeding habits often leave the field resembling it has been grazed by cattle.
• During an outbreak, the pest multiplies rapidly and moves in swarms from one field to another, similar to an army, causing harm to crops.
• The pest population tends to increase under favorable conditions, particularly when there is a rise in temperatures coupled with dryness.

Why is it in the News?

Recently, the chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) launched the Investor Risk Reduction Access platform.

About the Investor Risk Reduction Access Platform:

• The Investor Risk Reduction Access Platform is created to make investing safer, especially when technical issues occur at the trading member's end, both at the primary site and the disaster recovery site.
• Its purpose is to let investors close their open positions and cancel pending orders using the IRRA platform when technical problems or unexpected outages make the trading member's site inaccessible.
• It's designed to minimize risks for investors involved in the market.
• The platform is not for making new positions or orders;
• its role is solely to cancel pending orders.
• This platform is accessible to trading members supporting internet-based trading (IBT) and Security Trading through Wireless Technology (STWT) for their investors.
• However, it is not available for algo trading and institutional clients.
• All major stock exchanges – BSE, NSE, NCDEX, MCX, and Metropolitan Stock Exchange of India (MSE) – have collaborated to develop this platform.
• Stock exchanges can keep an eye on factors such as connectivity, order flow, and social media updates.
• They can independently activate the IRRA service if necessary, without waiting for a request from the trading member.

Why is it in the News?

Prime Minister announced the launch of two India-led initiatives: the Global Digital Public Infrastructure Repository and a Social Impact Fund aimed at promoting the development of Social Impact Fund to advance Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in the Global South during the Virtual G20 Leaders’ Summit on 22nd November 2023.

About the Global Digital Public Infrastructure Repository:

• It was developed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• It is an extensive resource center that combines knowledge and insights from G20 members and visiting countries.
• Its primary objective is to fill the knowledge gap in the decision-making processes and methodologies necessary for designing, constructing, deploying, and governing Digital Public Infrastructures (DPIs).
• The GDPIR presents information in a standardized format from countries and organizations that have successfully implemented DPIs on a large scale.
• This includes elements such as maturity scales, source codes (where available), and governance frameworks.
• Currently, the GDPIR showcases 54 DPIs from 16 countries.
• The DPIs from India featured in the GDPIR include
• Aadhaar, Unified Payments Interface (UPI), eSanjeevani, Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM), DigiLocker, Umang, Co-WIN, Government e-marketplace, API Setu, Diksha, E-Hospital and Poshan Tracker etc.

What about the Social Impact Fund?

• The fund will financially support countries developing DPIs, providing “upstream technical and non-technical assistance”.
• The platform allows other governments, international organisations, and philanthropies to contribute to the fund too.
• India has pledged an initial commitment of $25 million (USD) to the fund.

Why is it in the News?

The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has recommended to the authorities that the Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary abutting the Bandipur Tiger Reserve be declared as a core critical tiger habitat.

About Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary:

• The Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the Heggadadevanakote Taluk of Mysore district in Karnataka and comprises the Lakshmanapura State Forest.
• In 1974, Nugu was declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary and later during the year 2003-2004, the area of Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary was added to the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
• On the western side of the sanctuary lies the backwater of Nugu Dam which forms the part of the Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary.
• On the southwestern side, the area touches the Alaganchi State Forest which comes under the Bandipur Tiger Reserve.
• During the summer, elephants migrate from the adjoining area and congregate on the foreshore area because here, the backwater recedes and the area becomes temporary vast grassland due to the availability of fodder and water.

Geology of Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary:

• The Nugu region has red loamy type of soil with boulders.

The climate of Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary:

• The climate in the Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary is of moderate type with the temperature ranging between14°C to 38°C.
• The area receives rainfall both from southwest and northeast monsoons.
• The average amount of rainfall received in this area is 1000mm.
• Flora: The flora of the Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary is similar to that of the Bandipur National Park.
• The forests comprise southern mixed deciduous trees and dry deciduous scrubs.
• Some of the tree species found in this region include Dipterocarpus indicus, Calophyllum tomentosum, and Hopea parviflora.
• Fauna: Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary has a vast list of fauna with a wildlife population that includes elephants, wild boar, jungle cats, tigers, leopard, bonnet macaque, small Indian civet, back nappe hare, along with reptiles like the marsh crocodile, monitor lizard, cobra, rat snake, etc.
• With the adoption of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, hunting and poaching is banned and illegal in this sanctuary.
• In recent times, the Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary has been declared to be an eco-sensitive zone, which means there will be no commercial or industrial activity including mining in this area.

Why is it in the News?

The Indian Armed Forces contingent comprising 81 personnel departed for Australia on Wednesday to take part in the second edition of Joint Military Exercise AUSTRAHIND-23.

About Exercise AUSTRAHIND-23:

• Exercise AUSTRAHIND-23 was established in 2022, with its first edition held in Mahajan, Rajasthan.
• It is planned as an annual training event, alternating between India and Australia.
• The primary goal of the exercise is to cultivate collaborative partnerships and share best practices between the two sides.
• This year, the exercise is scheduled to take place in Perth, Australia, spanning from November 22nd to December 6th, 2023.
• The Indian Army contingent, consisting of 60 personnel from a Gorkha Rifles battalion, will actively participate in this exercise.
• A key focus is on promoting interoperability during multi-domain operations in urban and semi-urban terrain, aligned with Chapter VII of the United Nations on peacekeeping operations.
• The joint exercise serves as a platform for exchanging ideas and collectively rehearsing tactics, techniques, and procedures for conducting tactical operations.
• Additionally, the exercise contributes to fostering understanding between the two militaries, further strengthening defense cooperation between the two friendly nations.

Other Exercises between India and the Aus:

• AUSINDEX - Naval exercise between India and Australia
• Exercise Pitch Black - It is a biennial warfare exercise hosted by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).

Why is it in the News?

The second edition of the Inter-Command Ocean Sailing Race to Goa was flagged off from the Naval Base in Kochi on Wednesday.

About the Inter Command Ocean Sailing Race 2023:

• The Inter Command Ocean Sailing Race 2023 features four 40-footer sailboats for an exciting journey in the Arabian Sea which was:
• INSV Bulbul
• INSV Neelkanth
• INS Kadalpur, and
• INSV Hariyal
• Each boat has a team of eight people from three naval commands and a combined team from Andaman and Nicobar Command, including the Delhi area.

Details of the Race:

• Distance and Route: The race covers around 667km from Naval Base, Kochi, to Goa in about five days.
• Engine-Free Journey: Boats will use the wind to reach Goa without engines.
• Inclusive Crew: This edition includes both men and women officers and sailors, promoting equal opportunities.
• Competition: With 32 participants, each competing for the title, the boats will navigate through the Arabian Sea's currents and winds.

Organizational Framework:

• Event Host: The Southern Naval Command organizes the race with the Indian Naval Sailing Association in New Delhi.
• Coordination: The Indian Navy’s Offshore Sailing Club in Kochi and the Ocean Sailing Node in INS Mandovi, Goa, coordinate the event.
• Purpose: The race helps the Navy improve risk management and technical skills while fostering a spirit of adventure among the crew.

Why is it in the News?

The AIM and NITI Aayog have recently introduced a new accelerator known as Rapid Innovation and Startup Expansion (RISE) aimed at providing support to startups in the circular economy sector in both Australia and India.

About Rapid Innovation and Startup Expansion (RISE):

• RISE, a collaborative initiative between Australia’s national science agency (CSIRO), and Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), the Government of India’s flagship initiative for fostering innovation and entrepreneurship, is a dedicated accelerator.
• This program is designed to support startups and small to mid-sized enterprises (SMEs) in India and Australia focusing on circular economy technologies and solutions.

Key Highlights:

• Focus Themes: The RISE Accelerator targets startups in India and Australia engaged in circular economy technologies, specifically in:
• Climate Smart Agriculture
• Clean Energy
• Circular Economy and Waste Management, and
• Climate Smart Mobility.
• Nine-Month Program: Over the course of nine months, the RISE Accelerator aims to assist startups in navigating early steps in a new region, establishing connections with the right partners, customers, and talent, and building credibility to succeed in international markets.
• First Round Focus: In its initial round, the accelerator concentrates on supporting startups and SMEs involved in technologies and solutions related to waste and the circular economy.
• Financial Support: Participating startups have the opportunity to receive up to INR 40,00,000 in non-equity grants.
• Future Rounds: Subsequent rounds of the accelerator will shift focus to climate-smart agriculture, clean energy, and climate-smart mobility.

Why is it in the News?

Recently, scientists have discovered a new species of 'music frog' in Arunachal Pradesh.

About the New Frog Species:

• Scientists discover a new 'music frog,' Nidirana noadihing, in Arunachal Pradesh.
• Both male and female frogs are vocal with a unique call pattern of two-three notes.
• The discovery was made during field surveys in the Changlang and Lohit districts in August-September.
• Male frogs with 'robust' bodies were found calling loudly in vegetation near water bodies.
• The new species is named after the Noa-Dihing River, near where it was discovered.
• The species confirms the presence of the Nidirana genus in India for the first time.
• Nidirana species are known in Japan, Taiwan, China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand.
• Appearance: The amphibians have "irregularly shaped and sized spots" on their eyelids and they have dark stripes around their moderately large eyes.
• Their pupils are gold-rimmed and their irises are dark brown and have a golden spackle.
• Habitat: Noa-Dihing Music Frogs inhabit swamps, ponds, and paddy fields, constructing nests for egg laying.
• The discovery emphasizes the importance of exploring specialized habitats like marshlands, often overlooked in scientific studies.

Why is it in the News?

The Indian Navy successfully test-fired an indigenous anti-ship missile over the Arabian Sea, marking a significant step in India's efforts towards self-reliance in defense technologies.

About Naval Anti-Ship Missile Short Range (NASM-SR):

• This revolutionary missile NASM-SR, entirely developed by Indian scientists and engineers, represents a huge stride in the indigenization of India's defense infrastructure.
• The project is a collaborative effort between various esteemed agencies, including the Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
• The successful trial brings a sense of pride and accomplishment to India's defense realm.
• Launch Capability: This advanced missile is designed for launch from attack helicopters, presenting a versatile addition to the naval arsenal.
• Replacement for Sea Eagle: NASM-SR is slated to replace the existing Sea Eagle missiles currently in use by the Navy, aligning with the imperative of modernization and technological advancement.
• Integration with MH-60R Helicopters: As Sea King helicopters are phased out, the NASM-SR is anticipated to integrate seamlessly with the new MH-60R multi-role helicopters, a pivotal component of the Navy's evolving fleet.

Key Features:

• The missile incorporates a state-of-the-art guidance system and integrated avionics.
• It introduces indigenous launcher technology tailored for helicopter deployment.
• Possessing a striking range of approximately 60 km.
• Travels at a speed of Mach 0.8, slightly below the speed of sound.
• Equipped with a 100kg warhead, rendering it capable of neutralizing patrol boats and causing substantial damage to larger warships.
• Employs an imaging infrared seeker to target heat emissions, enhancing precision in homing onto its designated targets.
• During the approach to its target, the NASM-SR operates at just 5 meters above sea level, a strategic feature known as sea skimming.
• This low-level approach minimizes the susceptibility to detection, tracking, and interception by enemy radars or surface-to-air missiles.

Why is it in the News?

A joint exercise of the special forces of India and the United States commenced in Meghalaya’s Umroi Cantonment on Tuesday.

About Exercise Vajra Prahar 2023:

• Exercise Vajra Prahar is a collaborative effort between the Indian Army and the US Army Special Forces.
• It is the 14th such exercise aimed at sharing the best practices and experiences in areas such as joint mission planning and operational tactics
• Representing the US, personnel from the 1st Special Forces Group (SFG) of the US Special Forces are actively engaged.
• The Indian Army contingent, led by Special Forces personnel from the Eastern Command, contributes to this joint training effort.
• The first edition took place in India in 2010, and the 13th edition occurred at the Special Forces Training School (SFTS), Bakloh (HP).
• This continuity highlights the longstanding commitment to strengthening Indo-US defense ties.
• The 14th edition is currently underway at Umroi Cantonment, Meghalaya, spanning from 21st November to 11th December 2023.
• This location serves as the backdrop for intensive training and cooperation.
• Exercise Vajra Prahar serves as a crucial platform to enhance inter-operability between the Indian and US armies.
• This emphasis on seamless coordination aims to bolster defense cooperation and strategic alignment.

Other Exercises between India and the USA:

1. YUDHABHAYAS- Army
2. VAJRA PRAHAR- Army
3. Exercise MALABAR (Multilateral)- Indian Navy
4. RED FLAG 16-1- Air Force
5. Exercise COPE India 23- Air Force

Why is it in the News?

Spooked by the strong growth in unsecured loans to consumers, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has increased the cost of funds for banks and non-bank financial companies (NBFCs), by increasing the risk weight of such loans.

What are Risk Weights?

• Every rupee lent by the bank is a cost or has an implication on its capital position.
• Depending on the nature of the loan and the inherent risk associated with it, risk weights are attributed.
• Banks have to ensure that their capital is enough to cover these risk-weighted assets.
• Total assets as disclosed in the financials and total risk-weighted assets are different things.
• Each asset class has varying risk weights.
• For instance, risk weights for home loans could range from 50 percent to 75 percent, for gold loans it is 75 percent.
• Corporate loans are charged 100 percent given the risk they carry.

How do they affect borrowers?

• Lower the risk weight, and lower the rate of interest. This is the thumb rule.
• Therefore, risk weights impact borrowers indirectly and are felt through the pricing of loans.
• For instance, home loans have the lowest interest rate among retail products because lower risk weights allow banks to pass on the advantage of capital consumption.
• Personal loans and credit cards have the highest interest rate because of their tenure and charge on capital.

Why is it in the News?

Government and non-government groups in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Punjab have recently put Gambusia fish into local water sources to deal with mosquito issues.

About Gambusia fish:

• Gambusia, also known as mosquitofish, is a genus of small, freshwater fish in the family Poeciliidae.
• There are over 40 species of Gambusia, most of which are found in North America, Central America, and the Caribbean.
• Gambusia fish are known for their voracious appetite for mosquito larvae, and they have been widely introduced around the world for mosquito control.
• They are small, with females typically reaching a maximum length of 7 cm and males a maximum length of 4 cm.
• They have a slender body with a pointed snout and a small mouth.
• They are typically green or silver in color, with some species having dark spots on their sides.
• Gambusia fish are livebearers, meaning that they give birth to live young.
• Females can produce up to 1,000 fries (baby fish) per year.
• They are opportunistic feeders and will eat a variety of foods, including mosquito larvae, small insects, and zooplankton.
• Gambusia fish have been introduced to many parts of the world for mosquito control.
• However, they have also been shown to have negative impacts on native fish populations.
• In some cases, Gambusia fish have been known to outcompete and displace native fish species.
• The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) declares Gambusia one of the 100 worst invasive alien species in the world.

Why is it in the News?

A team of researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar has found the presence of tantalum, a rare metal, in the Sutlej river sand in Punjab.

What is Tantalum?

• Tantalum is a rare metal with the atomic number 73.
• Tantalum was first discovered by Anders Gustaf Ekenberg, a Swedish chemist, in 1802.
• It has been named after a Greek mythological figure Tantalus.

Properties:

• It’s grey, heavy, very hard, and one of the most corrosion-resistant metals in use today.
• It possesses high corrosion resistance because when exposed to air, it forms an oxide layer that is extremely difficult to remove, even when it interacts with strong and hot acid environments.
• When pure, tantalum is ductile, meaning it can be stretched, pulled, or drawn into a thin wire or thread without breaking.
• Moreover, it “is almost completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150°C, and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic solutions containing the fluoride ion, and free sulphur trioxide.
• Notably, tantalum also has an extremely high melting point, exceeded only by tungsten and rhenium.

Applications:

• Tantalum is most prominently used in the electronic sector.
• The capacitors made from tantalum are capable of storing more electricity in smaller sizes without much leakage than any other type of capacitor.
• This makes them ideal for use in portable electronic devices such as smartphones, laptops, and digital cameras.
• As tantalum has a high melting point, it is frequently used as a substitute for platinum, which is more expensive.
• The rare metal is also used to make components for chemical plants, nuclear power plants, aeroplanes, and missiles.
• Tantalum does not react with bodily fluids and is used to make surgical equipment and implants, like artificial joints.

Why is it in the News?

In a recent landmark study, scientists reported successfully generating a live chimaera in non-human primates

About Chimaeras:

• A genetic chimaera is a single organism made up of cells from more than one distinct genotype (or genetic makeup).
• Examples of varying degrees of chimerism exist in the animal kingdom.
• For instance, the half-sider budgerigar, a common pet parakeet, displays different colors on each side of its body due to chimerism.
• In anglerfish, the male fuses with the female, eventually being absorbed, creating a single animal with a merged genetic makeup.
• Marine sponges are known to have up to four distinct genotypes in one organism.
• In humans, natural chimaeras occur when the genetic material in one cell changes, leading to a clonal population of cells different from the rest.
• Fusion of two fertilized zygotes early in embryonic development can result in a condition where two genetic makeups coexist in a single individual.
• Chimerism can also arise from twin or multiple pregnancies evolving into a single fetus or a twin fetus being absorbed into a singleton.

Why is it in the News?

Recently, the Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) said in a statement that Conditions are not ripe to make INR a hard currency.

What is Hard Currency?

• Usually, developed countries issue hard currency, and this currency is easier to trade and receive funds from other countries or investors from other nations.

Key characteristics of hard currencies:

• Hard currency means a stable currency, and its value does not fluctuate much in the international markets.
• It makes hard money currency easily tradable.
• It is issued by a sound economy. Developed countries issue hard currency and it is accepted by all nations across the world.
• It is highly liquid and several countries prefer to accept hard currency instead of local currency as it has lesser fluctuations and can be easily converted to local currency.
• Hard currency is universally accepted and international investors have a sense of faith in hard currency for trading.
• Countries across the globe consider hard currency as a foreign currency reserve, further adding to its value.
• As hard currency is easily convertible and stable, it is widely used in international exchanges.
• The value of the hard currency does not change much in response to global events.
• When domestic currencies struggle, people start holding on to hard currencies to protect their wealth.

Examples of hard currencies:

• US dollar (USD)
• Euro (EUR)
• Japanese yen (JPY)
• British pound (GBP)
• Swiss franc (CHF) etc.

Why is it in the News?

Recently, an international team of scientists found a new mysterious layer called the E prime layer on the outer part of the Earth's core.

About the E Prime Layer:

• Before, it was thought that there's only a small exchange of materials between the Earth's core and mantle.
• However, experiments showed that when water reaches the boundary between the core and mantle, it reacts with silicon in the core and creates silica.

Development of this Layer:

• New research proposes that over billions of years, tectonic plates carrying surface water transported it deep into the Earth.
• When this water reaches about 1,800 miles below the surface at the core-mantle boundary, it triggers significant chemical changes, affecting the core's structure.
• Scientists observed that under high pressure, subducted water chemically reacts with core materials.
• This reaction forms a hydrogen-rich, silicon-depleted layer on the outer core, resembling a film.
• Silica crystals produced in this process rise and mix into the mantle, impacting the overall composition.
• Changes in the liquid metallic layer could potentially lead to reduced density and altered seismic characteristics, consistent with anomalies detected by seismologists.

Importance of this Discovery:

• This finding deepens researchers' understanding of the Earth's internal workings, revealing a more extensive and complex global water cycle than previously known.
• The altered core layer has significant implications for the interconnected geochemical processes that link surface water cycles with the deep metallic core.

Why is it in the News?

The Defence Research Development Organisation's robotics team utilized the Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Daksh to aid in the ongoing rescue operations during the Uttarakhand tunnel collapse.

What is ROV Daksh?

• Daksh is a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), designed by the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) for the recovery of unexploded bombs.
• It can negotiate various hurdles in an urban setting and can also be utilised to survey and monitor nuclear and chemical contamination levels.
• 90% of its components are indigenous.
• It has ladder climbing abilities and can function for three continuous hours, with the capability to operate over distances exceeding 100 to 500 meters.
• It serves the bomb disposal units (BDU) of an army, police, and paramilitary forces, aiding in handling IEDs and other dangerous substances.
• Its manipulator arm can handle hazardous objects weighing up to 20kg from 2.5 meters and 9kg from 4 meters away.
• Daksh demonstrates the ability to climb stairs and maneuver steep slopes, with durable rubber wheels capable of withstanding blast impacts.
• It is equipped with multiple cameras, IED handling tools, nuclear biological chemical (NBC) reconnaissance systems, a master control station (MCS), and a shotgun.
• The equipment is specifically designed for use on a motorized pan-tilt platform, which can help reach the risky terrain.

Why is it in the News?

Atmospheric Waves Experiment is a first-of-its-kind NASA experimental attempt aimed at studying the interactions between terrestrial and space weather.

What is the Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE)?

• AWE is a first-of-its-kind NASA experimental attempt aimed at studying the interactions between terrestrial and Space weather.
• Planned under NASA’s Heliophysics Explorers Program, the $42 million mission will study the links between how waves in the lower layers of the atmosphere impact the upper atmosphere, and thus, Space weather.
• AWE will be launched and mounted on the exterior of the Earth-orbiting International Space Station (ISS).
• From the vantage point, it will look down at the Earth and record the colourful light bands, commonly known as airglow.
• It will try to understand the combination of forces that drive the Space weather in the upper atmosphere.
• “AWE could open a new window of study, wherein scientists are attempting to understand if Space weather is affected by terrestrial and bottom-up forces.
• It will measure the airglow at mesopause (about 85 to 87 km above the Earth’s surface), where the atmospheric temperatures dip to minus 100 degrees Celsius.
• At this altitude, it is possible to capture the faint airglow in the infrared bandwidth, which appears the brightest enabling easy detection.
• AWE will be able to resolve waves at finer horizontal scales than what satellites can usually see at those altitudes, which is part of what makes the mission unique.
• The health of the ionosphere, whose lower layers sit at the edge of Space, is important for maintaining seamless communication.
• It is still not fully understood if the ionosphere is affected by the transient events or intense perturbations resulting from hurricanes or tornadoes.
• It was expected to launch in the month of August 2022, but the fresh launch is planned for later this month.

Why is it in the News?

Recently rhododendron blooms in parts of Uttarakhand in November, worries experts.

About Rhododendron:

• Rhododendron is a diverse genus of flowering plants, encompassing over a thousand species, which include trees, shrubs, and creepers.
• These woody flowering plants belong to the heath family (Ericaceae) and are recognized for their appealing flowers and handsome foliage.
• Habitat: Rhododendrons thrive in various habitats, ranging from alpine regions and coniferous and broadleaved woodlands to temperate rainforests and even tropical areas.
• Distribution: Native to temperate regions of Asia, North America, and Europe, as well as tropical regions in Southeast Asia and northern Australia, rhododendrons have a broad geographical distribution.
• They flourish in slightly acidic soil conditions.
• Diversity: This genus displays an extensive range of sizes and shapes, from low-growing prostrate ground covers to towering trees exceeding 100 feet in height.
• In India, there are 132 taxa, including 80 species, 25 subspecies, and 27 varieties of rhododendrons.
• Local Names and Significance: In the local language, rhododendrons are known as "Lali Guras."
• Notably, they hold cultural significance as the national flower of Nepal and the state tree of Uttarakhand in India.

Why is it in the News?

Researchers have found "compelling evidence" supporting the existence of the uncommon nitrogen-9 isotope. This discovery challenges previous interpretations and provides a fresh perspective on subatomic structures.

About Nitrogen-9 Nucleus:

• Nitrogen-9 is a radioactive isotope of nitrogen.
• This means that it is unstable and will eventually decay into a different isotope of nitrogen or a different element.
• It is considered unusual because it has an uncommon combination of seven protons and two neutrons (7:2) in its atomic nucleus.
• This creates an unusually high ratio of protons to neutrons.
• Generally, elements have a balanced ratio for stability, but Nitrogen-9’s high proton content makes it less stable, challenging the conventional stability thresholds.
• This oddity raises questions about its existence in this state and how it maintains stability, introducing complexity to our understanding of atomic nuclei.
• The reason for nitrogen-9's short half-life is that the strong force, which is responsible for holding nuclei together, is not strong enough to overcome the Coulomb repulsion between the positively charged protons in the nitrogen-9 nucleus.
• The discovery of nitrogen-9 is a major breakthrough in our understanding of nuclear physics.
• It showed that nuclei with very high proton-to-neutron ratios can exist, even if they are only for a very short time.
• This discovery has led to new research into the limits of nuclear stability and the role of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in holding nuclei together.

What is an Isotope?

• An isotope is a variant of a chemical element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in its atomic nucleus.
• This variance in neutron count results in different atomic masses for isotopes of the same element.
• Isotopes of an element share similar chemical properties but may exhibit differences in physical properties, such as stability and radioactivity.

Why is it in the News?

Efforts are being made to expand the cultivation of geographical indication (GI)-tagged Onattukara sesame.

About Onattukara Sesame:

• Onattukara sesame is a special sesame seed variety native to the Onattukara region of Kerala.
• It is renowned for its distinctive flavor, rich aroma, and exceptional nutritional and health value.
• In 2023, it received a geographical indication (GI) tag, recognizing its unique characteristics and link to the Onattukara region.
• This recognition serves as a testament to the exceptional qualities of Onattukara sesame and is expected to propel its demand and further empower the farmers of the region.
• Onattukara sesame distinguishes itself from other sesame varieties through its unique flavor profile.
• This distinctive flavor profile makes Onattukara sesame an indispensable ingredient in traditional Kerala cuisine, where it graces a variety of dishes, from curries and chutneys to sweet snacks.
• Distinguishing Features:
• Flavor and Aroma: Onattukara sesame has a nutty, slightly sweet flavor and a rich, earthy aroma.
• Nutritional Value: It is a rich source of vitamins and minerals, including vitamin E, calcium, magnesium, and iron.
• It also contains healthy fats, such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
• Medicinal Properties: Traditionally, Onattukara sesame oil has been used in Ayurveda for its medicinal properties, including its ability to promote skin health, reduce inflammation, and relieve joint pain.

Why is it in the News?

Farmers in agricultural settings often identify freemartins by observing their physical and/or behavioral traits since these animals are unable to reproduce.

About Freemartins:

• A freemartin is an infertile female cattle with masculinized behavior and non-functioning ovaries.
• This condition is caused by the exchange of cells between female and male twins in utero.
• The male twin produces a hormone called anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which suppresses the development of the female reproductive tract.
• As a result, the female twin is born with an underdeveloped reproductive system and is unable to reproduce.
• Freemartinism occurs in about 90% of female cattle twins that share a placenta with a male twin.
• This is because the placentas of cattle twins are often fused together, allowing cells to move between the two fetuses.
• The fusion of placentas usually occurs between 40 and 120 days of gestation.
• In addition to being infertile, freemartins may also exhibit some masculine characteristics, such as a deeper voice, coarser hair, and a more muscular build.
• This is because they have been exposed to AMH from their male twin.
• There is no treatment for freemartinism, as the animal is infertile and cannot produce offspring.
• However, freemartins can still be used for other purposes, such as meat production or draft work.

Why is it in the News?

The cancellation of a call for proposals under the Department of Science and Technology's SATHI program by the Centre has raised concerns among higher education institutions.

About Sophisticated Analytical & Technical Help Institutes (SATHI) initiative:

• The Department of Science and Technology (DST) is starting a project to create a shared Science and Technology infrastructure facility called Sophisticated Analytical & Technical Help Institute (SATHI).
• This facility will be available for use by academic institutions, startups, manufacturing units, industries, and R&D labs.
• The goal is to offer efficiently managed services with high transparency, accessibility, and effectiveness all in one place, catering to the needs of industries, startups, and academia.
• In the first phase, SATHI facilities will be set up at IIT-Delhi, IIT-Kharagpur, and BHU-Varanasi.
• This initiative aims to benefit less-endowed organizations like MSMEs, startups, state universities, and colleges, fostering a strong culture of research collaboration across different institutions and disciplines.

Aims & Objectives of SATHI:

• Provide shared, professionally managed Science and Technology services and infrastructure.
• Ensure efficiency, accessibility, and transparency for the demands of faculty, researchers, scientists, and students from various institutes and organizations.
• Enable round-the-clock R&D activities with minimal downtime.
• Offer facilities for fabrication work, rapid prototyping, material testing, characterisation, device fabrication, smart manufacturing, and more.
• Attract and support R&D labs, industrial R&D, MSMEs, Incubators, Start-ups, etc.
• Organize short-term courses, workshops, seminars, and hands-on training programs on the use and application of various instruments and techniques.
• Provide technical help and scientific knowledge to both external and internal users/researchers.
• Train technicians for maintaining and operating sophisticated scientific instruments.
• Maintain a record of trained personnel for better societal outreach and utilization of trained manpower across different SATHI centers when needed.

Why in the News?

As per the 2023 State of the Cryosphere report, the anticipated disappearance of almost all tropical glaciers, a significant majority of mid-latitude glaciers, and polar regions is expected, even if global efforts successfully limit the rise in temperatures to 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels.

About the State of the Cryosphere Report 2023:

• The State of the Cryosphere Report annually assesses the condition of Earth's snow and ice regions, and has been reviewed and endorsed by over 60 leading cryosphere scientists.
• This report is published by The International Cryosphere Climate Initiative (ICCI.)
• The cryosphere is a term for the regions of our globe that are covered in ice and snow – either seasonally or year-round.
• The Report describes how a combination of melting polar ice sheets, vanishing glaciers, and thawing permafrost will have rapid, irreversible, and disastrous impacts worldwide.

Key findings in the report on the impact of 2°C of warming include:

• Ice sheets: nearly all of Greenland, much of West Antarctica, and even vulnerable portions of East Antarctica will be triggered to very long-term, inexorable sea-level rise.
• Glaciers: extensive, irreversible ice loss from the world’s glaciers in many major river basins, with some disappearing entirely.
• As glaciers melt, risks of catastrophic events such as landslides, sudden ice shears, and glacial lake outburst floods increase.
• Sea ice: extensive sea ice loss at both poles, with severe feedback to global weather and climate.
• By 2°C, the Arctic Ocean will be sea ice-free in summer every year, potentially for several months.
• Permafrost: extensive permafrost thaw and resulting greenhouse gas emissions will cause temperatures to continue to rise, even once human emissions reach zero.
• At 2°C, annual total permafrost emissions (both CO2 and methane) would total the size of the entire European Union’s emissions from 2019.
• Polar ocean acidification: year-round, permanent corrosive ocean acidification conditions in many regions of Earth’s polar and near-polar seas.
• Shell-building animals and commercial fisheries that rely on them in the food chain may not survive.

About International Cryosphere Climate Initiative (ICCI):

• It was formed in 2009 following COP-15 in Copenhagen
• ICCI is a network of senior policy experts and researchers working with governments and organizations to create, shape, and implement initiatives designed to preserve as much of the Earth’s cryosphere as possible.
• ICCI programs target the unique climate dynamics at work in the cryosphere, while at the same time lending increased urgency to global climate efforts aimed at CO2 and other greenhouse gases by communicating the unexpected rapidity and global implications of cryosphere warming.

Why in the News?

Recently, scientists have discovered the inside structure of the enigmatic dwarf planet Eris.

About Dwarf Planet Eris:

• This new dwarf planet is the largest object found in orbit around the sun since the discovery of Neptune and its moon Triton in 1846.
• It was discovered on Jan. 5, 2005, and It is larger than Pluto, discovered in 1930.
• Like Pluto, the new dwarf planet is a member of the Kuiper belt, a swarm of icy bodies beyond Neptune in orbit around the sun.
• Eris is named for the ancient Greek goddess of discord and strife.
• The surface of Eris is extremely cold, so it seems unlikely that life could exist there.
• With a radius of about 1,163 kilometers, Eris is about 1/5 the radius of Earth.
• Eris, like Pluto, is a little smaller than Earth's Moon.
• Eris takes 557 Earth years to make one trip around the Sun.
• As Eris orbits the Sun, it completes one rotation every 25.9 hours, making its day length similar to ours.
• Moons: Eris has a very small moon called Dysnomia.
• Dysnomia has a nearly circular orbit lasting about 16 days.
• Eris most likely has a rocky surface similar to Pluto.
• Atmosphere: The dwarf planet is often so far from the Sun that its atmosphere collapses and freezes, falling to the surface as snow.
• As it gets closest to the Sun in its faraway orbit, the atmosphere thaws.

Why in the News?

Recently, Visa has highlighted that the primary advantage of tokenization is a decreased risk of data breaches.

What is Card-on-File Tokenisation?

• Tokenisation is a process where the cardholder’s original card number, one which is written on the card and is extensively used for transactions and card identification, is replaced with a surrogate term called ‘token.’
• This process allows enhanced card protection by converting the customers’ card numbers into tokens.
• The exchange of tokens happens between the token requestor and the network, which empowers customers to receive a secure and reliable online payment experience.
• All relationship evidence of such exchange between token and crucial card information is securely saved in a vault that is only accessible to the card networks.
• Resultantly, the customers’ card details will be highly protected from online fraud and hackers.

How Does Card-on-File Tokenisation Work?

• When a customer makes a transaction by using their card at a tokenisation-based-authentication server:
• A credit/debit card is used for transactions at a POS device or an e-commerce website
• The tokenisation system receives and interprets the credit card number
• The tokenisation system goes on to replace the original credit card number with a 16-digit random character token for security
• The tokenisation system then provides the converted 16-digit random token number to the e-commerce marketplace and replaces the user’s credit card number with the same in their system
• For instance, card number (example): 4018 2255 6984 7854 will be replaced with token number: 4325 5214 8574 6658.
• The tokenisation system is an important tool for separating crucial data in ecosystems and databases while also offering enhanced card protection to cardholders.

Why in the News?

An estimated 11 lakh children in India missed their crucial first dose of measles vaccine in 2022, according to a report by the World Health Organization and US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

What is Measles?

• Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus.
• It is caused by the Morbillivirus of the Paramyxoviridae family.
• It spreads easily when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes.
• It can cause severe disease, complications, and even death.
• Measles can affect anyone but is most common in children.
• Measles infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body.
• Symptoms: Symptoms include a high fever, cough, runny nose, and a rash all over the body.
• Measles typically starts with a strong fever about 10 to 14 days after getting infected.
• In the beginning, it starts with a runny nose, cough, red and watery eyes, and small white spots inside the cheeks.
• After a few days, a rash appears, usually on the face and upper neck.
• This rash spreads over about three days, reaching the hands and feet, and lasts for five to six days before fading away.
• Any non-immune person (not vaccinated or vaccinated but not developed immunity) can become infected.
• If a woman catches measles during pregnancy, this can be dangerous for the mother and can result in her baby being born prematurely with a low birth weight.
• Treatment: There is no specific treatment for measles.

Why in the News?

In the Peruvian Amazon, an extended heat wave and drought have shortened the incubation period for thousands of turtle hatchlings released into the river by biologists as part of a local environmental program.

About Amazon Yellow Spotted River Turtle:

• This species is one of the largest South American river turtles.
• It is characterized by its dark upper shell and yellow spots on the head, which fade with age.
• They are considered side-necked turtles because they cannot pull their heads into their shells.

Native Habitat:

• Yellow-spotted River turtles are native to the Amazon River basin and can be found in the Amazon and Orinoco river systems in Venezuela, eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru, the Guianas, Brazil and northern Bolivia.
• These turtles spend time basking along the riverbanks and in the calm waters of big rivers and streams.
• They avoid fast-moving waters.

Food/Eating Habits:

• They are omnivorous, feeding on both vegetation and small animals.

Reproduction and Development:

• Females lay their eggs in the peak of the dry season and the nests are sometimes destroyed by rising flood waters.

Sleep Habits:

• The turtles are diurnal, meaning they are most active in mid-morning and afternoon.

Lifespan:

• The oldest known yellow-spotted Amazon River turtle living in human care reached 23 years of age.
• They can live up to 70 years.

Why in the News?

A joint military exercise, “Exercise MITRA SHAKTI-2023” is being conducted from November 16th to 29th, 2023, in Aundh (Pune).

About Exercise MITRA SHAKTI:

• Exercise MITRA SHAKTI is the ninth edition of a joint military exercise between the Indian and Sri Lankan armies.
• The Indian contingent, consisting of 120 personnel mainly from the MARATHA LIGHT INFANTRY Regiment, is participating alongside personnel from the Indian Air Force and the Sri Lankan Air Force.
• This exercise is the first bilateral and bi-service endeavor between the two countries.
• The primary goal is to jointly practice sub-conventional operations under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, emphasizing coordinated responses in counter-terrorism operations.
• The exercise includes training in Army Martial Arts Routine (AMAR), combat reflex shooting, Yoga, and the use of Drones and Counter Unmanned Aerial Systems, along with helicopters.
• Joint drills will cover securing helipads and conducting casualty evacuation during counter-terrorist operations.
• The collective focus is on enhancing interoperability among troops, minimizing risks to life and property, and prioritizing the interests and agenda of the UN in peacekeeping operations.
• Additionally, the exercise aims to strengthen bilateral relations between the neighboring nations.

Why in the News?

The UK's medicines regulator has granted approval for the world's first gene therapy treatment for sickle cell disease.

What is Sickle Cell Disease?

• Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a blood disorder that is passed through the genes and results in abnormal hemoglobin.
• (Hemoglobin is a part of the red blood cells that carry oxygen through the body.)
• People with SCD have red blood cells that sickle or change shape when exposed to low oxygen levels in the cell.
• These sickled cells also become stiff and sticky compared to normal red blood cells.
• They can block blood flow, leading to tissue damage and pain.
• Over time, these blockages can lead to organ dysfunction and result in other serious medical complications.

Sickle Cell Disease Types

• There are several different forms of sickle cell disease, and it is different for each person.
• Hemoglobin SS, also known as sickle cell anemia
• Hemoglobin SC disease
• Hemoglobin sickle beta-thalassemia
• The most common and usually the most severe form is sickle cell anemia.
• The SCD type affects the severity and frequency of complications.
• The type of SCD also impacts the timing of complications.
• Some people have symptoms at a very young age while others will not show symptoms until adulthood.

Sickle Cell Disease Symptoms

• Anemia: Sickled blood cells are less able to carry oxygen, leading to anemia.
• Symptoms can include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headache, shortness of breath and chest pain.
• Bone Pain: Decreased blood flow to the bones leads to periodic spikes in bone pain known as bone crises.
• SCD can also cause avascular necrosis, which is a breakdown of the bone and joint.
• Eye Disease or Blindness: Sickled blood cells can damage the fragile blood vessels in the back of the eye, leading to retina damage called retinopathy. This can lead to blindness.
• Infections: The spleen fails in SCD patients at a young age, decreasing the body’s ability to fight infections.
• Kidney Issues: Blood in the urine (papillary necrosis), frequent urination, kidney disease.

Treatments:

• A bone marrow transplant (stem cell transplant) can cure sickle cell disease.
• However, there are treatments that can help relieve symptoms, lessen complications, and prolong life.
• Gene therapy is also being explored as another potential cure. The UK recently became the first country to approve gene therapy treatment for sickle cell disease

Why in the News?

Among 1.39 million cyber security cases last year, vulnerable services made up 875,892 of the total incidents tackled by Cert-In

What is CERT-In?

• CERT-In stands for the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team.
• It is a government agency that functions under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• It was established in January 2004 with the objective of securing Indian cyberspace.
• It is the national nodal agency for dealing with cyber security threats like hacking and phishing.
• It strengthens the security-related defence of the Indian Internet domain.
• The Information Technology Act of 2000 designated CERT-In to serve as the national agency to perform the following functions in the area of cyber security:
• Prevention of cyber attacks: CERT-In works to prevent cyber attacks by issuing advisories and guidelines to organizations and users.
• It also conducts vulnerability assessments and penetration testing to identify and remediate security weaknesses.
• Incident response: It provides technical assistance to organizations that have been affected by cyber-attacks.
• It helps them to contain and recover from the incident, and to minimize the damage.
• Cyber security awareness: It raises cyber security awareness among the Indian public through various initiatives, such as workshops, seminars, and online resources.
• Coordination with other agencies: CERT-In coordinates with other cyber security agencies in India and around the world to share information and best practices.
• The constituency of CERT-In is the Indian cyber community and Indian cyberspace.
• CERT-In provides services to organisations in the Government, Public, and Private sectors.
• In addition, CERT-In provides services to individuals and home users as well.
• Disclosure of information will be followed in accordance with Indian Constitutional laws.

Why in the News?

The Indian Chief Economic Adviser recently expressed worry about credit rating agencies using the World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators to assess ratings, particularly for developing countries.

About Worldwide Governance Indicators:

• The Worldwide Governance Indicators is based on a long-standing research programme of The World Bank.
• It was first established in 1996 to measure the quality of governance in over 200 countries.
• These aggregate indicators are derived from over 30 individual data sources produced by a variety of survey institutes, think tanks, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and private sector firms.
• The indicators capture six key dimensions of governance including:
• Voice and Accountability
• Political Stability and Absence of Violence
• Government Effectiveness
• Regulatory Quality
• Rule of Law
• Control of Corruption
• According to The World Bank, corruption is the single greatest obstacle to economic and social development.

About The World Bank:

• The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world.
• Its goals are to reduce poverty and support development.
• It helps by offering a growing range of free tools, research, and knowledge to help people address the world’s development challenges, for instance, comprehensive, downloadable indicators about development in countries around the globe.

Why in the News?

In its latest discovery, NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has discovered a planet "Wasp-107b"  where specks of sand fall as rain.

What is “Wasp-107b”?

• WASP-107b is a warm exoplanet with Neptune’s mass and Jupiter’s radius.
• This makes it ‘fluffy’ compared to the giant gas planets in our Solar System.
• This unusual size-to-mass ratio has given astronomers a unique opportunity to probe its atmosphere roughly 50 times deeper than more dense planets like Jupiter.
• This gas giant, often referred to as a "super-Neptune," holds several remarkable characteristics that set it apart from other known exoplanets.

Key Characteristics of WASP-107b:

• Size and Mass: WASP-107b is roughly the size of Jupiter, but with only about 12% of Jupiter's mass.
• This makes it one of the least dense exoplanets ever discovered.
• Orbit and Proximity: WASP-107b orbits its host star, WASP-107, very closely, completing an orbit in just 5.7 days.
• It is located about 200 light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo.
• Sand Rain: WASP-107b exhibits a unique water cycle similar to Earth's, but with a peculiar twist: instead of water droplets, the planet experiences sand rain.
• These sand grains, composed of silicates, rise from lower atmospheric levels and condense into clouds before falling back down.
• Atmosphere: WASP-107b possesses a puffy atmosphere, likely due to its low density.
• In 2018, scientists using the Hubble Space Telescope detected helium in its atmosphere, marking the first detection of this element in an exoplanet's atmosphere.
• Potential for Atmospheric Characterization: WASP-107b's large size and proximity to its star make it a promising target for future atmospheric characterization studies.
• Scientists hope to glean more insights into the composition and dynamics of its atmosphere.

Why in the News?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi released the 15th installment of the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-Kisan) scheme worth over Rs 18,000 crore to more than 8 crore farmers on November 15, 2023.

About Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN):

• The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) is a Central Sector scheme with 100% funding from the Government of India.
• Under the scheme, income support of Rs. 6,000 per year in three equal installments is provided to all land-holding farmer families, providing them with socio-economic security.
• The amount is directly transferred to the bank accounts of the beneficiaries without any involvement of intermediaries, making it one of the largest Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) schemes in the world.
• So far, more than Rs. 2.42 lakh crore have been disbursed to over 11 crore farmers.
• As per the study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), PM-KISAN had numerous benefits for the farmers and agriculture sector.
• It addresses the liquidity constraints of farming households, enabling essential input procurement.
• The scheme boosts modern cultivar adoption through Krishi Vigyan Kendras.
• The cash transfer to farmers increases their total net income and enhances their risk-taking capacity, leading to productive investments.
• PM-KISAN has empowered the farmers by boosting agriculture investments, easing credit constraints, and spurring rural economic growth.
• Consequently, farmers have been able to invest in their farms, including purchasing seeds, fertilizers, and necessary equipment, leading to increased agricultural production and improved crop yields.

Why in the News?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the second Voice of Global South Summit on November 17. This will be the second Voice of Global South Summit in less than a year hosted by India.

About ‘Voice of Global South Summit’ 2023:

• India is hosting the ‘Voice of Global South Summit’ 2023 in virtual format.
• The theme of the inaugural Leaders’ Session is "Together, for Everyone’s Growth, with Everyone’s Trust” and that of the Concluding Leaders’ Session is "Global South: Together for One Future”.
• The Summit will focus on sharing with the countries of the Global South, the key outcomes achieved in various G20 meetings over the course of India’s Presidency.
• The Summit will serve as a platform to discuss ways to sustain the momentum generated toward the common aspiration of a more inclusive, representative, and progressive world order.

What is the Voice of Global South Summit?

• Voice of Global South Summit has been India's endeavor to provide a common platform to deliberate on the concerns, interests, and priorities that affect the developing countries and also to exchange ideas and solutions, and most importantly, to unite in voice and purpose in addressing the concerns and priorities.
• The initiative is inspired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas, and Sabka Prayaas, and is underpinned by India’s philosophy of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”.
• India will work to ensure that the valuable inputs generated from partner countries in the Voice of Global South Summit deliberations receive due cognizance globally.

What is Global South?

• he term ‘Global South’ began by loosely referring to those countries that were left out of the industrialization era.
• These countries had a conflict of ideology with the capitalist and communist countries, accentuated by the Cold War.
• It includes countries that are in Asia, Africa, and South America.
• ‘Global South’ is just the opposite of ‘Global North’, defined essentially by an economic division between the rich and poorer countries.

Why in the News?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the programme "Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra" across the country on November 15 to promote the Centre’s welfare schemes.

On the occasion of the Janjatiya Gaurav Divas (15th Nov), marking the birth anniversary of tribal icon Birsa Munda, Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagged off the Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra from Khunti, Jharkhand. 

About Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra:

• The central idea of Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra is to publicise schemes, to get data on those who have benefitted from these schemes, and to mark those who are eligible but haven't got the schemes yet.
• It aims to cover over 2.55 lakh Gram Panchayats and over 3,600 urban local bodies by January 25, 2024, touching every district of the country.
• Its focus will be on reaching out to people and creating awareness about the benefits of welfare schemes like sanitation facilities, essential financial services, electricity connections, access to LPG cylinders, housing for the poor, food security, proper nutrition, reliable healthcare, clean drinking water, etc.
• Five specially designed IEC (Information, Education, and Communication) Vans has been flagged off marking the launch of the massive outreach programme of the government.
• The IEC Vans have been branded and customised to enable dissemination of information through audio visuals, brochures, pamphlets, booklets, and flagship standees in Hindi and state languages showcasing the major schemes, highlights and their achievements at the national, state and district level.
• The schemes being publicised include Ayushman Bharat, PMJAY, PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana, Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihoods Mission, PM Awas Yojana (Rural), PM Ujjwala Yojana, PM Vishwakarma, PM Kisan Saman, Kisan Credit Card (KCC), PM Poshan Abhiyan, Har Ghar Jal - Jal Jeevan Mission, Survey of villages and mapping with improvised technology in village areas (SVAMITVA), Jan Dhan Yojana, Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana, Suraksha Bima Yojana, Atal Pension Yojana, PM PRANAM, Nano Fertiliser.
• Since schemes are aimed at tribals, specific concerns of tribal areas such as the Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission, Enrolment in Eklavya Model Residential Schools, Scholarship Schemes, Forest Right Titles, Individual and Community Land, Van Dhan Vikas Kendra, Organising Self Help Groups are also being addressed.
• The officers in charge will make sure that they reach out to the tribals and give out information about schemes meant for them.

Why in the News?

The 9th edition of the India International Science Festival (IISF) 2023 will be held at Faridabad, Haryana from January 17th-20th, 2024.

About the India International Science Festival (IISF):

• The India International Science Festival (IISF) is an annual science festival organized by the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Earth Science, and Vijnana Bharati in India.
• The festival aims to promote science and technology in India and to showcase the latest advancements in these fields.
• The IISF has been held every year since 2007.
• The festival typically lasts for four days and features a variety of events, including exhibitions, seminars, workshops, and competitions.
• The exhibitions feature displays of scientific and technological innovations from India and around the world.
• The seminars and workshops provide opportunities for scientists and technologists to share their knowledge with the public.
• The competitions encourage students to participate in science and technology.
• The IISF is a major event in the Indian scientific community and has been praised for its role in promoting science education and public awareness of science.
• The festival has also been successful in attracting international participation, with scientists and technologists from around the world attending the event.
• The 2022 IISF was held in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, from January 21 to 24.

India International Science Festival (IISF) 2023:

• It will be held at the Campus of Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI) and Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB) of the Department of Biotechnology in Faridabad.
• Theme: 'Science and Technology Public Outreach in Amrit Kaal'.
• IISF 2023 will have a total of 17 themes to showcase scientific achievements, offering diverse benefits to participants and the general public.

Why in the News?

India, the US, and 12 other members of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) on Wednesday entered into a supply chain resilience agreement that aims to cut dependence on China and help shift manufacturing of crucial goods to member nations.

About Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF):

• The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) is an economic initiative launched by U.S. President Joe Biden in Tokyo on May 23, 2022.
• The framework aims to strengthen economic cooperation among countries in the Indo-Pacific region, which is home to over 40% of the world's population and generates nearly 60% of global GDP.
• Except Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar, other Southeast Asian nations are a part of the IPEF.
• It has currently 14 members including Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam.
• The IPEF has four pillars:
• Trade;
• supply chains;
• clean energy, decarbonisation and infrastructure;
• tax and anti-corruption.
• IPEF Significance: The IPEF is a significant development in the Indo-Pacific region.
• It is the first major economic initiative launched by the United States in the region since the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations collapsed in 2017.
• The IPEF is also unique in that it is open to all countries in the Indo-Pacific region, regardless of their economic development level.
• India and IPEF: India has been actively involved in the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) since its launch in May 2022.
• The country has joined three of the four pillars of the framework: supply chains, clean energy, and fair economy.
• However, India has not yet joined the trade pillar, which is the most sensitive and contentious pillar of the framework.
• There are a number of reasons why India has been hesitant to join the trade pillar.
• One concern is that the pillar could lead to tariff cuts on agricultural products, which would harm Indian farmers.
• India is also concerned about the potential for the trade pillar to lead to increased data flows, which could raise privacy concerns.

Why in the News?

A dominant tiger named Bajrang said to have sired at least 50 cubs during his lifetime, recently died in a territorial fight with another powerful tiger, Chhota Matka, in the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR).

About Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve:

• Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve is the oldest and largest National Park in the Chandrapur district of Maharashtra.
• It is one of India's 47 project tiger reserves existing in India.
• The total area of the tiger reserve is 1,727 Sq.km, which includes the Tadoba National Park, created in the year 1955.
• The Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary was formed in the year 1986 and was amalgamated with the park in 1995 to establish the present Tadoba Andheri Tiger Reserve.
• The word 'Tadoba' is derived from the name of God "Tadoba" or "Taru," which is praised by local tribal people of this region, and "Andhari" is derived from the name of the Andhari river that flows in this area.
• Tadoba is presently home to more than 115 tigers, which is one of the highest in India.
• The vegetation of Tadoba forest is of Southern tropical dry deciduous type and is spread on around 626 sq. km.
• Teak is the prominent tree species in the forest.
• The Tadoba Tiger Reserve is rich in flora and fauna
• Flora: Some of the famous and widely seen flora of this park include Teak, Ain, Bija, Bamboo, Black Plum, and many others.
• Fauna: Tigers, Indian leopards, Sloth bears, Gaur, Nilgai, Striped Hyena, Spotted Deer, Barking Deer, Marsh Crocodile, etc.