In News:

The Union government has approved the constitution of the Eighth Pay Commission, benefiting 50 lakh central government employees and 65 lakh pensioners, including serving and retired defence personnel. The decision, taken ahead of the Delhi Assembly elections, aims to address long-standing demands from trade unions and employee organizations.

Key Features of the 8th Pay Commission

• Early Constitution: Although the Seventh Pay Commission's term ends in 2026, the early establishment of the Eighth Pay Commission ensures timely recommendations and implementation.
• Composition: The commission will have a Chairperson and two members, typically led by a retired Supreme Court judge.
• Terms of Reference (ToR):
  • Revision of Pay: Recommend updates to salary structures and allowances.
  • Addressing Pay Disparities: Resolve wage differences across various cadres.
  • Market Parity: Align pay structures with industry standards.
  • Pension and Retirement Benefits: Improve pension schemes and adjust them for inflation.
  • Economic Impact Analysis: Assess how salary hikes contribute to economic growth.
  • Stakeholder Consultations: Engage with governments and other stakeholders before finalizing recommendations.

Economic Implications of the 8th Pay Commission

• Employee Well-being: Higher wages will enhance the quality of life for government employees.
• Boost to Consumption: Increased salaries are expected to stimulate demand and support economic expansion.
• Ripple Effect on PSUs & States: Many public sector undertakings and state governments follow the central pay commission’s recommendations, potentially leading to wider economic benefits.
• Fiscal Considerations: The implementation of the Seventh Pay Commission in 2016-17 led to an expenditure increase of ?1 lakh crore. A similar rise in 2026-27 could impact fiscal space for capital expenditures.

Challenges and Concerns

• Implementation Delays: Past commissions have taken two years to submit recommendations, which could push implementation beyond 2027.
• Living Wage & Pension Issues: Existing formulas for minimum wage and pension calculations may need revision to reflect rising healthcare, education, and digital access costs.
• Financial Burden on the Exchequer: A significant increase in revenue expenditure could limit the government’s ability to invest in infrastructure and development projects.

In News:

The concept of ‘blood money’ has come under scrutiny recently, especially in the context of the death sentence awarded to Indian nurse Nimisha Priya from Kerala in Yemen. This case, where the focus is on monetary compensation paid to the victim’s family, has sparked renewed discussions on the practice of blood money.

What is ‘Blood Money’?

‘Blood money’ or diya is a term used in Islamic Sharia law and refers to a sum of money that the perpetrator of a crime must pay to the victim or the victim’s family, typically in cases of unintentional murder or homicide. The custom is designed to offer compensation to the family for the loss of income and alleviate their suffering, rather than placing a price on human life. This practice allows the victim’s family to forgive the accused and avoid retribution, called qisas, under the Sharia.

However, even when blood money is paid, the community or state retains the authority to impose a penalty or punishment, which could include imprisonment or other penalties, based on the seriousness of the crime.

How Does Blood Money Figure in Islamic Sharia Law?

In Islamic law, the amount of blood money varies based on several factors such as the victim’s gender, religion, and nationality. The following examples demonstrate the application of blood money in different Islamic countries:

• Saudi Arabia: In Saudi Arabia, blood money is part of traffic regulations, where the perpetrator must pay compensation to the heirs of victims who die in road accidents. While a Sharia court determines the amount of compensation, the police handle the determination of the guilty party. In workplace accidents, a special committee sets the amount. Saudi Arabia has considered reforming its laws to ensure equal compensation for men and women, Muslims and non-Muslims. However, efforts to amend the laws have not yet been fully implemented.
• Iran: In Iran, blood money differs based on the gender and religion of the victim. A woman’s compensation is typically set at half of that of a man’s. While the Supreme Court of Iran upheld a law to equalize compensation for all individuals in 2019, full implementation of the law has yet to be realized.
• Pakistan: Pakistan has incorporated provisions for diya and qisas in its legal system through the Criminal Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 1991, aligning its practices with those of Islamic law.
• Yemen: In Yemen, parties involved can negotiate compensation, with judicial oversight ensuring fairness.

India’s Stand on ‘Diya’ and Blood Money

India does not include the provision for blood money in its formal legal framework. However, a similar concept exists in the form of plea bargaining, which allows the accused to negotiate with the prosecution in exchange for a reduced sentence or charge. Plea bargaining involves the defendant pleading guilty to a lesser offense in return for a concession, either in terms of the charges or the sentence.

Plea Bargaining in India:

Introduced under the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005, plea bargaining was added to the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. While it bears some resemblance to blood money in that it allows for compensation to the victim, it has significant limitations:

• It can only be applied to crimes punishable by imprisonment of less than seven years.
• It is not applicable to heinous crimes such as murder or rape, or offenses involving women or children under 14.
• The accused must voluntarily agree to plead guilty, with no coercion involved.

While plea bargaining may include compensation under Section 265E of the Code, discussions continue to refine this provision to make it more inclusive, similar to the reforms seen in Islamic countries regarding blood money.

Historical Practices Similar to Blood Money

Throughout history, various cultures have had practices similar to blood money. These include:

• Brehon Law (Ireland): In the 7th century, Brehon law established the concept of Éraic (body price) and Log nEnech (honor price). These were compensation systems that allowed for the amicable resolution of crimes, avoiding capital punishment.
• Galanas (Wales): Galanas in Welsh law determined compensation based on the victim's social status, where a blood fine was required in cases of murder, unless the killing was justified.
• Wergeld (Germany): The Wergeld system in early medieval Germany required compensation for homicide or grave offenses, often in monetary terms.
• Other Medieval States: Several medieval states established a standard payment for the victims’ families in the event of homicide or serious crimes, much like blood money.

Cases of Indians Pardoned with Blood Money

India has witnessed instances where blood money has been invoked for Indian nationals facing death sentences abroad:

• Arjunan Athimuthu (Kuwait, 2019): Arjunan’s death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment after his family paid ?30 lakh in blood money.
• Abdul Rahim (Saudi Arabia): Abdul Rahim, convicted for the murder of a Saudi boy in 2006, was pardoned after ?34 crore in blood money was paid. However, he has not been released from prison yet.
• UAE Cases:
  • In 2017, 10 Indians were pardoned after paying 200,000 dirhams as blood money.

In 2009, 17 Indians on death row for the murder of a Pakistani national were pardoned after a blood money amount of nearly ?4 crore was paid.

In News:

IndiaAI, under the Digital India Corporation, has partnered with Microsoft to advance AI adoption in India for inclusive development and economic transformation. The collaboration focuses on skilling, innovation, AI safety, and responsible AI development, with a goal of fostering AI innovation across India, particularly in underserved rural and urban areas.

Key Highlights:

• Training 500,000 Individuals by 2026:
  • Target Audience: Students, educators, developers, government officials, and women entrepreneurs.
  • Goal: Empower these groups with foundational and advanced AI skills for economic opportunities and digital transformation.
• AI Catalysts (Centers of Excellence):
  • Establishment of AI hubs in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities to foster rural AI innovation.
  • Objective to equip 100,000 AI innovators and developers through hackathons, community building, and creating an AI marketplace.
• AI Productivity Labs:
  • Set up in 20 National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs) across 10 states.
  • Focus on training 20,000 educators and providing AI education to 100,000 students in 200 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs).
• Support for Startups:
  • Microsoft’s Founders Hub program will provide Azure credits, business resources, and mentorship to 1,000 AI startups in India, boosting innovation and growth in the Indian startup ecosystem.
• Development of Indic Language Models:
  • Work on creating foundational AI models with support for Indic languages to address India’s linguistic diversity and cultural needs.
• AI Safety Institute:
  • Focus on building frameworks, standards, and evaluation metrics for responsible AI development.
  • Support for the creation of an AI Safety Institute in India to promote ethical and safe AI practices.
• Infrastructure & Research:
  • Microsoft will also focus on enhancing cloud infrastructure and support for AI research through Microsoft Research India.
  • AI-driven solutions will be developed for critical sectors like healthcare, education, and agriculture.

Investment and Strategic Goals:

• $3 Billion Investment:
  • Microsoft has pledged $3 billion to expand AI and cloud infrastructure in India over the next 2 years. This investment will focus on:
    • Building scalable infrastructure for AI applications.
    • Enhancing cloud services and AI capabilities.
    • Establishing new data centers across India, supporting the AI-first agenda.
• AI Skill Development:
  • 10 million people will be trained over the next five years in AI skills, empowering the Indian workforce to adapt to AI technologies, driving job creation and economic growth.
• AI in India’s Economy:
  • India aims to become a global leader in AI, with AI-powered solutions contributing to diverse sectors like finance, e-commerce, and manufacturing.
  • Focus on economic growth through AI-powered industries and fostering entrepreneurship in underserved communities.

AI Technologies and Applications:

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) involves machines performing tasks that require human intelligence like decision-making, problem-solving, and learning from data.
  • Machine Learning (ML): AI systems improve through data without being explicitly programmed.
  • Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI systems understand and respond to human language.
  • Computer Vision: AI systems analyze and interpret visual information.
  • Robotics: AI powers automated tasks through robots in industries like manufacturing and healthcare.
• Cloud Infrastructure enables the scaling of AI systems:
  • Cloud Computing provides on-demand access to computing power, essential for AI tasks requiring large amounts of data and processing power.
  • Data Centers host AI models and data, and cloud services such as Microsoft Azure will support AI startups and businesses.

Expected Impact and Benefits:

• Inclusive AI Development: Focus on empowering women, students, and rural innovators to bridge the digital divide and promote economic empowerment.
• Startup Ecosystem: The collaboration will foster a robust AI startup ecosystem, promoting innovation and entrepreneurship through AI tools, Azure credits, and mentorship.
• Skill Development & Education: AI-driven skill training initiatives will prepare millions of individuals for the jobs of the future, particularly in the AI-driven economy, and support education reform.
• AI for Critical Sectors: Development of AI-enabled solutions to address challenges in sectors such as healthcare, education, and agriculture, driving social impact and economic growth.

In News:

Centre urges states, UTs to ensure undertrial prisoner relief in jails.

Key Highlights:

• Objective: The MHA has urged states and Union Territories (UTs) to implement provisions of Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023 to provide relief to undertrial prisoners (UTPs) in jails. This initiative aims to address issues such as long detention and overcrowding in prisons.

Key Provisions of Section 479 of BNSS, 2023

• Purpose: To offer relief to undertrial prisoners by mandating their release on bail or bond under specific conditions.
• Key Provisions:
  • Subsection (1):
    • Release on Bail: UTPs who have served half the maximum sentence for their offense (except offenses punishable by death or life imprisonment) are eligible for release on bail.
    • Release on Bond for First-Time Offenders: First-time offenders, who have served one-third of the maximum sentence, are eligible for release on bond by the court.
  • Subsection (3):
    • Mandatory Application: It is the responsibility of the prison superintendent to apply to the concerned court for the release of eligible prisoners on bail or bond.
• Superintendent’s Role:
  • Prison superintendents are mandated to ensure timely applications for bail or bond are filed for eligible UTPs.

Implementation and Reporting

• MHA’s Advisory:
  • On January 1, the MHA issued a letter to the Chief Secretaries, Director Generals, and Inspectors General of prisons in all states and UTs to ensure compliance with the provisions of Section 479 of BNSS.
  • States and UTs were instructed to report the status of implementation in a prescribed format starting from January 1, 2025.
• Data to be Reported:
  • First-Time UTPs: Number of first-time UTPs who have served one-third of their maximum sentence.
  • Court Applications: Number of applications for bail filed by jail superintendents.
  • Release on Bail: Number of UTPs released on bond or bail after meeting the eligibility criteria.
  • Other UTPs: Number of UTPs who have completed half of their sentence, and the number of applications filed for their release.
• MHA’s Campaign:
  • Launched on Constitution Day (November 26), this campaign encouraged states and UTs to identify eligible prisoners and file their bail applications, thus helping to reduce overcrowding in prisons and mitigate long-term detention.

Background and Context

• Why Section 479?
  • Section 479 aims to reduce the prolonged detention of undertrials, some of whom may have already served significant portions of their maximum sentences. This will not only alleviate overcrowding in prisons but also expedite justice for prisoners who have spent extended periods in jail awaiting trial.
• Earlier MHA Initiatives:
  • Prior to this directive, the MHA had issued an advisory on October 16, 2024, encouraging states and UTs to implement Section 479. A special push was also made during Constitution Day to move applications for the release of eligible prisoners.
• Expected Outcome:
  • The measures are expected to significantly ease the challenges of overcrowded jails and provide timely relief to undertrials, especially first-time offenders. By enforcing these provisions, the government seeks to improve the judicial process for UTPs and contribute to a more effective and humane criminal justice system.

In News:

• The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has deployed the Open Data Kit (ODK) platform to enhance transparency in government spending and improve accountability in the delivery of government schemes.
• The toolkit is being used for designing, collecting, and managing data relevant to audits.

Key Highlights:

Objective:

• Enhance transparency in public spending.
• Improve accountability in government schemes and projects.
• Collect real-time beneficiary feedback to aid audit planning and identify areas needing additional review.

Key Features:

• End-to-end encryption: Ensures secure data management.
• Integration with CAG’s Operating System (OIOS): Facilitates seamless analysis and management of data.
• Multi-language support: Allows for surveys in multiple languages, making it more accessible to diverse beneficiaries.
• User-friendly interface: Simplifies the design and management of data collection processes for auditors.

Usage and Applications:

• Beneficiary surveys are a key tool for gathering data, helping CAG identify problem areas in government schemes.
• The ODK toolkit was recently deployed in audits of AIIMS institutions in Mangalagiri (Guntur) and Bibinagar (Hyderabad) to assess patient satisfaction and gather evidence for performance reviews.

Working Process:

• Surveys are designed on the ODK platform and deployed to beneficiaries.
• Data is collected in real-time and analyzed using the OIOS system to generate actionable insights for audits.
• Beneficiary feedback is used to evaluate scheme delivery and improve efficiency.

Significance:

• Facilitates data-driven decision-making in audits, ensuring that audits are more transparent and evidence-based.
• Improves the citizen-centric evaluation of government schemes by gathering direct feedback from beneficiaries.
• Enhances the performance review of key institutions like AIIMS, contributing to better service delivery.

• The introduction of the ODK toolkit is part of the CAG’s efforts to use digital tools for better governance and accountability in the public sector. This also aligns with the growing trend of using technology for governance and auditing.

In News:

• The Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG) has issued the guidelines for the 28th National e-Governance Awards (NAeG) 2025.
• Nominations for the awards can be submitted online via the official portal: www.nceg.gov.in.

Key Highlights:

• Award Categories: Nominations for the awards can be submitted under the following six categories:
  • Government Process Re-engineering: Digital transformation through the use of technology to improve government processes.
  • Innovation by Use of AI and New Age Technologies: Fostering citizen-centric services via artificial intelligence and other modern technologies.
  • Best e-Gov Practices in Cyber Security: Recognizing excellence in e-Governance practices focused on cybersecurity.
  • Grassroot Level Initiatives: Initiatives at the Districts, ULBs (Urban Local Bodies), or Gram Panchayats that deepen service delivery.
  • Replication and Scaling Up of Successful Projects: Projects awarded in the past (such as NAeG or Prime Minister’s Awards) that have been successfully replicated or scaled.
  • Digital Transformation using Data Analytics: Projects that leverage data analytics on digital platforms for enhancing governance.
• Eligibility: The awards are open to Central Ministries/Departments, State Governments, District Collectors, Research Institutions, and other relevant entities.
• Award Details:
  • The NAeG 2025 will feature 16 awards:
    • 10 Gold Awards.
    • 6 Silver Awards.
• Incentives:
  • Gold Award winners will receive a Trophy, Certificate, and an incentive of Rs 10 lakh.
  • Silver Award winners will receive a Trophy, Certificate, and an incentive of Rs 5 lakh.
  • The incentive will be used for further implementation of the awarded projects or bridging resource gaps in public welfare.
• Objective: The goal of the National Awards for e-Governance is to recognize and promote excellence in the implementation of e-Governance initiatives and digital transformation efforts across India.

In News:

The Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM CARES Fund) received Rs 912 crore in contributions during the financial year 2022-23 as donations continued to pour in even after the Covid pandemic.

Key Highlights:

Contributions Received:

• Total contributions in 2022-23: Rs 912 crore.
  • Voluntary contributions: Rs 909.64 crore.
  • Foreign contributions: Rs 2.57 crore.

Interest Income:

• Total interest income for 2022-23: Rs 170.38 crore.
  • From regular accounts: Rs 154 crore.
  • From foreign contributions account: Rs 16.07 crore.

Refunds and Additional Inflows:

• Rs 225 crore in refunds, including:
  • Rs 202 crore refund from procurement of 50,000 ventilators for government hospitals.

Disbursements:

• Total disbursed in 2022-23: Rs 439 crore:
  • Rs 346 crore for PM CARES for Children.
  • Rs 91.87 crore for procurement of 99,986 oxygen concentrators.
  • Rs 1.51 crore for refunds.
  • Rs 24,000 for legal charges, and Rs 278 for bank and SMS charges.

Cumulative Contributions (2019-23):

• Rs 13,605 crore received from 2019-20 to 2022-23.
  • Voluntary contributions: Rs 13,067 crore.
  • Foreign contributions: Rs 538 crore.
• Interest income over these years: Rs 565 crore.

About PM CARES Fund:

Formation and Purpose:

• Established: March 27, 2020, as a Public Charitable Trust under the Registration Act, 1908.
• Purpose: To address emergencies like COVID-19, natural disasters, and man-made calamities. It also supports healthcare infrastructure and essential facilities.

Governance and Structure:

• Chairperson: The Prime Minister (ex-officio).
• Trustees: Defence, Home, and Finance Ministers (ex-officio).
• Additional Trustees: Appointed by the PM, serving on a non-profit basis (e.g., Justice K T Thomas (retd.) and Kariya Munda).

Tax Exemptions:

• Donations are eligible for 100% tax exemption under Section 80G of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
• Donations qualify as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) expenditure under the Companies Act, 2013.
• The fund is exempt under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA), allowing it to receive foreign donations.

In News:

• The Delhi government is reassessing the proposal to permit conjugal visits for prisoners, following the suspension of a similar initiative in Punjab.
• Delhi Chief Minister has sought further input from the Law Department and explored if similar schemes are implemented in other states.

Conjugal Visits - Definition & Context:

• Conjugal visits involve allowing prisoners to spend private time with their legal partners or spouses, including intimate relations, within prison premises.
• No national policy exists in India for conjugal rights of prisoners, leading to varied implementations across states.

Punjab’s Pilot Project - ‘Parivar Mulakat’:

• Ludhiana Central Jail introduced the 'Parivar Mulakat' programme in September 2022, allowing face-to-face meetings with family in designated rooms.
• The initiative was suspended shortly after its launch due to security concerns, particularly difficulty in conducting thorough body checks on visitors.

Challenges in Delhi:

• Overcrowded prisons in Delhi make it challenging to manage the logistical demands of conjugal visits, especially with up to 1,200 daily visitations.
• The Home Department has received proposals but no progress has been made over the past year.

Legal Precedents on Conjugal Rights:

• Punjab and Haryana High Court (2014) ruled that prisoners have a right to conjugal visits to facilitate procreation.
• Madras High Court (2018) allowed a life convict on parole for conjugal relations, and in 2023, a judge called for similar considerations for Tamil Nadu.

Human Rights Argument:

• Advocates argue that denying conjugal visits to prisoners violates basic human rights of both prisoners and their spouses, particularly those aged 21-50, who are often in sexually active years.
• Amit Sahni, a social activist, filed a PIL highlighting that most prisoners in Delhi are denied conjugal rights despite their eligibility.

Government’s Position:

• Delhi DG (Prisons) had argued that temporary leave such as parole and furlough serve the purpose of family ties, questioning the need for conjugal visits within prison.

Need for Legal Framework:

• Legal experts suggest the creation of a law and policy framework to regulate conjugal visits, ensuring clear guidelines for their implementation.
• S.D. Singh, a Supreme Court advocate, emphasized that conjugal visits should be legally recognized as a right, requiring formal legislation for consistent implementation.

Future Considerations:

• The Delhi government’s reassessment may lead to a policy that considers both human rights and security concerns in its decision on conjugal visits.

In News

Justice V. Ramasubramanian, a retired Supreme Court judge, has been appointed as the new chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). This decision was made by President Droupadi Murmu, and it comes following the completion of Justice Arun Kumar Mishra's tenure as NHRC chairperson in June 2023. After Justice Mishra's retirement, Vijaya Bharathi Sayani served as the acting chairperson. Alongside Justice Ramasubramanian, Priyank Kanoongo and Dr. Justice Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi (Retd.) have also been appointed as members of the commission.

Justice Ramasubramanian had been appointed a judge of the Supreme Court in September 2019 and retired in June 2023. His appointment to the NHRC is seen as a significant development for human rights advocacy and protection in India.

National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

Establishment and Legal Framework

• Formation Date: The NHRC was established on October 12, 1993, under the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993.
• Paris Principles: It was created in alignment with the Paris Principles (1991), which were endorsed by the UN General Assembly in 1993, aimed at setting standards for national human rights institutions.
• Statutory Body: NHRC is a statutory body, meaning it is established by law, with a primary function to safeguard human rights in India.

Objectives

The NHRC's primary objective is to promote and protect human rights as defined in Section 2(1)(d) of the PHRA, which include fundamental rights such as:

• Right to Life
• Right to Liberty
• Right to Equality
• Right to Dignity

These rights are guaranteed by the Indian Constitution and are essential to the protection of individuals' freedoms and welfare.

Composition of NHRC

• Chairperson: A former Chief Justice of India or a former Supreme Court judge serves as the chairperson.
• Members:
  • One former or sitting Supreme Court judge.
  • One former or sitting Chief Justice of a High Court.
  • Three members, with at least one woman, who have experience in human rights matters.
• Ex-Officio Members: The chairpersons of various National Commissions (e.g., SC/ST, Women, Minorities) and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities are also part of the NHRC.

Functions and Powers

The NHRC has several crucial functions and powers to ensure the protection and promotion of human rights:

• Inquiry into Human Rights Violations: The commission can inquire into violations of human rights by public servants or negligence in protecting rights.
• Recommendations: It can make recommendations on how to protect, promote, and effectively implement human rights within India.
• Review of Laws: NHRC assesses various laws, treaties, and international instruments related to human rights.
• Research and Awareness: It promotes research, publications, and awareness about human rights issues, including educating the public about their rights and safeguards.
• Inspection of Institutions: NHRC has the authority to visit and inspect institutions such as jails, detention centers, and other places of confinement to ensure the humane treatment of individuals.

Overview:

The 72nd Plenary of the North Eastern Council (NEC), concluded in Agartala, Tripura, marking the second time the city hosted this significant event since 2008. The plenary featured a series of high-level discussions focused on accelerating development and addressing the socio-economic challenges of the North Eastern Region (NER), which includes Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura.

Key Highlights:

• Pre-Plenary Technical Sessions: Central ministries presented their developmental agendas for the NER, charting a path forward for the region's growth and addressing key challenges.
• Main Plenary:
  • Presiding Officers: The session was chaired by the Union Home Minister and NEC Chairman, Shri Amit Shah, along with DoNER Minister, Shri Jyotiraditya M. Scindia, and Minister of State, Dr. Sukanta Majumdar.
  • Participants: Governors, Chief Ministers, Chief Secretaries, Planning Secretaries, and high-ranking officials from all eight northeastern states will engage in strategic discussions to foster regional development.
• Agartala as Host:
  • Agartala's selection as the venue signifies the evolving role of the city in regional development, as plenary sessions are usually held in Shillong and Guwahati.
• Significance of the NEC:
  • The North Eastern Council (NEC), established in 1971, plays a pivotal role in the socio-economic development of the region. It was initially an advisory body but has evolved into a regional planning agency with a larger mandate.
  • The NEC has contributed significantly to the development of critical infrastructure in the region, such as over 11,500 kilometers of roads, power generation through NEEPCO, and educational institutions like RIMS.
• Prime Minister's Vision for the NER:
  • The Prime Minister’s vision for the region revolves around recognizing it as 'Ashta Lakshmi'—symbolizing immense potential and cultural richness. The NEC is central to realizing this vision through initiatives like the PM-DevINE scheme.

Key Achievements of the NEC:

• Over 11,500 kilometers of road construction, improving regional connectivity.
• Increased power generation capacity via projects managed by NEEPCO.
• Established institutions like the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) and others that cater to regional educational and technical needs.

Recent Focus and Shift in Governance:

• In the 72nd Plenary, the Union Home Minister highlighted a shift in the focus of police forces in northeastern states, urging them to focus not just on insurgency control but on ensuring the constitutional rights of citizens, reflecting a new governance phase in the region.

In News:

Recently, the Parliamentary Standing Committee (PSC) on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj highlighted several issues within the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). The committee recommended reforms to address these challenges, especially concerning wage rates, workdays, payment systems, and infrastructure.

Key Challenges in MGNREGS Implementation:

• Wages Not Aligned with Inflation:
  • MGNREGA wage rates have failed to keep pace with inflation, diminishing the purchasing power of rural workers. This discourages workers from completing the full 100 workdays.
  • The wage guarantee of 100 days per household often falls short, especially during times of natural calamities or post-pandemic recovery.
• Revision of Permissible Works:
  • The list of allowable work under MGNREGA is outdated and doesn't cover all rural needs, such as flood protection or land erosion management. Delayed revisions limit its effectiveness in addressing region-specific challenges.
• Delayed Payment of Wages:
  • Issues like Aadhaar-based payment system (ABPS) glitches, inactive Aadhaar details, or frozen bank accounts often lead to delayed wage payments.
  • The delay in wages undermines the scheme's goal of providing livelihood support.
• Unemployment Allowance:
  • Those who apply for work but are not provided employment within 15 days are entitled to a daily unemployment allowance. However, this allowance is rarely paid, and when it is, the amounts are insufficient.
• Weak Social Audits:
  • Social audits are a vital mechanism to ensure transparency and accountability. However, in the 2020-21 fiscal year, only 29,611 Gram Panchayats out of a total were audited, pointing to the weak social audit system.
• Lack of Ombudsman:
  • Despite the provision for 715 ombudsmen, only 263 have been appointed. This reduces the oversight and accountability of the scheme.

Recommendations for MGNREGS Reform by the PSC:

• Revision of Wage Rates:
  • Link MGNREGA wages to an inflation index, ensuring wages reflect the rising cost of living in rural areas.
  • The base year (2009-2010) should be updated to align with current inflation trends.
• Increase Days of Work:
  • The PSC recommended increasing the guaranteed workdays from 100 to 150 days. This will provide better livelihood security, especially in times of economic distress.
• Improvement in Payment Mechanisms:
  • The committee recommended maintaining alternative payment systems alongside ABPS to prevent wage delays.
  • A streamlined process should be put in place to ensure timely wage disbursement, reducing bureaucratic hurdles.
• National Mobile Monitoring System (NMMS):
  • The committee stressed the importance of training programs to help beneficiaries effectively use the NMMS.
  • It also suggested retaining alternative attendance methods to avoid exclusion due to technological barriers. NMMS helps enhance transparency and accountability by tracking attendance and work progress.
• Sufficient Fund Allocation:
  • The committee emphasized the need for adequate financial allocations for MGNREGS to make it more effective in providing livelihood security to rural households.

Additional Context and Statistics:

• In 2024-25, the average wage increase under MGNREGA was just Rs 28/day.
• The MGNREGA wage increase for 2023-24 ranged from 2%-10%.
• The Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labour (CPI-AL) is used to determine wage rates, although Dr. Nagesh Singh Committee (2017) recommended using the CPI Rural instead.

About the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development & Panchayati Raj (PSC):

• Established: August 5, 2004.
• Jurisdiction: The committee oversees the Ministry of Rural Development and the Ministry of Panchayati Raj.
• Composition: 31 members – 21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha.
• Functions:
  • Reviews Demands for Grants and reports.
  • Examines Bills referred by the Speaker or Chairman.
  • Reviews the annual reports of relevant ministries.
  • Considers national policy documents.

About MGNREGA:

• Launched: 2005 by the Ministry of Rural Development.
• Objective: Provides 100 days of unskilled manual work at minimum wages for rural households annually.
• Key Features:
  • Legal Guarantee: Work must be provided within 15 days of request.
  • Unemployment Allowance: If work isn't provided within 15 days, beneficiaries are entitled to a daily allowance.
  • Women-Focused: At least one-third of beneficiaries are women.
  • Social Audits: Mandated by the Gram Sabha for all projects under the scheme.

In News:

The government has recently taken steps to implement "One Nation, One Election" by presenting two Constitution Amendment Bills in the Lok Sabha: the One Nation One Election – The Constitution 129th Amendment Bill 2024 and the Union Territories Laws Amendment Bill 2024.

Introduction to the Concept:

• Objective: Proposes synchronizing elections for Lok Sabha (national) and State Legislative Assemblies to be held on the same day.
• Purpose: Aims to reduce costs, minimize logistical challenges, and address governance disruptions caused by frequent elections.
• 2024 Report: The High-Level Committee Report on Simultaneous Elections, released in December 2024, outlines a roadmap for implementing this reform.

Historical Background:

• Previous Practice: From 1951 to 1967, Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections were conducted together.
• Disruptions: The practice was interrupted due to premature dissolutions and emergencies, leading to staggered elections across India.

High-Level Committee on Simultaneous Elections:

• Committee Formation: Headed by former President Ram Nath Kovind, formed on 2nd September 2023.
• Public Response: Over 21,500 responses, with 80% in favor.
• Political Party Responses: 32 political parties supported the idea, while 15 raised concerns about regional party marginalization.
• Expert Consultations: Majority of experts supported the reform, emphasizing resource optimization and reduced disruptions.

Committee Recommendations:

• Constitutional Amendments: Proposals to amend Articles 82A and 324A to enable simultaneous elections.
• Two-Phase Implementation:
  • Phase 1: Synchronize elections for Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
  • Phase 2: Include Municipalities and Panchayats within 100 days.
• Single Electoral Roll: Creation of a unified electoral roll and EPIC for all levels of elections, reducing duplication and errors.

Rationale for Simultaneous Elections:

• Governance Consistency: Reduces focus on election preparation, allowing more attention to developmental work.
• Prevents Policy Paralysis: Mitigates disruptions caused by the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) during frequent elections.
• Resource Optimization: Reduces the need for personnel and resources for election duties, allowing better allocation to governance tasks.
• Preserves Regional Party Relevance: Local issues remain prioritized, ensuring regional parties' concerns are heard.
• Equitable Political Opportunities: Encourages diversification and inclusivity within political parties.
• Financial Benefits: Reduces the financial burden of conducting multiple elections, enhancing economic efficiency.

Conclusion:

• The concept of "One Nation, One Election" is a significant reform aimed at streamlining India's electoral processes. With broad public and political support, it promises improved governance, cost savings, and better resource management in the future.

In News:

The One Nation, One Election Bill has made significant progress in India, passing the Lok Sabha with 269 votes in favor and 198 votes against. The bill proposes the synchronization of elections for the Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and local bodies (Panchayats and Municipalities), aiming to streamline the electoral process, reduce costs, and enhance governance.

Key Updates:

• The bill has been approved by the Union Cabinet and will be reviewed by a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC), whose report will be presented for further approval and discussion in Parliament.
• The process will unfold in two phases:
  • Phase 1: Simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
  • Phase 2: Synchronizing local body elections (Panchayats and Municipalities) within 100 days of the general elections.

Historical Context:

• 1951-1967: India previously conducted simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies until disruptions, such as premature dissolutions of assemblies, led to staggered elections after 1967.
• The One Nation One Election concept has been revived to address inefficiencies in the current system, especially the high cost of conducting frequent elections.

Advantages of the One Nation, One Election Bill:

• Cost Reduction: Synchronizing elections can significantly lower the financial burden by eliminating the need for multiple election cycles, reducing the deployment of resources like security personnel and election staff.
• Long-Term Governance Focus: Politicians can prioritize governance and policy implementation rather than election campaigning, fostering long-term stability.
• Increased Voter Turnout: Voter fatigue, caused by frequent elections, may reduce, leading to higher turnout as elections occur less often.
• Fairer Political Competition: Smaller regional parties could have a better chance to compete with larger national parties by reducing election-related costs.
• Efficient Use of Resources: Security forces and administrative resources can be deployed more effectively, avoiding the redundancy caused by multiple election cycles.

Disadvantages of the One Nation, One Election Bill:

• Synchronization Challenges: Aligning elections across a vast and diverse country like India, especially in states with unstable political situations, may prove difficult.
• Federalism Concerns: The implementation may require constitutional changes that could impact India's federal structure, potentially limiting the autonomy of states in election matters.
• Impact on Regional Issues: National issues could overshadow regional concerns, diluting the focus on state-specific matters.
• Challenges for Regional Parties: Larger national parties may dominate the electoral landscape, reducing the influence of regional parties and undermining the federal nature of the political system.
• Accountability Risks: Fixed terms without frequent elections might reduce public scrutiny of elected officials, affecting their accountability.

Constitutional Amendments Required:

The implementation of One Nation, One Election requires amendments to several key constitutional provisions:

• Article 83: Regarding the duration of the Lok Sabha, amendments are needed to synchronize the timing of dissolution.
• Article 85: Deals with the sessions and dissolution of Parliament, which needs to be aligned with the new system.
• Article 172: Pertains to the duration of State Legislatures, requiring amendments for synchronization.
• Article 174: Similar to Article 85, it governs the sessions and dissolution of State Legislatures, needing standardization.

Implementation Challenges:

• Logistical Complexity: Conducting simultaneous elections would require immense logistical coordination, including vast numbers of electronic voting machines and trained personnel.
• Political Accountability: Fixed terms may reduce the accountability that frequent elections bring, potentially leading to governance stagnation.
• Impact on Federalism: Amendments to the Constitution regarding state legislatures might face resistance from states concerned about their autonomy.

In News:

The Railways (Amendment) Bill, 2024 was passed in the Lok Sabha on December 20, 2024, aiming to enhance the functioning and autonomy of Indian Railways.

Key Provisions:

• Repeal of the Indian Railway Board Act, 1905: The Bill repeals the 1905 Act and incorporates its provisions into the Railways Act, 1989, simplifying the legal framework by reducing the need to refer to two separate laws.
• Statutory Backing for Railway Board: The Bill provides statutory backing to the Railway Board, which previously lacked such a legal mandate. It grants the Union government the authority to determine the number of members, their qualifications, terms, and conditions of service.
• Decentralization of Power: The Bill aims to decentralize decision-making, granting greater autonomy to regional railway zones. This shift will allow more independence in budgeting, infrastructure projects, and recruitment, addressing long-standing calls for improved regional empowerment.
• Independent Regulator: The Bill proposes the creation of an independent regulator for overseeing tariffs, safety, and private sector participation. This idea has been supported by previous expert committees to encourage greater competition and transparency in the sector.
• Fast-Tracking Infrastructure and Services: The Bill will streamline approvals for new train services and infrastructure projects, helping meet demands from underserved regions, particularly in states like Bihar.

Objectives:

• Modernization of the Legal Framework: By incorporating the provisions of the 1905 Act into the 1989 Act, the Bill aims to simplify and modernize the legal architecture governing the railways.
• Empowerment of Railway Zones: Autonomy for railway zones is seen as a key step towards improving efficiency and accountability in operations.
• Private Sector Participation: The establishment of an independent regulator is expected to promote private participation in the railway sector, aligning with international standards.

Historical Context:

• The Indian Railways Act, 1890 established the foundations for Indian Railways as a government entity, which was further refined with the Indian Railway Board Act, 1905.
• This Bill aligns with recommendations from previous committees, including the Sreedharan Committee (2014) and the Committee on Restructuring Railways (2015), which have called for greater decentralization and autonomy for railway zones, as well as an independent regulatory body.

Challenges and Proposed Reforms:

• Financial Sustainability: The railways face challenges such as high operating costs, particularly from salaries and pensions, and losses in the passenger segment. Suggestions to improve finances include rationalizing passenger fares, enhancing freight revenue, and attracting private investment in infrastructure.
• Efficient Freight Operations: The Bill also addresses concerns about network congestion, especially for freight operations, and aims to increase the competitiveness of freight transport by improving infrastructure and reducing cross-subsidies from passenger fares.

Recommendations of various Committees on reforming the Railways

Regulatory Structure for Railway Sector

• Set up independent regulator to fix tariffs, promote competition, and protect consumer interests

Organisational structure of Indian Railways

• Corporatisation of Indian Railways
• Reorganise Railway Board to reflect a corporate business structure
• Envision the Railway Board as a policymaker alone
• Provide zones with full financial autonomy

Operations

• Separate core and non-core business (hospitals, schools, catering and security) of the Railways
• Permit private participation in some railway operations

Finances 

• Clearly define social obligations and commercial business roles
• Restructure accounting procedure to reflect zone and route-wise profit and loss statements6,7,9
• Develop PPP models to attract private participation in: (i) developing and maintaining stations/ terminals, (ii) leasing of wagons, (iii) freight train operations, (iv) manufacturing of rolling stock, and (v) running non-core business operations
• Monetise railway assets
• Rationalise passenger tariffs

Regulatory Structure for Railway Sector

• Set up independent regulator to fix tariffs, promote competition, and protect consumer interests

Organisational structure of Indian Railways

• Corporatisation of Indian Railways
• Reorganise Railway Board to reflect a corporate business structure
• Envision the Railway Board as a policymaker alone
• Provide zones with full financial autonomy

Operations

• Separate core and non-core business (hospitals, schools, catering and security) of the Railways
• Permit private participation in some railway operations

Finances 

• Clearly define social obligations and commercial business roles
• Restructure accounting procedure to reflect zone and route-wise profit and loss statements6,7,9
• Develop PPP models to attract private participation in: (i) developing and maintaining stations/ terminals, (ii) leasing of wagons, (iii) freight train operations, (iv) manufacturing of rolling stock, and (v) running non-core business operations
• Monetise railway assets
• Rationalise passenger tariffs

In News:

Human Rights Day 2024 celebrated every year on 10th December is dedicated to promote protection of fundamental rights and freedom of all individuals.

Key Highlights:

• Purpose: Promote and protect human rights and freedoms worldwide.
• Theme (2024): “Our Rights, Our Future, Right Now” – highlights the importance of immediate action to protect and uphold human rights globally.

Historical Significance:

• Commemorates: The adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the UN General Assembly in 1948.
• UN Resolution: Established by UN Resolution 423 (V) in 1950.
• First Observance: December 10, 1950.
• Father of Human Rights Day: Eleanor Roosevelt, for her pivotal role in drafting the UDHR.

Key Highlights:

• The UDHR:
  • Adopted in 1948, it defines fundamental human rights for all individuals.
  • Comprises 30 articles, addressing rights such as freedom, equality, and access to education, healthcare, and fair employment.
• Role of the UN: UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC): A body under the UN responsible for monitoring and promoting human rights worldwide, comprising 47 member states.
• Human Rights Day Focus in 2024:
  • Emphasizes human rights education, particularly among the youth.
  • Addresses emerging challenges like cybercrimes, AI impacts, and climate change.
  • Reaffirms the importance of safeguarding human dignity globally.

Human Rights Declared by UDHR:

1. Right to freedom and equality
2. Right to life, liberty, and security
3. Freedom from slavery and torture
4. Right to recognition before the law
5. Equal protection under the law
6. Right to a fair trial
7. Right to privacy and protection from attacks
8. Right to work and fair employment
9. Right to rest and leisure
10. Right to education
11. Right to an adequate standard of living
12. Right to participate in government and cultural activities

In News:

The National Panchayat Awards 2024 celebrated the remarkable contributions of 45 Panchayats from across India for their role in driving sustainable and inclusive development in rural areas. The awards were presented on 11th December 2024 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, with President Smt. Droupadi Murmu and Union Minister of Panchayati Raj Shri Rajiv Ranjan Singh (Lalan Singh) presiding over the event.

Key Highlights:

• Categories of Awards: The awards focus on rural governance, social inclusion, environmental sustainability, and the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through Localization of SDGs (LSDGs).
  • Deen Dayal Upadhyay Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar (DDUPSVP): Recognizes top-performing Gram Panchayats across 9 thematic areas like health, water, sanitation, and governance.
  • Nanaji Deshmukh Sarvottam Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar: Awarded to the best Panchayats based on overall excellence across all LSDG themes.
  • Gram Urja Swaraj Vishesh Panchayat Puraskar: Honors Panchayats for contributions to renewable energy.
  • Carbon Neutral Vishesh Panchayat Puraskar: Awarded to Panchayats achieving net-zero carbon emissions.
  • Panchayat Kshamta Nirmaan Sarvottam Sansthan Puraskar: Recognizes institutions supporting Panchayats in implementing LSDGs.
• Notable Achievements:
  • Women’s Leadership: 42% of the award-winning Panchayats were led by women.
  • States with Top Performers: States like Tripura, Odisha, and Maharashtra were prominently recognized for their achievements, especially in sustainability efforts like carbon neutrality and renewable energy adoption.
  • Prize Distribution: A total of ?46 crore was awarded to the 45 winners, with funds directly transferred to their accounts.

Objectives:

The National Panchayat Awards aim to:

• Promote rural development through effective Panchayat governance.
• Encourage competition among Panchayats for improving public services and infrastructure.
• Recognize excellence in implementing sustainable development practices.

Key Themes of the Awards:

The awards are aligned with 9 LSDG themes that contribute to achieving 17 SDGs:

1. Poverty-Free and Enhanced Livelihoods
2. Healthy Panchayat
3. Child-Friendly Panchayat
4. Water-Sufficient Panchayat
5. Clean and Green Panchayat
6. Self-Sufficient Infrastructure
7. Socially Just and Secured Panchayat
8. Panchayat with Good Governance
9. Women-Friendly Panchayat

The National Panchayat Awards 2024 underscore the significant role of Panchayats in shaping rural India by focusing on inclusive and sustainable development. The awards also promote the importance of localized governance in achieving SDGs, encouraging other Panchayats to adopt best practices and contribute to India's overall development goals.

In News:

The Government is preparing to introduce several significant bills aimed at driving much-needed reforms in the shipping industry. Key among them are the Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024 and the Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024, both of which promise to bring transformative changes to boost the sector.

Context and Need for Reforms:

• Outdated Framework: The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958, and the Coasting Vessels Act, 1838, fail to address the current needs of the shipping sector, particularly offshore vessels.
• Regulatory Gaps: Inadequate regulation of offshore vessels, maritime training institutions, and welfare provisions for seafarers on foreign-flagged ships.
• Global Alignment: Need to align with international maritime conventions and modernize administration for competitiveness and better governance.
• Investment and Growth: Outdated laws hinder foreign investment and ease of doing business, necessitating a regulatory overhaul.

Key Features of the Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024:

• Ease of Vessel Registration:
  • Reduces ownership threshold for Indian entities from 100% to 51%, enabling NRIs, OCIs, and foreign entities to invest.
  • Facilitates registration of vessels chartered by Indian entities under the "bareboat charter-cum-demise" system, promoting capital-deficient entrepreneurs.
  • Temporary registration provisions for vessels destined for demolition, boosting India's ship recycling industry.
• Expansion of Vessel Scope:
  • Broadens the definition of "vessel" to include all types of mechanized and non-mechanized crafts, such as submersibles, hydrofoils, and Mobile Offshore Units (MOUs).
  • Ensures comprehensive regulatory oversight, particularly in the offshore sector, enhancing transparency and safety.
• Coastal Security:
  • Strengthens coastal security by empowering authorities to issue instructions to all types of vessels, addressing vulnerabilities highlighted by incidents like the 26/11 Mumbai attacks.
• Marine Pollution Measures:
  • Incorporates global standards like the MARPOL convention to address marine pollution.
  • Introduces measures such as reducing sulphur content in marine fuel and banning single-use plastics on Indian ships.
  • Launch of the ‘Swachh Sagar’ portal to ensure proper disposal of ship-generated waste.
• Seafarer Welfare:
  • Expands welfare provisions to include Indian seafarers working on foreign-flagged ships, offering protections under the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC).
  • Ensures better working conditions and safety standards for a growing workforce of Indian seafarers abroad.
• Maritime Training Regulations:
  • Establishes a legal framework to regulate maritime training institutions, addressing the rise of unauthorized institutes post-liberalization.
  • Ensures standardized, high-quality education and eliminates fraudulent practices.

Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024:

• Focus on Commercial Utilization of Coastal Waters:
  • Distinguishes between the technical regulation of ships and the commercial utilization of Indian coastal waters.
  • Aims to streamline licensing, operations, and coastal planning, enhancing the integration of inland and coastal shipping.
• Alignment with ‘Sagarmala’ Program: Supports the promotion of coastal shipping through better infrastructure and connectivity, in line with the government's ‘Sagarmala’ initiative, which boosts port connectivity and coastal trade.

International Conventions India Has Ratified:

• MARPOL: Focuses on preventing ship-based pollution.
• Maritime Labour Convention (MLC): Protects seafarers' rights and ensures fair working conditions.
• Bunker Convention: Addresses liability for oil pollution damage.
• Wreck Removal Convention: Mandates safe removal of shipwrecks.
• Civil Liability Convention: Establishes liability for oil pollution incidents.

Significance of the Reforms:

• Modernized Framework: Aligns India’s maritime laws with global standards for enhanced competitiveness.
• Economic Growth: Encourages foreign investment and entry into the shipping sector by removing regulatory barriers.
• Environmental Sustainability: Focus on combating marine pollution and ensuring sustainable shipping practices.
• Enhanced Safety and Security: Strengthens coastal security and ensures stringent safety regulations for vessels.
• Seafarers’ Welfare: Extends benefits and protections to Indian seafarers working globally, ensuring better working conditions.
• Maritime Education: Provides a robust regulatory framework to ensure high-quality, standardized maritime training.

In News:

• The Coimbatore District Collector, granted community and individual forest rights under the Forest Rights Act, 2006, to tribal settlements in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR) on December 6, 2024.These rights were handed over to three tribal settlements and 14 families at a function in Coimbatore.

Key Highlights:

• Community Forest Rights:
  • Three tribal settlements in ATR—Nagaroothu I, Nagaroothu II, and Chinnarpathi—were granted community rights.
  • These rights allow the settlements to collect forest produce excluding timber, such as mango, amla, honey, tamarind, and grass for making brooms.

• Individual Forest Rights:
  • Individual rights were granted to 14 families from the Old Sarkarpathy tribal settlement.
  • The families had requested these rights for traditional cultivation practices passed down by their ancestors.
  • The individual rights were approved after the recommendation of a sub-divisional committee and scrutiny by a district-level committee.

• About the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006:
  • Purpose: The FRA was enacted to address historical injustices faced by forest-dwelling communities and ensure their livelihood and food security.
  • Key Provisions:
    • Individual Rights: Self-cultivation, habitation, and in-situ rehabilitation.
    • Community Rights: Access to grazing, fishing, water bodies in forests, and protection of traditional knowledge and customary rights.
  • Eligibility: Rights can be claimed by any community or individual who has lived in the forest for at least three generations (75 years) before December 13, 2005.
  • Critical Wildlife Habitats: The Act mandates that critical wildlife habitats in national parks and sanctuaries remain inviolate for wildlife conservation.

• Authorities Involved in Vesting Forest Rights:
  • Gram Sabha: Initiates the process for determining the nature and extent of rights.
  • Sub-Divisional Level Committee: Examines resolutions passed by the Gram Sabha.
  • District Level Committee: Grants final approval for forest rights.

• Challenges with Forest Rights Implementation:
  • The Xaxa Committee pointed out several challenges in the implementation of the FRA, such as:
    • Arbitrary rejection of claims.
    • Lack of deadlines for claims processing.
    • Unaddressed rights of communities displaced by development projects.

• About Anamalai Tiger Reserve:
  • Located in the Anamalai Hills of Pollachi and Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, at an altitude of 1,400 meters.
  • Established as a tiger reserve in 2007, it is surrounded by multiple protected areas like the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, and Eravikulam National Park.

• Biodiversity in Anamalai Tiger Reserve:
  • Habitats: The reserve contains wet evergreen forests, semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, dry deciduous forests, and unique habitats like montane grasslands and marshy grasslands.
  • Flora: The reserve is home to around 2,500 species of angiosperms, including species like balsam, orchids, and wild relatives of cultivated crops such as mango, jackfruit, cardamom, and pepper.
  • Fauna: It supports various wildlife species, including tigers, Asiatic elephants, sambars, spotted deer, leopards, jackals, and jungle cats.

In News:

Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North East Region (PM-DevINE) was announced as a new Central Sector scheme, with 100% Central funding in the Union Budget 2022-23 with initial outlay of Rs.1500 crore.

PM-DevINE Scheme:

• Launched in 2022 as a Central Sector scheme, with 100% Central funding.
• Initial outlay: Rs. 1500 crore in the Union Budget 2022-23.
• Total outlay: Rs. 6600 crore for the period from FY 2022-23 to FY 2025-2026, approved by the Union Cabinet on 12 October 2022.
• Objectives:
  • Fund infrastructure projects in the spirit of PM Gati Shakti.
  • Support social development projects tailored to the felt needs of the NER.
  • Enable livelihood opportunities for youth and women.
  • Address development gaps in various sectors.
• 35 projects worth Rs. 4857.11 crore have been sanctioned under the scheme up to 30 November 2024, including 7 projects from the Union Budget 2022-23.

Industrialization Initiatives:

• North East Industrial Development Scheme (NEIDS):
  • Launched on 1 April 2017, ended on 31 March 2022.
  • Aimed at promoting industrialization in the NER.
• UNNATI Scheme:
  • Launched on 9 March 2024 for enhancing regional infrastructure and promoting industrial growth.
  • Provides specific incentives to industries, including:
    • Capital Investment Incentive.
    • Capital Interest Subvention.
    • Manufacturing & Services Linked Incentive.

Budgetary Allocation for NER Development:

• Non-exempt Union Ministries/Departments are mandated to allocate at least 10% of their annual Gross Budgetary Allocation towards NER development.
• Between 2019-20 and 2023-24, these Ministries/Departments have incurred Rs. 3,53,412 crore towards the development of NER.

Role of State Governments and Central Support:The Government of India supplements state efforts with various schemes to promote industrialization and infrastructure development in the NER.

The PM-DevINE scheme, along with initiatives like UNNATI and the allocation of substantial funds by the central government, aims to accelerate the holistic development of NER. These efforts focus on infrastructure, social development, and industrialization, with specific emphasis on youth and women empowerment, ensuring long-term growth and prosperity for the region.

In News:

In a significant move, the Indian Parliament passed the BharatiyaVayuyanVidheyak Bill, 2024 on December 5, 2024, bringing much-needed reforms to the aviation sector. The Bill, which replaces the Aircraft Act of 1934, aims to streamline aviation regulations and improve the ease of doing business in the industry.

Key Highlights of the BharatiyaVayuyanVidheyak Bill, 2024:

• Single-Window Clearance for Aviation Personnel: One of the major changes is the transfer of responsibility for the Radio Telephone Operator Restricted (RTR) certification from the Department of Telecom (DoT) to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). This move consolidates the certification process under a single authority, making it easier for aviation personnel like pilots, engineers, and flight dispatchers to obtain their licenses.
• Regulation of Aircraft Design: The Bill not only retains provisions for regulating aircraft manufacturing, maintenance, and repair, but also introduces new provisions to regulate aircraft design and the places where aircraft are designed.
• Enhanced Penalties for Violations: The Bill specifies severe penalties for violations, such as dangerous flying, carrying prohibited items (like arms or explosives), or littering near airports. Offenders may face imprisonment up to three years, fines up to ?1 crore, or both.
• Introduction of Second Appeal Mechanism: For the first time, the Bill introduces a second appeal process against decisions of regulatory bodies like the DGCA and BCAS, ensuring further scrutiny of decisions related to penalties.
• Improved Licensing Process: The shift of the RTR certification process from the DoT to DGCA aims to curb allegations of corruption associated with the previous system, where candidates often had to pay bribes to clear exams.

Organizational Setup and Authorities:

The Bill outlines the establishment of three key authorities under the Ministry of Civil Aviation:

• DGCA: Responsible for civil aviation safety, licensing, and ensuring compliance with international standards.
• BCAS: Ensures aviation security and develops relevant security measures.
• AAIB: Investigates aviation accidents and incidents.

The central government retains supervision over these bodies, with the power to modify or review their orders.

Criticisms and Concerns:

• Lack of Autonomy for DGCA: The DGCA, unlike independent regulators in other sectors (such as telecom or insurance), operates under direct government supervision. The lack of clear qualifications, selection process, and tenure for the DGCA Director General has raised concerns about the regulator's independence.
• Unilateral Appointment of Arbitrators: The Bill empowers the government to unilaterally appoint an arbitrator in certain cases, which has been criticized for potentially violating the right to equality under Article 14 of the Constitution. The Supreme Court has previously ruled that such unilateral appointments may be unconstitutional.
• Discretionary Criminal Penalties: The central government is granted the discretion to impose criminal penalties for rule violations, which some argue could undermine the principle of separation of powers, as it is the legislature's role to define criminal offenses and penalties.
• Exclusionary Hindi Title: Some critics argue that the Hindi title of the Bill may alienate non-Hindi-speaking populations, which make up a significant portion of India’s demographic.

In News:

The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, is once again in focus, albeit in a context in which its objectives are being ignored. Civil suits questioning the religious character of mosques at Varanasi and Mathura are progressing apace. These developments show that legislation freezing the status of places of worship is inadequate to stop Hindu claimants from making determined legal efforts to achieve their goal of replacing them with temples.

Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991:

• Objective: To preserve the religious character of places of worship as they existed on August 15, 1947, and prevent changes in religious identity.
• Key Provisions:
  • Section 3: Prohibits conversion of a place of worship from one religion to another.
  • Section 4(1): Ensures the religious character remains unchanged from August 15, 1947.
  • Section 4(2): Terminates ongoing or future legal proceedings seeking to alter the religious character of a place of worship.
  • Exemptions:
    • Ayodhya dispute: Exempted, allowing ongoing litigation.
    • Ancient monuments & archaeological sites: Not covered by the Act.
    • Already settled disputes or those agreed upon before the Act came into force.
  • Penalties: Violators can face up to 3 years of imprisonment or fines.
• Criticism: The Act has been challenged for limiting judicial review, imposing a retrospective cutoff date, and restricting religious rights.

Recent Legal Disputes:

• Gyanvapi Mosque (Varanasi):
  • Claim: Hindu worshippers assert the right to worship deities (e.g., Ma Sringar Gauri, Lord Vishweshwar) within the mosque premises.
  • Legal Basis: Claim that the mosque was built over an ancient Hindu temple.
  • Court's Ruling: The court allows the case to proceed, stating that the aim is to assert worship rights, not change the mosque’s status.
  • Archaeological Survey: ASI report confirms the existence of a temple before the mosque’s construction.
  • Key Legal Outcome: The Places of Worship Act does not bar these suits as they aim to ascertain the religious character of the site, not alter it.
• Shahi Idgah Mosque (Mathura):
  • Claim: Hindu groups assert the mosque was built over Lord Krishna’s birthplace.
  • Historical Context: The dispute was settled by a compromise in 1968, which was implemented in 1974, where part of the land was given to the mosque.
  • Current Legal Dispute: New suits challenge the 1968 agreement as ‘fraudulent’ and seek the entire land to be transferred to the deity.
  • Court's Ruling: The Act is not applicable as the 1968 agreement predates the 1991 Act, and the dispute pertains to the compromise, not the religious character.
• Shahi Jama Masjid (Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh):
  • Claim: Allegation that the mosque was built over a Hindu temple (Hari Har Mandir).
  • Survey Request: Petitioners seek a survey to verify the site’s historical and religious character.
  • Legal Context: The mosque is a protected monument under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904.

Key Legal Interpretations:

• Court’s Role: Courts have ruled that the Places of Worship Act does not prohibit suits related to the religious character of a site if they are aimed at determining, not altering, that character.
• Interpretation of ‘Religious Character’: The Allahabad High Court stated that a structure can’t have dual religious character (both Hindu and Muslim), and the religious character of a place must be determined through evidence.

Political and Social Implications:

• Ongoing Controversy: The Gyanvapi and Mathura mosque disputes continue to fuel political and religious debates, as Hindu organizations seek to assert their claims, while mosque committees and Muslim groups resist changes.
• Public and Legal Attention: The legal and political landscape surrounding the Places of Worship Act remains contentious, with several legal suits challenging its applicability.

In News:

At an event celebrating the National Sports Day, The Minister for Youth Affairs & Sports and Labour& Employment launched “Retired Sportsperson Empowerment Training” (RESET) Programme.

Key Highlights:

• Objective:
  • Empower retired athletes through career development.
  • Provide tailored education, internships, and skill enhancement.
  • Address the human resource gap in the sports sector.
• Eligibility Criteria:
  • Retired athletes aged 20-50 years.
  • Winners of international medals or participants in international events.
  • National/state-level medalists or participants in recognized competitions (e.g., National Sports Federations, Indian Olympic Association).
• Courses Offered (16 Courses):

• • Strength & Conditioning Trainer
  • Sports Nutritionist
  • Sports Event Management
  • Corporate Wellness Trainer
  • Sports Masseur
• Sports Entrepreneurship
• Store Manager
• Fitness Centre Manager
• Physical Education Trainer
• Fitness Trainer
• Yoga Trainer
• Venue Supervisor
• Self-Defence Trainer
• Community Sports Trainer
• Camping & Trekking Guide
• Facility Caretaker

• Program Structure:
  • Two levels based on educational qualifications:
    • Class 12 and above
    • Class 11 and below
  • Hybrid learning mode:
    • Self-paced learning via a dedicated portal.
    • On-ground training and internships.
• Internship and Placement:
  • Internships offered in sports organizations, competitions, training camps, and leagues.
  • Post-course placement assistance and entrepreneurial guidance.
• Implementing Agency:Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (LNIPE) for the pilot phase.
• Importance:
  • Provides sustainable career pathways for retired athletes.
  • Utilizes the experience and skills of retired athletes to benefit future generations of athletes.
  • Contributes to the growth of sports and nation-building.
• National Sports Day (29th August):
  • Celebrated in honor of Major Dhyan Chand's birth anniversary.
  • Promotes sports and physical fitness in India.
  • Awards like Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna presented to honor excellence in sports.

In News:

The controversy surrounding the Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh, has intensified following claims that the mosque, built during the Mughal Emperor Babur's reign (1526–1530), was constructed over a Hindu temple, the Hari Har Mandir. This claim has led to legal battles and violent clashes, making it part of a broader series of disputes involving mosques built during the Mughal era, such as the Gyanvapi mosque in Varanasi and the Eidgah Masjid in Mathura.

Background and Legal Context:

The dispute began when a petition was filed in Sambhal's district court on November 19, 2024, claiming the Jama Masjid was built on the site of an ancient temple. The petitioners, led by Hari Shanker Jain, demanded a survey to ascertain the religious character of the site. This petition follows a pattern seen in similar cases in Varanasi, Mathura, and Dhar, where Hindu groups have raised similar claims about mosque sites. The court ordered a photographic and videographic survey of the mosque, which, initially carried out peacefully, later sparked violence on November 24 when the survey was accompanied by chanting crowds. This led to protests, stone pelting, and allegations of police firing, resulting in several deaths.

The Jama Masjid is a protected monument under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904, and is listed as a Monument of National Importance by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). This gives the case legal and cultural sensitivity, as it involves both national heritage and religious sentiments.

Historical and Architectural Context:

The Shahi Jama Masjid in Sambhal was constructed by Mir Hindu Beg, a general under Babur, in the early 16th century. It is one of three mosques commissioned by Babur, alongside those in Panipat and Ayodhya. The mosque is noted for its architectural style, which includes a large square mihrab hall, a dome, and arches, constructed using stone masonry and plaster. Some historians argue that the mosque might be a Tughlaq-era structure modified during Babur's reign. Locally, Hindu tradition holds that the mosque incorporates elements of a Vishnu temple, believed to be the site of Kalki, the tenth avatar of Vishnu.

The Places of Worship Act, 1991:

The dispute has reignited debates about the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, which mandates that the religious character of any place of worship as it existed on August 15, 1947, should be maintained, with the exception of the ongoing Babri Masjid dispute. The Act aims to prevent any further contests regarding religious sites, and Section 3 of the Act explicitly prohibits converting a place of worship into a site of a different religious denomination.

The petition filed in Sambhal seeks to alter the religious character of the mosque, directly contravening the Places of Worship Act. The petitioners have cited remarks by Supreme Court Justice D.Y. Chandrachud in 2022, suggesting that a survey to ascertain the religious character of a place might not violate the Act. This has led to petitions challenging the Act in the Supreme Court, including cases from Varanasi, Mathura, Dhar, and now Sambhal.

The Legal and Social Implications:

The ongoing dispute over the Shahi Jama Masjid highlights the tension between historical narratives, legal frameworks, and communal harmony. The Supreme Court has intervened in the matter, temporarily halting further proceedings in the trial court, urging that the mosque's management committee approach the Allahabad High Court. The Court emphasized the importance of maintaining peace and harmony and cautioned against any actions that could escalate tensions.

The case underscores the challenges of balancing India's rich historical heritage with its diverse religious communities. As the legal process unfolds, the outcome of the Sambhal dispute could set significant precedents for how similar cases are handled in the future.

Conclusion:

The Sambhal mosque dispute, much like the Gyanvapi and Ayodhya cases, brings to the forefront the complex intersections of history, religion, and law. It also raises critical questions about the application of the Places of Worship Act and its implications for preserving India's pluralistic society. The outcome of this case, alongside the pending petitions in other states, will be crucial in shaping the future of religious site disputes in India.

In News:

• It was launched by Dr. Jitendra Singh, the Union Minister of State for Science & Technology, Earth Sciences, PMO, Personnel, Public Grievances, Pensions, Atomic Energy, and Space, along with Shri V. Srinivas, the Secretary of the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG).
• This initiative, conceptualized by DARPG, aims to evaluate and rank central Ministries and Departments based on their grievance redressal mechanisms.

Key Aspects of GRAI 2023:

• Objective: GRAI 2023 was designed to provide a comparative assessment of Ministries and Departments based on their grievance redressal systems. It was created based on recommendations from the Parliamentary Standing Committee of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions.
• Assessment Method: The index evaluates 89 Central Ministries and Departments across four dimensions:efficiency, feedback, domain&organisational Commitment
  • It is calculated using data from the Centralised Public Grievance Redressal and Management System (CPGRAMS) from January to December 2023. Ministries are grouped into three categories based on the number of grievances received in 2023:
    • Group A: Ministries/Departments with more than 10,000 grievances (28 Ministries/Departments)
    • Group B: Ministries/Departments with 2,000 to 9,999 grievances (33 Ministries/Departments)
    • Group C: Ministries/Departments with fewer than 2,000 grievances (28 Ministries/Departments)
  • Top Performers:
    • Group A: The Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare topped the rankings.
    • Group B: The Office of the Comptroller & Auditor General of India led.
    • Group C: The Department of Investment & Public Asset Management ranked first.

927945. Analysis: GRAI 2023 includes an in-depth analysis of the root causes of effective grievance redressal for each Ministry/Department, presented in a color-coded, easily understandable format.

1828154726001450500. Advancements: The report outlines a roadmap for improving grievance redressal, emphasizing:
                     • Utilization of advanced technologies such as AI and Machine Learning (ML) for predictive analytics and data analysis.
                     • The introduction of features like IGMS 2.0 and TreeDashboard within CPGRAMS.
                     • Improved training for Grievance Redressal Officers (GROs) and more rigorous audits to increase accountability.
                     • Expansion of CPGRAMS integration to local governments, enhancing the grievance redressal system across all levels of governance.

Commonwealth Secretariat recognized CPGRAMS as a best practice in grievance redressal at its meeting in April 2024.

In News:

The Supreme Court dismissed the PIL, remarking that EVMs are only questioned after electoral losses, not when elections are won. It emphasized that no evidence of tampering was found.

What Are EVMs and VVPATs?:

• EVMs: Electronic Voting Machines are used for conducting elections to the Parliament, state legislatures, and local bodies. They consist of two units: theControl Unit (operated by the polling officer) and the Ballot Unit (where voters cast their votes).
• VVPAT: The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail enables voters to verify that their vote is recorded as cast. A slip is printed showing the candidate’s name, symbol, and serial number, visible for 7 seconds before being cut and stored in a sealed box.

Safeguards to Ensure EVM Integrity:

• Technical Safeguards:
  • Microcontroller Security: EVMs use one-time programmable (OTP) microcontrollers, which cannot be altered after manufacturing.
  • Standalone Operation: EVMs do not have wired or wireless connectivity, eliminating risks of remote tampering.
  • Post-2013 Features: Advanced EVMs (M3) include tamper detection and mutual authentication protocols.
• Administrative Protocols:
  • Randomized EVM Allocation: EVMs are randomly allocated to polling stations to avoid predetermined assignments.
  • Mock Polls: Multiple mock polls are conducted to test the functionality of EVMs.
  • Counting Procedures: EVMs are brought to counting tables under CCTV surveillance, and VVPAT slips are randomly cross-verified.
  • Secure Storage: EVMs are stored under strict protocols, including double-lock systems, CCTV surveillance, and GPS-tracked transport.

Advantages of EVMs Over Ballot Papers:

• Elimination of Invalid Votes: EVMs ensure no invalid votes, a common problem with torn or mis-marked ballot papers.
• Prevention of Booth Capturing: EVMs restrict vote casting to 4 votes per minute, preventing fraudulent vote insertion.
• Accurate and Fast Counting: EVMs enable quick, error-free vote counting, reducing delays and human errors.
• Transparency: Voters can verify their votes through the VVPAT, and the vote count is displayed transparently without revealing candidate-wise results prematurely.

Evolution of EVMs in India:

• 1977: Concept of EVMs conceived.
• 1990: The Dinesh Goswami Committee recommended the use of EVMs.
• 2004: EVMs used nationwide in Lok Sabha elections.
• 2013: VVPAT was introduced to improve transparency.
• 2019: First nationwide use of EVMs backed by VVPAT.

In News:

• The E-Daakhil portal was launched by the Department of Consumer Affairs to promote consumer rights and ensure timely justice.
• The portal was launched nationwide with its final rollout in Ladakh on 22nd November 2024, making it operational across all states and union territories of India.

Background and Purpose:

• Introduced in September 2020, the portal was developed in response to the Consumer Protection Act 2019, which aims to address emerging consumer concerns.
• Aimed at providing a hassle-free, inexpensive, and speedy mechanism for filing consumer complaints, especially post the COVID-19 pandemic.
• E-Daakhil is an online platform that simplifies the grievance redressal process, allowing consumers to file complaints remotely, without the need for physical presence.

Portal Features:

• User-friendly interface: Simple and intuitive, allowing consumers to file and track complaints online.
• Registration process: Users can register through OTP on their mobile or an activation link via email.
• Paperless and transparent: The entire process, from filing complaints to tracking the case status, is digital and transparent.
• Consumers can file complaints, pay fees, and monitor the progress of their cases from the comfort of their homes.

Success and Impact:

• By the end of 2023, E-Daakhil was available in 35 states and union territories; with Ladakh being the latest addition in November 2024.
• Over 2.81 lakh users have registered, and 1.98 lakh cases have been filed, of which 38,453 cases have been disposed of.

Future Developments:

• E-Jagriti: A new initiative that will further streamline the case filing, tracking, and management process, reducing delays and paperwork.
• E-Jagriti aims to improve communication between parties, ensuring faster dispute resolution.

In News:

• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) extended the ban on United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) for five years under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA), 1967.
• The notification specifically includes all factions, wings, and front organizations associated with ULFA.

Reason for Extension:

• ULFA continues to pursue secessionist objectives (separation of Assam from India).
• The group is involved in criminal activities such as extortion, intimidation, and violent actions.
• ULFA has maintained links with other insurgent groups and continues to engage in illegal activities like the possession of arms and ammunition.

Peace Process:

• Pro-talks faction of ULFA, led by Arabinda Rajkhowa, signed a peace agreement with the central and Assam governments in December 2023.
• This faction has agreed to renounce violence, disband the organization, and join the democratic process.
• However, the hardline faction of ULFA, led by Paresh Baruah, remains active and continues its militant activities.

ULFA’s Formation and Objectives:

• ULFA was founded in 1979 with the goal of achieving the "restoration of Assam's sovereignty" through armed struggle.
• It has been a key player in the Assamese separatist movement for several decades.

Legal Framework:

• The UAPA (1967) empowers the government to declare an organization as unlawful or label individuals as terrorists if they engage in activities threatening India’s sovereignty, integrity, or promote terrorism and secession.
• The latest extension of the ban was made under Section 3(1) of UAPA.

Significance for Internal Security:

• This development is important for understanding insurgency and separatism in the Northeast and the government’s approach to national security and counterinsurgency.
• The ULFA issue highlights challenges in addressing regional insurgencies and the role of the UAPA in maintaining national integrity.

In News:

Supreme Court upholds ‘secular, socialist’ in Preamble of the Constitution.

Key Highlights of the Supreme Court Judgment

• Judgment Overview:
  • Supreme Court's Ruling: The Court upheld the inclusion of the terms ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976.
  • Challenge: Petitioners, including BJP leader Subramanian Swamy, challenged the retrospective application of these terms, arguing they were not part of the original Preamble adopted in 1949.
• Court's Explanation:
  • Socialist: The term represents a welfare state aimed at reducing inequality and ensuring social, political, and economic justice, but does not prescribe a specific economic policy (left or right).
  • Secular: Denotes a state that treats all religions equally, ensuring religious freedom and neutrality in religious matters. It is linked to Articles 14, 15, and 16, which ensure equality and non-discrimination.
• Retrospective Application:The Court affirmed that Parliament’s amendment power under Article 368 extends to the Preamble, and the retrospective application of the terms was valid.
• Constitution as a ‘Living Document’:The Court emphasized that the Constitution is adaptable to societal changes and evolving needs. The inclusion of 'secular' and 'socialist' reflects India’s evolving democratic and social framework.
• Interpretation of Secularism and Socialism:
  • Secularism in India refers to the state's neutral stance towards all religions, promoting religious harmony.
  • Socialism signifies India’s commitment to ensuring equality of opportunity and promoting welfare policies, such as social justice and economic welfare.

Constitutional and Legal Framework

• Article 368: Grants Parliament the authority to amend the Constitution, including the Preamble. The Court affirmed that this power is unquestionable.
• Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): Established the ‘basic structure doctrine,’ which means certain fundamental features of the Constitution cannot be altered. The inclusion of ‘secular’ and ‘socialist’ is in line with this basic structure.
• S.R. Bommai Case (1994): Reinforced the secular nature of the Indian state.

Preamble to the Constitution

• Definition: The Preamble is an introductory statement that outlines the fundamental values and goals of the Indian Constitution.
• Key Objectives: Justice (social, economic, political), Liberty (thought, expression, belief), Equality (status and opportunity), and Fraternity (national unity and dignity).
• Terms in the Preamble:
  • Sovereign: India's independence in all matters.
  • Socialist: Commitment to social justice and welfare.
  • Secular: Equal respect for all religions.
  • Democratic: Governance by the people, through elected representatives.
  • Republic: Head of state elected, not hereditary.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976:

• Context: Introduced during the Emergency under Indira Gandhi's government.
• Key Changes: Added 'socialist' and 'secular' to the Preamble, revised 'Unity of the Nation' to 'Unity and Integrity of the Nation.'
• Significance: Strengthened constitutional values like inclusivity, equality, and justice.

Socialist and Secular Initiatives by Government