In News:

PM Modi receives Nigeria’s second-highest national award.

Key Events and Achievements

• Award Conferred:
  • Award Name: Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger (GCON).
  • Significance: Nigeria’s second-highest national award, conferred on Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
  • Historical Context: Modi becomes the second foreign dignitary to receive this award, after Queen Elizabeth in 1969.

Strategic and Developmental Ties Between India and Nigeria

• First Visit in 17 Years: Modi’s visit is the first by an Indian PM to Nigeria in 17 years, underscoring the significance of strengthening bilateral ties.
• Economic Cooperation:
  • Over 200 Indian companies have invested around $27 billion in Nigeria across key sectors, making India a major economic partner.
  • India has provided $100 million in development assistance through concessional loans and is actively involved in capacity-building training programs in Nigeria.
• MoUs Signed:
  • Three Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) were signed in the fields of:
    • Cultural Exchange.
    • Customs Cooperation.
    • Survey Cooperation.
• Relief Aid: Modi announced the dispatch of 20 tonnes of relief supplies to help Nigeria recover from the devastating floods that affected the country last month.

Diplomatic Discussions and Initiatives

• Strategic Partnership: Modi described the India-Nigeria partnership as one with immense potential in sectors like defence, energy, technology, trade, health, and education.
• Indian Expatriate Community: Modi acknowledged the 60,000-strong Indian diaspora in Nigeria, recognizing their role as a pillar of bilateral ties.
• Support for Africa:
  • Modi highlighted India’s support for the African Union’s membership in the G20, an outcome of the India-hosted G20 summit in 2023.
  • Nigeria’s Role: He noted Nigeria’s positive influence on Africa and its importance as a key partner in India’s Africa engagement.

Broader Implications for International Relations

• India-Nigeria Security Cooperation:
  • The National Security Advisors (NSA) of India and Nigeria held in-depth discussions on counter-terrorism, extremism, and cybersecurity challenges.
  • India and Nigeria are committed to jointly addressing global threats such as arms smuggling and international crime.
• India's Role as a Development Partner:
  • India’s growing role as a development partner for African nations is becoming increasingly important, exemplified by Nigeria’s close ties with India.
• Global Diplomacy and Soft Power:
  • Modi’s award and visit reflect India’s growing influence in Africa and its emphasis on fostering ties with resource-rich and strategically located nations like Nigeria.
  • The Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger is also a reflection of the soft power India is wielding globally.

Key Facts about Nigeria:

• Location: Nigeria is located in West Africa, bordering Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and Benin, with access to the Atlantic Ocean.
• Significance:
  • Known as the “Giant of Africa” due to its large population and economic power.
  • It has the largest economy in Africa, largely driven by its oil reserves.

In News:

As Delhi’s AQI worsened, the Commission for Air Quality Management issued the order to activate Stage-IV of the Graded Response Action Plan.

Restrictions Under GRAP-IV in Delhi-NCR

• Truck Movement:
  • Banned except for essential goods and trucks using clean fuels (LNG, CNG, BS-VI diesel, or electric).
  • Non-essential light commercial vehicles registered outside Delhi are also banned unless they are CNG or BS-VI diesel or electric vehicles (EVs).
  • Delhi-registered BS-IV or older diesel vehicles (medium and heavy goods vehicles) are banned, except for those in essential services.
• Construction Activities:Suspension of all construction work, including public projects like highways, roads, flyovers, power lines, pipelines, etc.
• Schools and Work:
  • Online classes for students of Classes 6 to 9 and Class 11.
  • Work from home (WFH) recommendations for 50% office capacity in NCR.
  • Central government employees may also be asked to work from home.
  • Offline classes for Classes 10 and 12 continue, but schools for other classes must shift to online mode.
• Other Measures:
  • State governments may impose additional measures such as:
    • Closure of colleges.
    • Odd-even vehicle scheme.
    • Restrictions on non-essential commercial activities.

About GRAP (Graded Response Action Plan)

• Purpose: A plan to reduce air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region based on AQI levels.
• Approved By: Supreme Court in 2016 (M.C. Mehta v. Union of India).
• Notified by MoEFCC: 2017.
• Implementation Authority: CAQM (Commission for Air Quality Management).

Stages of GRAP

GRAP is an incremental system, with measures activated as air quality deteriorates:

• Stage 1: Poor AQI (201-300) – Basic pollution control measures.
• Stage 2: Very Poor AQI (301-400) – Enhanced measures.
• Stage 3: Severe AQI (401-450) – Stricter actions like shutting down industries.
• Stage 4: Severe Plus AQI (Above 450) – Most stringent restrictions, as activated on November 18, 2024.

Air Quality Index (AQI)

• Introduced: 2014, by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
• Categories:
  • Good: 0-50
  • Satisfactory: 51-100
  • Moderately Polluted: 101-200
  • Poor: 201-300
  • Very Poor: 301-400
  • Severe: 401-450
  • Severe Plus: 451 and above (current status in Delhi).
• Pollutants Considered: PM10, PM2.5, NO?, SO?, CO, O?, NH?, and Pb.
• Measurement: 24-hour average values for PMs, and 8-hour averages for CO and O?.

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)

• Established: Under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region (NCR) Act, 2021.
• Mandate: To coordinate, research, and manage air quality issues in the NCR and adjoining areas.
• Composition: Includes government officials, technical experts, and NGO representatives.
• Jurisdiction: Covers Delhi and parts of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.

In News:

Nepal starts exporting energy to Bangladesh with Indian grid support.

Significance of the Power Transfer:

• Energy Cooperation:
  • A major step in regional energy cooperation among Nepal, India, and Bangladesh.
  • Strengthens sub-regional connectivity in the power sector.
• Nepal’s Hydropower Potential:
  • Nepal, a Himalayan nation, possesses untapped hydropower resources, and this agreement opens the door for future cross-border electricity cooperation.
  • Nepal’s energy exports are a green energy initiative, supporting sustainable industrial growth in Bangladesh and regional prosperity.
• Electricity Crisis in Bangladesh:
  • Bangladesh is facing an ongoing electricity shortage, worsened by the suspension of power supply from Adani’s Godda plant and the maintenance of the Payra thermal unit.
  • The addition of 40 MW of Nepalese hydroelectric power aims to alleviate the energy shortfall in Bangladesh.

Tripartite Power Sales Agreement:

• Agreement Details:
  • The agreement for power transfer was signed in October 2023 between:
    • NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN) (India)
    • Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) (Nepal)
    • Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) (Bangladesh).
  • Power Export: Nepal has started exporting 40 MW of electricity, which marks a significant milestone in trilateral power cooperation.

Key Entities Involved:

• NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN):
  • A wholly owned subsidiary of NTPC Ltd. (National Thermal Power Corporation), created to facilitate power trading.
  • NVVN is diversifying into renewables, e-mobility, and green fuel solutions.
• NTPC Ltd.:
  • A Maharatna PSU under India’s Ministry of Power, established to develop power resources in India.
  • Involved in large-scale power generation and clean energy initiatives

In News:

The Guru Ghasidas-TamorPingla Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh has been officially notified as India's 56th tiger reserve, marking a significant milestone in the country's conservation efforts. Here's an overview of this new reserve:

Key Details:

• Location: The tiger reserve is located across the Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur, Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur districts of Chhattisgarh.
• Area: The reserve spans 2,829.38 square kilometers and includes both core and buffer zones.
  • Core/critical habitat: 2,049.2 sq. km (includes the Guru Ghasidas National Park and TamorPingla Wildlife Sanctuary).
  • Buffer zone: 780.15 sq. km.
• Rank: It is the third largest tiger reserve in India, after the Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (Andhra Pradesh) and Manas Tiger Reserve (Assam).

Connectivity:

The reserve forms part of a landscape complex that extends over nearly 4,500 sq. km and is interconnected with other major tiger reserves:

• Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh) to the north.
• Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh) to the west.
• Palamau Tiger Reserve (Jharkhand) to the east.

This connectivity supports greater wildlife movement, reducing the risk of inbreeding and strengthening the overall conservation efforts for the tiger population.

Biodiversity:

The Guru Ghasidas-TamorPingla Tiger Reserve is ecologically rich, harboring a wide array of species:

• 753 species have been documented, including:
  • 230 bird species.
  • 55 mammal species, including several threatened species such as tigers, leopards, sloth bears, and wolves.
  • A variety of invertebrates, especially insects.
• The reserve's terrain includes dense forests, streams, rivers, and varied elevations, making it an ideal habitat for tigers and other wildlife.

Ecological Importance:

• Situated in the Chota Nagpur and Baghelkhand plateaus, the reserve has varied landscapes that contribute to its ecological diversity. The region's tropical climate and dense forests make it a critical habitat for tigers and other wildlife.
• The reserve's core area forms an important critical tiger habitat, providing a sanctuary for tigers to thrive with minimal human disturbance.

Conservation Impact:

With the addition of this tiger reserve, Chhattisgarh now boasts four tiger reserves, complementing the existing Udanti-Sitanadi, Achanakmar, and Indravati reserves. This bolsters the state's and the country's ongoing efforts to protect and conserve tigers, which are a keystone species in maintaining ecological balance.

Procedural Steps for Notification:

• Identification: The state government identifies a significant ecological area with potential for tiger conservation.
• NTCA Approval: After a thorough assessment, the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) evaluates and approves the proposal.
• State Notification: The state government officially notifies the area as a tiger reserve under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
• Implementation: The state, with NTCA support, begins implementing conservation and management strategies.

In News:

• India and Japan recently signed a Memorandum of Implementation (MoI) to co-develop the UNICORN (Unified Complex Radio Antenna) mast for deployment on Indian Navy ships. This pact marks a significant milestone as it is India's first military technology transfer agreement with Japan.
• The deal follows a 2015 agreement on the transfer of defense equipment and technology, further strengthening defense ties between the two countries.
• The UNICORN mast is a cutting-edge communication and radar system designed to enhance the stealth characteristics of naval vessels. This agreement is seen as an important step towards deepening India-Japan defense cooperation.

What is UNICORN?

The UNICORN mast is an advanced, integrated antenna system that combines several communication and radar components into a single conical structure or radome (a radar-absorbing dome). It is designed to reduce the radar cross-section (RCS) of ships, improving their stealth capabilities.

Key features of the UNICORN mast include:

• Integration of multiple antennas: It consolidates various antennas used for tactical data links, communications, and navigation systems (e.g., TACAN - Tactical Air Navigation System).
• Stealth enhancement: By reducing the number of exposed components and consolidating them into a single radome, the mast significantly lowers the ship’s radar signature, making it harder to detect.
• Improved performance: The mast design minimizes mutual interference between antennas, enhances maintainability, and increases lightning resistance.
• Space efficiency: It saves valuable below-deck space and reduces ship-building time by integrating multiple systems into one mast.

The UNICORN system is currently deployed on Mogami-class frigates of the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force.

India-Japan Defense Cooperation

• 2015 Defense Technology Transfer Agreement: This pact established a framework for defense cooperation between India and Japan, paving the way for joint projects like the UNICORN mast.
• Bilateral Military Exercises:
  • Veer Guardian 2023: A bilateral exercise conducted between the Japan Air Self Defence Force (JASDF) and the Indian Air Force (IAF), which deepened defense interoperability between the two nations.
  • Tarang Shakti 2024: The first multilateral air exercise hosted by the Indian Air Force, with Japanese fighter aircraft participating.
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands Development: Japan has also provided financial aid for infrastructure development in India’s strategically located Andaman and Nicobar Islands, contributing to enhancing India’s maritime security in the region.

In News:

• The Red-Headed Vulture, a critically endangered species, has been sighted for the first time in Kasaragod, Kerala, marking an important addition to the region’s avian biodiversity. This rare sighting occurred at Manhampothikunnu near Mavungal. Prior to this, the species was predominantly seen in the Wayanad region of Kerala.
• This discovery brings the total number of bird species recorded in Kasaragod to 407, showcasing the district's growing avian diversity.

About the Red-Headed Vulture:

• The Red-Headed Vulture (also known as the Asian King Vulture or Pondicherry Vulture) is one of the rarest and most critically endangered species of vultures in India. It is known for its distinctive scarlet red head and black body with a white patch on the abdomen.
• Physical Features: The bird is medium-sized, weighing around 5 kg, with a wingspan of up to 2.5 meters and a length of 80 cm. It is typically solitary, often found alone or with a mate.
• Distribution: Historically found in Central India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and parts of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, the Red-Headed Vulture’s numbers have drastically declined in recent decades.

Conservation Status:

• IUCN Red List: The Red-Headed Vulture is classified as Critically Endangered.
• Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: It is listed under Schedule 1, offering it the highest level of legal protection.
• CITES: The species is also listed in Appendix II, indicating that it requires international conservation efforts to prevent it from becoming endangered.

Threats to Vultures:

• Diclofenac Poisoning: The significant decline in vulture populations in India, including the Red-Headed Vulture, is primarily due to the widespread use of diclofenac (a veterinary drug) to treat livestock. When vultures consume the carcasses of treated animals, they ingest the toxic drug, leading to kidney failure and death.
• Other threats include pesticide contamination, lead poisoning, habitat loss, and collisions with man-made structures like power lines and wind turbines.

Conservation Efforts in India:

• India has undertaken various efforts to protect vultures, including banning diclofenac in 2006 and expanding the ban to other harmful drugs like ketoprofen and aceclofenac in 2023.
• Vulture Conservation Breeding Centres (VCBCs): These centers are focused on captive breeding and reintroduction programs for vultures, helping to increase their populations. The Jatayu Conservation and Breeding Centre in Uttar Pradesh is one of the latest initiatives, set up to protect and rehabilitate vultures.
• Vulture Safe Zones have been created across India, providing safe habitats for vulture species to recover.
• Vulture Restaurant Initiative: In some regions, safe feeding centers (such as in Jharkhand) have been established, where vultures are provided uncontaminated carcasses, reducing their exposure to toxic substances.
• Legal Protection: Several species of vultures, including the Red-Headed Vulture, are protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, ensuring stringent legal measures against poaching and habitat destruction.

Global Conservation Efforts:

• India’s vulture conservation initiatives are part of a broader international effort under the SAVE (Saving Asia’s Vultures from Extinction) programme, which involves multiple regional and global organizations working to protect vulture species in South Asia.

In News:

Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee has ordered an inquiry after some intended beneficiaries of the ‘Taruner Swapna’ scheme, an initiative of the TMC government, alleged that they did not receive Rs 10,000 meant for the purchase of tablets (mobile device with a touchscreen display, rechargeable battery, and mobile operating system).

Overview:

• Aimed at bridging the digital divide by providing ?10,000 to Class 11 and 12 students in West Bengal for purchasing smartphones/tablets.
• In FY 2024-25, ?900 crore allocated for the scheme, targeting 16 lakh students.
• The main objective of the scheme is to provide scholarship to the students. So that the student can use their scholarship to buy a smartphone and tablet and can get education through online medium.
• This scheme will prove to be effective in making the future of the students bright and will also prove to be effective in strengthening them technically.
• Eligibility criteria for the scheme:
  • Applicant must be a permanent resident of West Bengal State.
  • The applicant should be a student.
  • Students of 11th and 12th will be eligible for this scheme.
  • The annual income of the family of the applicant student should not exceed Rs 2 lakh.
  • Students with backlog are not eligible as this grant is for one-time only.
• This scheme will make the students technically strong and they will be able to improve their future with technology.
• Students of government/government-aided/sponsored schools and madrassas can avail assistance.
• TarunerSwapno Yojana will bridge the digital divide among students and facilitate modern education.

In News:

The digital euro, a central bank digital currency (CBDC) being developed by the European Central Bank (ECB), aims to revolutionize Europe’s digital payment landscape. However, while the ECB has marketed it as a convenient, free, anonymous, and reliable alternative to existing cashless options like credit cards and mobile payment apps, the true purpose of the digital euro goes beyond these simplified claims.

Key Aspects of the Digital Euro

• Direct Issuance by the ECB: Unlike traditional digital payments that rely on intermediaries like banks or payment service providers, the digital euro is issued directly by the European Central Bank. This allows for peer-to-peer transactions without the need for third-party banks or payment gateways. It can be used for offline transactions, which is a major technical innovation that sets it apart from other digital currencies.
• A Digital Version of Cash: The digital euro is essentially a digital version of legal tender (cash), providing an alternative to cash in a world increasingly dominated by digital payments. Its key feature is direct payment between users, bypassing the traditional banking system. It aims to offer the same advantages as cash, such as anonymity, but with the convenience of digital transactions.
• Cost Reduction and Micro-Payments: The digital euro promises to lower transaction costs, especially for micro-payments that are currently prohibitively expensive using conventional bank transfers or digital services like PayPal. This cost efficiency is intended to enable new business models by lowering the friction in digital transactions, thus encouraging innovation in commerce.

The ECB’s Claims vs. the Real Motivation

While the ECB portrays the digital euro as a means to make payments easier, faster, and more secure, there is an underlying political and economic agenda that goes beyond improving consumer convenience.

• Sovereignty and Competition: One of the main drivers behind the digital euro is Europe’s desire to assert its digital sovereignty. The ECB positions the digital euro as a tool to strengthen the euro’s competitiveness against non-European payment providers, particularly those from the United States like PayPal, Apple Pay, and Google Pay. The EU is concerned that foreign companies may dominate the digital payment landscape, thereby reducing Europe's ability to control its own financial systems.
  • This is a defensive measure to protect European financial interests. By creating a state-backed alternative to privately controlled digital payment systems, the EU aims to ensure that Europe does not become reliant on foreign corporations for essential services.
• Not About Citizens’ Convenience Alone: While the ECB frames the digital euro as a user-friendly solution for consumers, the real concern is about the control over digital currency. The digital euro offers a more centralized alternative compared to the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. The ECB aims to harness the power of the state in regulating and controlling digital transactions, thus consolidating private property and ensuring the smooth functioning of Europe’s monetary policies.
• A Tool for Strengthening the Euro: The digital euro is also seen as part of Europe’s broader ambition to establish the euro as a dominant global currency. As the first fully-regulated digital currency issued by a central bank, it could position the euro to compete against other digital currencies, including the digital yuan or the U.S. dollar. The EU sees the digital euro as a way to expand its geopolitical influence by promoting its own currency as a global standard for digital payments.

In News:

On November 15, 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched a commemorative stamp and coin to mark the 150th birth anniversary of Birsa Munda, a prominent tribal freedom fighter and leader from Jharkhand.

Key Points about Birsa Munda:

• Iconic Tribal Leader: Birsa Munda, born in 1875, is often referred to as ‘Bhagwan’ (God) and ‘DhartiAaba’ (Father of the Earth) by the tribal communities. He is celebrated for his leadership in the fight against the exploitation of tribal people by both the British and non-tribal settlers.
• Ulgulan Movement: Birsa Munda led the Ulgulan (Great Tumult) against the alienation of land, forced labour, and the illegal appropriation of tribal land in the Chotanagpur Plateau. His efforts were critical in mobilizing tribal communities and challenging the colonial order.
• Religious and Social Reformer: He founded the Birsait faith, focusing on spiritual practices that emphasized prayer, worship of God, and abstaining from alcohol, fostering unity and resilience among tribal communities.
• Death and Legacy: Birsa Munda died in 1900 in British custody at the young age of 25. Despite his early death, his legacy lives on as a symbol of tribal pride and resistance.
• Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas: Since 2021, the Government of India observes November 15 as Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas (Tribal Pride Day) in honor of Birsa Munda's birth anniversary, recognizing the contributions of tribal communities and their role in India's history.
• Highlights of the 2024 Commemoration:
  • Commemorative Stamp and Coin: To mark the 150th birth anniversary, the Prime Minister unveiled a commemorative stamp and coin in Bihar's Jamui district. This serves as a tribute to Munda's sacrifices for the country.
  • Year-Long Celebrations: The 2024 event marks the beginning of year-long celebrations to commemorate Birsa Munda’s legacy, with a focus on tribal welfare and recognition of their historical contributions.
  • Welfare Projects and Initiatives:
    • Prime Minister Modi inaugurated and laid the foundation for tribal welfare projects worth over ?6,640 crore.
    • The PM launched two tribal freedom fighter museums and tribal research institutes.
    • 1.16 lakh homes were sanctioned under the Dharti Aba Janjati Gram Utkarsh Yojana.
    • 25,000 homes for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) were approved under the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN) scheme.
  • The launch of 50 mobile medical units aims to improve healthcare access in tribal regions.
  • 10 Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) were inaugurated to promote education for tribal students.
• DhartiAabaJanjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan:
  • The DhartiAabaJanjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan aims to address gaps in social infrastructure, health, education, and livelihood in tribal-majority villages.
  • The initiative is being implemented across 63,000 villages with the involvement of 17 ministries and departments.
• PM-JANMAN Scheme for PVTGs:
  • Launched in November 2023, the PM-JANMAN initiative aims to uplift Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) through various interventions like safe housing, clean drinking water, healthcare, education, and sustainable livelihoods. The scheme also supports Van Dhan Vikas Kendras for the trade of forest produce and solar-powered systems for households in tribal areas.

In News:

• World Diabetes Day is observed on November 14th each year to raise awareness about diabetes, its prevention, and management.
• It was created by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

• Significance: Commemorates the birthday of Sir Frederick Banting, who co-discovered insulin in 1922 alongside Charles Best.
• Theme (2024): "Access to Diabetes Care: Empowering Better Health for All".

History:

• Established in 1991 by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and World Health Organization (WHO).
• Recognized as a global observance by the UN in 2006.
• Activities: Awareness campaigns, health check-ups, educational seminars, and lighting of Blue Circle Monuments worldwide as a symbol of unity in the fight against diabetes.

Global Diabetes Data (2022):

• Total Diabetic Adults: 828 million globally.
• India's Share: 212 million (approximately 25% of global cases).
• Other Countries:

• • China: 148 million.
  • USA: 42 million.
  • Pakistan: 36 million.
  • Indonesia: 25 million.
  • Brazil: 22 million.

Risk Factors for Diabetes:

• Global Factors: Obesity and poor diets are key contributors.
• India-Specific Factors: Dietary habits, lack of exercise, and socio-economic disparities contribute significantly to the high prevalence.

Untreated Cases:

• Global untreated cases (2022): 445 million (59% of diabetics globally).
• India untreated cases (2022): 133 million (64 million men, 69 million women).
• Complications: Untreated diabetes leads to severe health complications, including heart disease, kidney failure, and premature death.

Types of Diabetes:

• Diabetes Mellitus: The most common type of diabetes, characterized by issues with insulin production or its efficient use.
  • Type 1 Diabetes (T1D):
    • Autoimmune condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
    • Primarily affects children and young adults.
  • Type 2 Diabetes (T2D):
    • Insulin resistance combined with reduced insulin production.
    • Often linked to lifestyle factors like obesity and physical inactivity.
  • Gestational Diabetes:
    • Occurs in pregnant women, leading to high blood sugar.
    • Typically resolves after childbirth.
  • Diabetes Insipidus:
    • Imbalance of water regulation due to inadequate secretion or response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
    • Leads to excessive urination and dehydration.

Symptoms of Diabetes:

• Frequent urination.
• Excessive thirst and hunger.
• Unexplained weight loss.
• Blurred vision.
• Fatigue.
• Slow-healing wounds.

Role of Insulin in Managing Diabetes:

• Function of Insulin: A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.
• In Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin injections or pumps are essential for survival.
• In Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin or oral medications may be prescribed alongside lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise.

Government Initiatives in India:

• National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS): Focuses on awareness, early diagnosis, and management of diabetes.
• National Health Policy (2017): Aims to reduce premature deaths from non-communicable diseases by 25% by 2025.
• Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centres: Provides free screenings and consultations for diabetes and other non-communicable diseases.
• Eat Right Movement: Promotes healthier dietary habits to combat obesity and reduce diabetes risks.
• School Health Programs: Aims to educate children on healthy lifestyles to prevent the early onset of Type 2 diabetes.

In News:

• The population of African elephants has been declining rapidly, with data showing alarming drops across the African continent.
• Survey Period: The study covers population data from 475 sites in 37 countries over 52 years (1964-2016).
• Population Decrease:
  • Savannah Elephants: A 70% decline on average across surveyed sites.
  • Forest Elephants: A 90% decline on average across surveyed sites.
• Overall Impact: The study indicates a 77% average decline in elephant populations across both species.

Main Drivers of Decline

• Poaching: Illegal hunting for ivory and other body parts remains a major threat.
• Habitat Loss: Urbanization, agricultural expansion, and climate change are encroaching on the elephant’s natural habitats.
• Human-Elephant Conflict: Increased human settlements near elephant habitats lead to conflicts, further endangering elephant populations.

Species Overview

• Two Subspecies:
  • Savannah Elephant (Loxodonta africana): Larger and more common, found in open savannas.
  • Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis): Smaller and more elusive, found in dense rainforests.
• Conservation Status:
  • Savannah Elephant: Endangered (IUCN).
  • Forest Elephant: Critically Endangered (IUCN).
• CITES Listing: Both species are listed under CITES Appendix I, which bans international trade in endangered species.

Regional Impact

• Northern and Eastern Africa: These regions have seen drastic declines, particularly in the Sahel (Mali, Chad, Nigeria), where elephants have been extirpated (locally extinct) due to poaching and insufficient protection.
• Southern Africa: Positive Growth in some areas, particularly in Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Namibia, where elephant populations are growing due to strong conservation efforts.

Conservation Success

• Southern Africa: 42% of the surveyed sites showed increasing elephant populations, a testament to successful conservation strategies.
• Government and NGO Efforts: Successful population growth is often attributed to active management, including anti-poaching laws, protected areas, and conservation funding.

Elephant Behavior and Reproduction

• Social Structure: Elephants live in family units led by mature females, with strong social bonds.
• Low Sleep Time: Elephants sleep only 2 hours per day on average.
• Reproduction: They have a long gestation period of up to 2 years, and calves are cared for by mothers and allomothers (non-mother females).

Conservation Challenges

• Sustainability: Continued poaching and habitat destruction threaten to undo gains made in conservation.
• Fragmentation of Populations: With many elephants in isolated pockets, genetic diversity is declining, which could lead to long-term problems for species survival.

In News:

Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund to launch ‘Nehru Archive’ next year.

Nehru Archive Initiative

• Launch Date: The Nehru Archive will go online on November 14, 2025, coinciding with Jawaharlal Nehru's birth anniversary.
• Purpose: The archive will showcase less-known published and unpublished works of India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, including his speeches, letters to Chief Ministers, and other writings.

Archive Content

• Key Features:
  • 100 volumes of The Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru.
  • Letters to Chief Ministers (1947-1964), documenting Nehru's communication with state leadership.
  • Nehru’s iconic books like:

• • • The Discovery of India
    • Glimpses of World History
    • Letters from a Father to His Daughter
    • An Autobiography
    • The Unity of India
    • A Bunch of Old Letters

• • Speeches from 1917 to 1964.
  • Writings on Nehru by his contemporaries.
  • Global archival material from international sources.
• Objective: The goal is to provide dynamic, continuously updated, open-ended access to Nehru’s work, making it the most important research source on Nehru.

Significance

• Educational and Intellectual Contribution: The archive will serve as a comprehensive, accessible source of information for students, scholars, and the general public to understand Nehru’s contributions to the making of modern India.
• Preservation of Legacy: It will preserve and promote Nehru’s intellectual legacy and his vision for India's development post-independence.
• Historical Importance: The archive will help contextualize Nehru’s leadership during critical periods of Indian history, including India’s independence, partition, and post-independence challenges.

Governance and Establishment of JNMF

• Founded: The Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund (JNMF) was established in 1964 through a Deed of Declaration of Trust following a National Committee chaired by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, then President of India.
• Purpose: To preserve and promote Nehru's legacy, especially his role in shaping modern India.
• Governance: The JNMF is governed by 14 trustees and is currently headed by Sonia Gandhi, the Chairperson of the Congress Parliamentary Party.

In News:

• Defence Minister Shri Rajnath Singh introduced the concept of ‘Adaptive Defence’ at the inaugural Delhi Defence Dialogue (DDD).
• Adaptive Defence aims to prepare India's military for the rapidly changing landscape of modern warfare, with evolving threats and technologies shaping global security.

Key Aspects of Adaptive Defence:

• Strategic Approach:
  • Adaptive Defence is an evolving strategy where military and defence systems continuously adjust to emerging threats, focusing on proactive preparedness rather than reactive responses.
  • It is based on anticipating future threats, fostering flexibility, resilience, and agility in both strategic and tactical responses.
• Core Elements:
  • Situational Awareness: The ability to understand and respond to dynamic, often unpredictable environments.
  • Flexibility & Agility: At both the strategic and tactical levels to ensure swift and effective responses.
  • Resilience: The capacity to recover and adapt quickly to unforeseen circumstances.
  • Integration with Emerging Technologies: Emphasis on adopting cutting-edge technologies like AI, drones, and cybersecurity to stay ahead of adversaries.

The Changing Nature of Warfare:

• Grey Zone & Hybrid Warfare:
  • Modern conflicts now often occur in the grey zone and involve hybrid warfare, blending traditional and non-traditional threats like cyber-attacks, terrorism, and psychological warfare.
  • These new threats demand continuous adaptation in strategies, doctrines, and military operations.
• Technological Transformation:
  • Drones and swarm technologies are reshaping warfare. India aspires to become a global hub for drones, leveraging these technologies for both economic and military growth.
  • The increasing significance of Artificial Intelligence (AI), cyber capabilities, and quantum technologies in defence highlights the need for international collaboration in research and innovation.
• Psychological Warfare:
  • The rise of information overload and psychological warfare challenges traditional defence paradigms. Manipulation of information to influence public opinion and disrupt decision-making processes is now a key threat.

Government Initiatives for Adaptive Defence:

• Institutional Strengthening:
  • Establishment of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and initiatives to enhance jointness among the three armed services (Army, Navy, Air Force) to create a unified strategic force.
  • Reform of training curricula and emphasis on integrated operations to ensure readiness for new-age warfare.
• Focus on Self-Reliance:
  • Strengthening the indigenous defence sector through initiatives like Make in India and the Aatmanirbhar Bharat campaign.
  • Increasing foreign direct investment (FDI) in defence and promoting defence exports, with India currently exporting to over 100 nations.
• Drone Hub Vision:
  • India aims to become the world’s drone hub, supporting R&D and fostering innovation to develop reliable certification mechanisms and enhance Indian intellectual property in the drone sector.
  • Programs like iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) and ADITI are rewarding innovation and driving India's defence sector towards greater self-sufficiency.
• Technology and Innovation:
  • Focus on cybersecurity, AI, and quantum technologies to develop solutions that address both national and global security challenges.
  • India is also working on Theaterisation, integrating the three services into a unified force structure for enhanced coordination and joint operations.
• Defence Acquisition and Export:
  • Introduction of the Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020, establishment of Defence Industrial Corridors in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, and a Positive Indigenisation List to boost self-reliance.
  • India is actively increasing defence exports, aiming for Rs 50,000 crore worth of exports by 2029, with key export destinations including the USA, France, and Armenia.

Strategic Vision for the Future:

• Collaborative Approach:
  • Given the interconnectedness of global security, the defence minister emphasized the importance of a collaborative approach in dealing with transnational threats.
  • Cross-border issues, cyberspace threats, and the potential of quantum and nanotechnologies demand the sharing of knowledge and strategies across borders.
• Joint Military Vision:
  • Jointness in defence strategy should go beyond national borders and should involve international cooperation in response to global security challenges.
  • The need for interconnected solutions in the face of transnational threats underscores the importance of multilateral cooperation.

In News:

• Cambodia saw a resurgence of H5N1 avian influenza cases after over 10 years of no human infections.
• From February 2023 to August 2024, 16 human cases were reported, with 3 deaths caused by the A/H5 clade 2.3.2.1c virus.
• Notably, 14 of these cases were caused by a novel reassortant virus, involving a mixture of clade 2.3.2.1c and clade 2.3.4.4b gene segments.

Key Points:

• Reassortment of the Virus:
  • The reassortment between clades 2.3.2.1c (Southeast Asia) and 2.3.4.4b (global spread) has created a new strain.
  • This reassortant virus is responsible for the second wave of infections in humans, starting in October 2023.
• Zoonotic Transmission:
  • Investigations confirmed that direct contact with sick poultry or bird droppings was the primary source of human infections.
  • There have been no reported cases of human-to-human transmission.
  • The novel reassortant virus appears to have replaced the 2.3.2.1c strain in Cambodian poultry.
• Geographic Spread and Spillovers:
  • Clade 2.3.2.1c was first reported in Cambodian poultry in March 2014. It continued to circulate in both poultry and wild birds.
  • Clade 2.3.4.4b viruses began circulating in Cambodian live bird markets by 2021, co-existing with clade 2.3.2.1c.
  • There were two key spillovers to humans:
    • The first spillover in February 2023, associated with clade 2.3.2.1c, involved two related individuals, with one death.
    • The second spillover, beginning in October 2023, involved the novel reassortant virus.
• Genetic Analysis and Mutation Concerns:
  • Genetic sequencing showed significant changes in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of viruses from human cases, indicating a shift from older local strains to newer sublineages.
  • The PB2 627K mutation in the novel reassortant is concerning, as it is linked to increased mammalian adaptation and the potential for airborne transmission, particularly in mammals like ferrets.
  • This mutation raises concerns about the virus’s ability to adapt to humans or other mammals.
• Environmental and Epidemiological Factors:
  • The reassortment is believed to have been facilitated by:
    • High-density poultry farming.
    • Wild bird migration.
    • Cross-border poultry trade in Southeast Asia.
  • These factors heighten the risk of zoonotic transmission, emphasizing the need for continued vigilance in the region.
• Surveillance and Response:
  • One Health investigations linked human cases to infected poultry, highlighting the importance of rapid response through whole genome sequencing.
  • The ongoing surveillance is critical, as the novel reassortant strain has already replaced clade 2.3.2.1c in Cambodian poultry.
• Public Health Recommendations:
  • There is an urgent need to strengthen sustained surveillance of avian influenza in both poultry and wild birds, particularly in Southeast Asia.
  • Public health strategies should focus on:
    • Reducing human exposure to infected poultry.
    • Promoting safe poultry handling practices.
    • Encouraging early healthcare-seeking behavior in individuals with potential symptoms.

In News:

Recently, the Supreme Court of India delivered a significant ruling affirming that the right of persons with disabilities (PwDs) to access environments, services, and opportunities is a fundamental human right. The judgment was made in the case of RajiveRaturi vs. Union of India &Ors. and is based on a report submitted by the Centre for Disability Studies (CDS) at NALSAR University of Law.

Key Points of the Judgment:

• Social Model of Disability:
  • The Court upheld the social model of disability, which focuses on societal changes to ensure the full inclusion and participation of PwDs.
  • The model emphasizes removing social barriers and creating an inclusive environment that accommodates all disabilities.
• Challenges Faced by PwDs: The ruling highlighted various challenges faced by PwDs, as identified in the CDS NALSAR report:
  • Accessibility Barriers: Significant gaps exist in accessibility measures across public spaces such as courts, prisons, schools, and public transport.
  • Intersectionality & Compounded Discrimination: PwDs often face multiple layers of discrimination, such as caste, gender, and socio-economic status, which compound their marginalization.
  • Inconsistent Legal Framework: The RPwD Act (2016) mandates mandatory compliance for accessibility standards, but Rule 15 under RPwD Rules (2017) only offers self-regulatory guidelines, which the Court found insufficient.
• Court's Analysis of Rule 15:
  • The Court declared Rule 15(1) of the RPwD Rules, 2017, as ultra vires, meaning it is inconsistent with the mandatory compliance intended by the RPwD Act.
  • The Court stressed the need for stronger legal and regulatory enforcement to ensure access for PwDs.
• Principles of Accessibility: The Court outlined several essential principles for achieving accessibility:
  • Universal Design: Environments and services should be universally accessible to all, including PwDs.
  • Comprehensive Inclusion: All types of disabilities, both visible and invisible, should be addressed.
  • Assistive Technology Integration: Using technology to support PwDs in daily activities.
  • Stakeholder Consultation: PwDs and disability advocacy groups must be consulted in planning and designing accessible spaces.
• Two-Pronged Approach:
  • The Court recommended a two-pronged approach:
    • Ensure accessibility in existing infrastructure: Modify and update current institutions and services to become accessible.
    • Design future infrastructure with accessibility in mind: Plan and build new spaces and services that are inclusive from the start.

Legal and Policy Framework:

• Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016:
  • The RPwD Act mandates various accessibility standards and provisions to protect and promote the rights of PwDs, in alignment with India’s obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which India ratified in 2007.
  • The Act defines a person with a benchmark disability as someone with at least 40% of a specified disability.
• International Obligations:
  • The ruling reaffirmed the importance of Article 9 of the UNCRPD, which emphasizes the right of PwDs to access the physical environment, transport, and information and communication technologies.
• Government Initiatives: The judgment highlights several initiatives aimed at improving accessibility:
  • Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan): A nationwide effort to make public spaces and services accessible to PwDs.
  • Assistance for Aids and Appliances: Government schemes to provide PwDs with necessary aids and appliances.
  • Unique Disability Identification Portal: A platform for PwDs to register and obtain a disability certificate.

Notable Judicial Precedents:

The Court referred to several previous rulings that recognized the right to accessibility:

• State of Himachal Pradesh v. Umed Ram Sharma (1986): The Court included the right to accessibility under the Right to Life (Article 21) of the Constitution.
• Disabled Rights Group v. Union of India (2017): The Court directed that educational institutions ensure reserved seats for PwDs.

In News:

Wave Life Sciences became the first biotechnology company to treat a genetic condition by editing RNA at the clinical level.

• What is RNA Editing?

• Definition: RNA editing is the modification of messenger RNA (mRNA) after it’s synthesized from DNA but before it is translated into proteins.
• Process: mRNA consists of exons (coding regions) and introns (non-coding regions). Exons code for proteins, while introns are removed before protein synthesis.

• Types of RNA Modifications:

• Addition: Insertion of a nucleotide.
• Deletion: Removal of a nucleotide.
• Substitution: Replacement of one nucleotide with another.

• Mechanism of RNA Editing:

• Involves Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes.
• ADAR enzymes modify adenosine to inosine, which is recognized as guanosine, allowing mRNA to be corrected.
• Guide RNA (gRNA) directs ADAR enzymes to the specific mRNA region for editing.

• Clinical Use of RNA Editing:

• Wave Life Sciences used RNA editing to treat α-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), a genetic disorder.
• Other potential applications include treating diseases such as Huntington’s disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, obesity, and neurological disorders.

• Challenges in RNA Editing:

• Temporary Effects: RNA editing provides temporary changes, requiring repeated treatments for sustained effects.
• Delivery Issues: Current delivery methods, like lipid nanoparticles and adeno-associated virus vectors, have limitations in carrying large molecules.
• Specificity: ADARs may cause unintended changes in non-target regions of mRNA, leading to potential side effects.

• Comparison: RNA Editing vs. DNA Editing:

• Safety: RNA editing causes temporary changes and presents fewer risks than DNA editing, which makes permanent alterations to the genome.
• Immune Response: RNA editing uses enzymes naturally found in the body (ADAR), which reduces the risk of immune reactions, unlike DNA editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 that can trigger immune responses.

• Significance of RNA:

• Structure: RNA is a nucleic acid, similar to DNA but typically single-stranded. It consists of a backbone of ribose sugars and phosphate groups, with bases adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
• Types of RNA:

• Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Forms the core of the ribosome and catalyzes protein synthesis.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
• Regulatory RNAs: Regulate gene expression.

• α-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD):

• A genetic disorder where the protein α-1 antitrypsin accumulates in the liver, damaging both the liver and lungs.
• Treatments include weekly intravenous therapy or, in severe cases, liver transplants.
• RNA editing offers a potential new treatment approach.

• Global Impact:

• RNA editing is still in its early stages but shows promise for treating a wide range of genetic and chronic conditions.
• Ongoing research and clinical trials suggest RNA editing could become a key part of future gene-editing therapies.

In News:

• Released at the Global Education Meeting, hosted in Fortaleza by Brazil, the G20 President.
• Highlights progress and challenges in global education, with a focus on leadership, financing, and access.

Key Observations:

Leaders as Agents of Change:

• Education leadership is defined as social influence towards achieving common educational goals.
• Education leaders must:
  • Define clear purposes and influence change.
  • Balance learning outcomes with equity, quality, and inclusion.

Funding Deficits:

• 4 out of 10 countries spend less than 4% of their GDP on education.

Out-of-School Children:

• 251 million children and youth globally remain out of school, with only a 1% reduction since 2015.

Regional Disparities in Education Access:

• Central and Southern Asia show significant progress, but countries like Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan still have large out-of-school populations.

Recommendations:

• Leadership Development: Empower school principals with the autonomy to manage schools effectively.
• Capacity Building for System Leaders: Strengthen the ability of education officials to act as system leaders.
• Climate Change Education: Introduce climate change topics in early education across subjects, not limited to science.

India’s Educational Initiatives:

• National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Focuses on developing school leadership through training and workshops for principals.
• NISHTHA Program: Aims to improve leadership and management competencies of school heads and teachers.

Current Educational Landscape:

• Since 2015, 110 million children have entered school, and 40 million more complete secondary education.
• However, 33% of children in low-income countries remain out of school, compared to only 3% in high-income countries.
• Sub-Saharan Africa houses more than half of the global out-of-school youth.

Challenges in Education Financing:

• UNESCO–World Bank report highlights that 40% of countries allocate less than 15% of their public expenditure to education.
• Countries investing less than 4% of GDP in education face significant resource shortages.
• Low-income countries spend an average of $55 per learner, while high-income countries spend $8,543 per learner.

Need for Innovative Financing Mechanisms:

• Debt-for-Education Swaps: Proposes converting unsustainable debt into funding for education, leveraging past successful initiatives.
• Multilateral Platforms: Suggested to facilitate global negotiations for converting debt into educational investments, involving entities like UNESCO and the G20.

International Cooperation and Solidarity:

• Decline in Education Assistance: Official development assistance for education has decreased from 9.3% in 2019 to 7.6% in 2022.
• Strengthening Partnerships: The need for enhanced global cooperation to fill the educational financing gap and ensure equitable access to quality education.

In News:

• The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved the PM Vidyalaxmi scheme to provide financial assistance to meritorious students for higher education.
• Objective: The scheme aims to ensure that financial constraints do not hinder students from pursuing quality higher education.

Key Features of the scheme:

• Eligibility:
  • Students admitted to top 860 Quality Higher Education Institutions (QHEIs) are eligible.
  • Includes both government and private institutions, as per the NIRF (National Institutional Ranking Framework) rankings.
• Loan Provision:
  • Collateral-free and guarantor-free education loans for tuition fees and other course-related expenses.
  • Loans up to ?7.5 lakhs will have a 75% credit guarantee from the government to encourage banks to offer loans.
• Interest Subvention:
  • For students with an annual family income of up to ?8 lakhs (and not eligible for other scholarships or schemes), a 3% interest subvention will be provided on loans up to ?10 lakhs.
  • This subvention applies during the moratorium period (when repayment is deferred).
  • Preference for interest subvention is given to students in technical/professional courses and those from government institutions.
• Target Beneficiaries:
  • Around 22 lakh students are expected to benefit from the scheme annually.
  • The government has allocated ?3,600 crore for the period 2024-2025 to 2030-2031, with 7 lakh fresh students anticipated to receive the benefit each year.
• Digital Process:
  • A unified “PM-Vidyalaxmi” portal will allow students to apply for loans and interest subvention in a simplified, transparent, and digital manner.
• Payment Method:
  • Interest subvention will be paid via E-vouchers or Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) wallets.

Loan Product Features

• Collateral-free & Guarantor-free: Loans will be accessible without the need for collateral or a guarantor.
• Loan Coverage:
  • The scheme will cover full tuition fees and other related expenses.
• Eligibility Criteria:
  • Students enrolled in NIRF top 100 HEIs, state institutions ranked 101-200, and central government institutions are eligible.
  • The list of eligible institutions will be updated annually based on the latest NIRF rankings.

Government's Commitment

• The scheme is a part of the National Education Policy 2020’s vision to enhance access to quality education through financial support.
• Additional Support:
  • It complements the existing Central Sector Interest Subsidy (CSIS) and Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Education Loans (CGFSEL) under PM-USP.
  • The CSIS scheme provides full interest subvention for students with an annual family income of up to ?4.5 lakhs, pursuing technical/professional courses.

In News:

• The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) of India recently visited Algeria, culminating in the signing of a significant Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on defence cooperation.
• Objective: The MoU aims to strengthen the strategic and military ties between India and Algeria.

Recent Developments in India-Algeria Relations

• Important Visit: The CDS’s visit coincided with Algeria’s 70th anniversary of its revolution, celebrated on November 1st, with military parades and ceremonies highlighting Algeria’s historical and political legacy.
• Defence Cooperation:
  • India re-established its defence wing in Algeria, and Algeria reciprocated by considering the establishment of its defence wing in India.
  • India emphasized its role as a “Vishwa Bandhu” (global partner) and offered to share defence expertise and experiences with Algeria.
• Strategic Discussion: The MoU aims to enhance mutual understanding, laying the foundation for long-term defence collaboration across multiple sectors, including manufacturing under India’s 'Make in India' and 'Make for the World' initiatives.
• Global Peace Support: CDS reiterated India’s commitment to peaceful conflict resolution and expressed support for Algeria’s defence interests.

Significant Areas of India-Algeria Relationship

• Diplomatic Relations:
  • India and Algeria established diplomatic ties in July 1962, the same year Algeria gained independence from French colonial rule.
  • India supported Algeria's liberation movement and both countries have maintained close ties as part of the Non-Aligned Movement.
• Bilateral Trade:
  • Trade peaked at USD 2.9 billion in 2018 but dropped to USD 1.5 billion by 2021 due to COVID-19 and Algeria’s import restrictions.
  • Trade rebounded in 2022, increasing by 24% to USD 2.1 billion.
  • Exports from India (2023-24): Rice, pharmaceuticals, granite.
  • Imports from Algeria: Petroleum oils, LNG, calcium phosphates.
• Bilateral Agreements:
  • 2015 MoU: Between All India Radio (AIR) and Algerian National Radio for cooperation in broadcasting.
  • 2018 Space Cooperation Agreement: Focuses on satellite technology for applications like crop forecasting and disaster management.
  • Visa Waiver Agreement (2021): Diplomatic and official passport holders are exempt from visa requirements.
• Cultural Engagement:
  • International Day of Yoga (2024): Celebrated in Algeria at the Jardin d’Essai du Hamma, attracting over 300 participants.
• Space Cooperation:
  • The 2018 India-Algeria Space Cooperation Agreement focuses on joint space science, technology, and applications.
  • India has launched four Algerian satellites (2016), and the 2022 Joint Committee Meeting expanded satellite capacity building efforts.
  • Algeria’s space agency has engaged with ISRO on satellite applications like crop forecasting and disaster management.
• Indian Community in Algeria:
  • Approximately 3,800 Indians live in Algeria, working in various sectors, including technical and semi-skilled roles.
  • The community includes 13 Overseas Citizens of India (OCI), 10 Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs), and 15 Indian students.

In News:

The world's first wooden satellite, LignoSat, is set to launch from the Kennedy Space Center aboard a SpaceX rocket. This pioneering satellite is a collaborative effort between Kyoto University and Sumitomo Forestry Co., marking a significant step towards exploring more sustainable materials in space exploration.

Key Highlights:

• Purpose:The primary goal of LignoSat is to test the viability of using wood in space technology, with a focus on the eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness of using renewable materials in satellite construction. The satellite will be tested aboard the International Space Station (ISS) to assess its durability, strength, and ability to withstand extreme space conditions.
• Material:The satellite is crafted from magnolia wood, chosen for its durability and adaptability. Magnolia was selected for its strength, making it a suitable candidate to endure the harsh conditions of space travel and the intense environmental factors faced in space exploration.
• Mission Details:Once launched, LignoSat will be sent to the ISS, where it will be released from the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo). Researchers will collect data on the satellite’s performance, examining its ability to handle the challenges of space, including temperature fluctuations and physical strain.
• Environmental Benefits:One of the key advantages of wooden satellites is their environmental impact. Traditional metal satellites, when re-entering the Earth's atmosphere, can generate metal particles that contribute to air pollution. In contrast, wooden satellites like LignoSat are designed to be eco-friendly during reentry. Wood is a natural material that burns up more cleanly during reentry, reducing the potential for harmful atmospheric pollution.

In News:

• The Tumaini Festival is held annually in the Dzaleka Refugee Camp in Malawi, one of the world’s few music festivals hosted within a refugee camp. It brings together refugees and locals for cultural exchange, showcasing music, art, and crafts.
  • Dates: The festival runs from Thursday to Saturday each year, typically in November.
  • Founded: In 2014 by Congolese poet Menes La Plume.

Festival Highlights:

• The festival features performances from a diverse range of artists, including refugees and local Malawians, as well as artists from South Africa, Zimbabwe, and beyond.
• In 2024, performances included Jetu, a 72-year-old singer, and Vankson Boy V, a Congolese refugee, alongside other acts like Maveriq Mavo from South Africa.
• The festival aims to:
  • Celebrate cultural exchange and community solidarity between refugees and locals.
  • Humanize the refugee experience by allowing refugees and locals to share common experiences and celebrate cultural diversity.
  • Challenge stereotypes by showing refugees as people with the same aspirations, talents, and desires as locals.

Significance of Dzaleka Refugee Camp:

• Location: Situated near Lilongwe, Malawi, Dzaleka was originally a prison before becoming a refugee camp in 1994.
• Capacity: Initially designed for 10,000 refugees, the camp now hosts over 60,000 individuals from countries like Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, and Somalia.
• Role: Dzaleka has evolved into a hub for humanitarian aid, cultural exchange, and empowerment of its residents.

In News:

• The Aditya-L1 mission, launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on September 2, 2023, is India's first dedicated scientific mission to study the Sun.
  • Primary Payload: The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC), developed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIAp), Bengaluru, is the spacecraft's main instrument.

Key Highlights:

• First Science Outcome:The first scientific result from the mission, involving VELC, has been released. It successfully estimated the onset time of a coronal mass ejection (CME) that occurred on July 16, 2023.
  • CMEs are massive solar eruptions that can disrupt electronics in satellites and communications on Earth.
• Key Findings:
  • VELC's Role: The VELC payload was crucial in observing the CME close to the solar surface, providing a detailed understanding of its onset.
  • CMEs are typically observed in visible light after they have traveled far from the Sun. However, VELC’s unique spectroscopic observations allowed scientists to study the CME much closer to the Sun's surface.
• Publication:The results will be published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
• Future Significance:
  • As the Sun approaches the maximum phase of its current solar cycle (No. 25), CMEs are expected to become more frequent. Continuous monitoring with VELC will provide valuable data for understanding these events.
  • Monitoring the thermodynamic properties of CMEs near the Sun is essential to understand their source regions and behavior.
• Mission Details:
  • The spacecraft is in a halo orbit around the Lagrange Point 1 (L1), about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth.
  • Mission Lifetime: 5 years.

In News:

ICMR announces ‘First in the World Challenge’ to encourage scientists to find innovative ideas to tackle health issues.

Key Highlights:

• Objective:
  • Encourage bold, out-of-the-box ideas for solving difficult health problems.
  • Aim to foster novel and groundbreaking biomedical innovations (vaccines, drugs, diagnostics, interventions, etc.).
  • Target projects that are “first of their kind” and have never been tried or tested globally.
• Key Features of the Initiative:
  • Focus on Groundbreaking Innovations:
    • Emphasis on high-risk, high-reward ideas with potential for significant global health impact.
    • Excludes proposals aiming for incremental knowledge or process innovation.
  • Scope of Research:
    • Breakthroughs in biomedical and health technologies such as:
      • Vaccines
      • Drugs/Therapeutics
      • Diagnostics
      • Interventions
• Funding & Support:
  • Provides funding for projects at various stages, from proof-of-concept to prototype development and final product.
  • Support for projects that have the potential to lead to “first-of-its-kind” biomedical innovations.
• Application Process:
  • Open to individual researchers or teams (from single or multiple institutions).
  • Teams must designate a Principal Investigator responsible for the project’s technical, administrative, and financial aspects.
• Selection Criteria:
  • A selection committee will be formed with:
    • Experts, innovators, policymakers, and distinguished scientists with an outstanding research record.
    • Proposals evaluated based on originality, impact potential, and innovation.

About the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

• History:Founded in 1911 as the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA), renamed ICMR in 1949.
• Role & Mandate:
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
  • Formulates, coordinates, and promotes biomedical research in India.
  • Focus on improving public health and addressing national health challenges.
• Vision:“Translating Research into Action for Improving the Health of the Population.”

In News:

• India, represented by the Directorate of Enforcement (ED), has joined the Steering Committee of the Asset Recovery Interagency Network-Asia Pacific (ARIN-AP).
• Leadership Role: India will assume the presidency of ARIN-AP and host the Annual General Meeting (AGM) in 2026, providing a platform for global cooperation in asset recovery and tackling economic crimes.

ARIN-AP Overview:

• Establishment: ARIN-AP is a multi-agency network formed to address the proceeds of crime across the Asia-Pacific region.
• Network Goals: Its mission is to facilitate cross-border collaboration in the areas of asset tracing, freezing, and confiscation.
• Membership: ARIN-AP includes 28 member jurisdictions and 9 observers, and operates as a key component of the Global CARIN Network (Camden Asset Recovery Inter-Agency Network).
• Functioning: ARIN-AP operates through a network of contact points that enable intelligence exchange among member agencies, promoting effective communication and coordination for asset recovery.

Significance of ARIN-AP's Work:

• Combating Economic Crimes: ARIN-AP enhances the efforts of law enforcement agencies in tracing and recovering assets linked to criminal activities, including both movable and immovable assets.
• Informal Exchange of Intelligence: The network allows for the informal exchange of intelligence between agencies, which often accelerates the identification and recovery of proceeds of crime. This can later lead to formal actions through bilateral or multilateral agreements.
• Global Impact: With over 100 jurisdictions in the broader CARIN Network, ARIN-AP plays a key role in global efforts to combat fugitive economic offenders and illicit financial flows.

India’s Contribution and Alignment with G-20 Priorities:

• India’s Leadership: India’s presidency in ARIN-AP will enhance its leadership in asset recovery, facilitating closer cooperation with regional and international law enforcement agencies.
• G-20 Alignment: This role aligns with India’s priorities under the G-20 framework, particularly focusing on the Nine-Point Agenda aimed at tackling fugitive economic offenders and improving asset recovery mechanisms.

In News:

• Odisha government relocated a tigress from Maharashtra’s Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve to Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha, to address inbreeding issues among the tiger population.
• The tigress is part of a genetic diversification plan to remedy the increasing number of pseudo-melanistic tigers in the region.

Pseudo-melanistic Tigers:

• Pseudo-melanistic tigers, often referred to as "black tigers," exhibit a darker coat with broader, more prominent stripes.
• The mutation leads to the appearance of a mostly black fur, with occasional white-orange stripes.

Genetic Basis:

• This coloration is due to a mutation in the Taqpep gene, which causes the widening and darkening of stripes on the tiger's coat.
• The mutation is linked to genetic drift and inbreeding within the isolated Similipal population.

Historical Context:

• These tigers were once considered mythical until the 1700s, with sightings only being documented in the 1990s and 2017-18.
• The first confirmed genetic evidence of the black tiger appeared when a cub was born in captivity at Oklahoma City Zoo in the 1970s.

Distribution and Prevalence:

• Pseudo-melanistic tigers are predominantly found in Similipal Tiger Reserve, with 27 out of 30 tigers in Odisha exhibiting the trait.
• Other instances of such tigers exist in captivity, such as in Nandankanan Zoological Park (Bhubaneswar) and Arignar Anna Zoological Park (Chennai), both tracing ancestry to Similipal.

Genetic Studies:

• A 2021 study by the National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) linked the Taqpep gene mutation to the unique appearance of these tigers.
• The mutation causes a missense change in the gene, replacing Cytosine with Thymine (C1360T), altering the tiger’s coat pattern.

High Frequency of Mutation in Similipal:

• Genetic analyses indicate a high frequency of the Taqpep gene mutation in Similipal tigers, with a 60% chance that a tiger born there will carry the mutated gene.
• Inbreeding and genetic isolation have contributed to this phenomenon, as Similipal’s tiger population is geographically cut off from other populations.

In News:

The 2024 edition of The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change presents critical insights into the intersection of health and climate change.

Key Findings from the 2024 Report

• Air Pollution and Mortality in India:
  • In 2021, air pollution was responsible for 1.6 million deaths in India.
  • Fossil fuels (coal and liquid gas) were identified as major contributors, accounting for 38% of these deaths.
  • India was ranked as the second-highest emitter of PM2.5 globally in 2022, contributing 15.8% of consumption-based and 16.9% of production-based PM2.5 emissions.
• Impact of Heat Stress:
  • In 2023, India experienced 2400 hours (or 100 days) of moderate to high heat stress, particularly during light outdoor activities like walking.
  • Heatwaves have become more frequent, with adults over 65 years experiencing 8.4 heatwave days per year, a 58% increase from 1990-1999.
  • This increased heat exposure has led to a loss of 181 billion labor hours globally, translating into an economic loss of approximately $141 billion.
• Global and National Trends in Air Pollution:
  • PM2.5 is particularly hazardous because it is fine enough to enter the lungs and bloodstream, leading to severe health risks like respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO?), Sulphur Dioxide (SO?), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Ozone (O?) were identified as other pollutants contributing to poor air quality in India.
• Health Impact of Extreme Weather:
  • The 2023 heatwave was one of the hottest years on record, exacerbating health risks worldwide, especially for the elderly.
  • Droughts and heatwaves also contributed to a rise in food insecurity, affecting millions globally.
• Disease Transmission and Climate Change:
  • Dengue transmission potential rose by 85% from 1951-1960 to 2014-2023.
  • Coastal areas suitable for the spread of Vibrio pathogens, which cause cholera, expanded by 23%, affecting over 210 million people.
• Health Effects of Fossil Fuel Pollution:
  • Continued reliance on fossil fuels worsens air quality, leading to health problems such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular issues, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Government Efforts to Tackle Air Pollution in India

• National Clean Air Programme (NCAP):
  • NCAP is a national strategy to reduce air pollution across India, with specific action plans for 131 non-attainment cities. The initiative is supported through various central government schemes such as:
    1. Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)
    2. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
    3. Smart City Mission
    4. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME-II)
• Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) Emission Norms:
  • BS-VI standards aim to significantly reduce vehicular pollution, lowering permissible limits for NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions from vehicles.
• System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR):
  • SAFAR measures air quality and provides forecasts for metropolitan cities based on real-time data, helping authorities take preventive actions.
• Promotion of Renewable Energy:
  • India achieved a record 11% of electricity from renewable energy in 2022. However, 71% of India’s electricity still comes from coal, underscoring the need for a faster transition to cleaner energy sources.

In News:

• Recently, the Union Home Minister Amit Shah launched the Civil Registration System (CRS) mobile app.
• The app aims to integrate technology with governance by making the registration of births and deaths more accessible, seamless, and hassle-free.

Key Features of the App:

• Anytime, Anywhere Registration: Citizens can register births and deaths from anywhere and at any time, in their State’s official language.
• The app is designed to significantly reduce the time required for registration, making it more efficient and convenient for users.

Legal and Policy Background:

• The Registration of Births and Deaths (Amendment) Act, 2023 mandates that all births and deaths in India, occurring from October 1, 2023, must be digitally registered through the Centre’s portal: dc.crsorgi.gov.in.
• This move is part of the broader effort to digitize civil records and create a centralized database.

Benefits of Digital Registration:

• Digital Birth Certificates: The new system will issue digital birth certificates which will serve as a single document to prove the date of birth for various services, such as:
  • Admission to educational institutions
  • Applying for government jobs
  • Marriage registration
• Centralized Database: The integration of birth and death data into a centralized database will help update critical records such as:
  • National Population Register (NPR)
  • Ration cards
  • Property registration
  • Electoral rolls

National Population Register (NPR) Integration:

• The data collected through the CRS app will assist in updating the National Population Register (NPR), which was first collected in 2010 and updated in 2015 through door-to-door enumeration.
• The NPR serves as the first step toward the creation of the National Register of Citizens (NRC) under the Citizenship Act, aimed at identifying Indian citizens.

In News:

• Brazilhas opted not to join China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), becoming the second BRICS country after India to reject the multi-billion-dollar infrastructure project.
• Brazil prefers to explore alternative ways to collaborate with Chinese investors without signing a formal treaty, aiming to avoid the perceived risks of the BRI.

BRICS and India’s Role:

• Brazil’s decision follows India’s long-standing opposition to the BRI, particularly due to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) passing through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, which India views as a violation of its sovereignty.
• India has consistently argued that BRI projects should adhere to international norms, good governance, and transparency, emphasizing that such initiatives should be financially sustainable and not lead to debt traps.

Brazil’s Broader Economic Strategy:

• Brazil aims to balance its relationship with China, which is a major economic partner, but without being bound by the BRI. This decision reflects broader concerns within Brazil about the long-term financial sustainability of BRI projects, especially after witnessing debt crises in other countries like Sri Lanka.

Global Context and the BRI's Impact:

• The BRI, launched by China in 2013, spans several infrastructure sectors and has expanded globally, but it has faced criticism for its potential to trap smaller nations in unsustainable debt.
• India and Brazil’s resistance to the BRI highlights growing skepticism among emerging economies about the long-term implications of joining China's flagship project.

In News:

The Space Commission also approved a joint moon mission with Japan called the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission. For LUPEX, ISRO is developing a different moon lander than the one it used for Chandrayaan-3

New Space Missions and Developments

• Chandrayaan-4 (Moon Mission):
  • Type: Sample-return mission.
  • Launch: Expected by 2027.
  • Cost: ?2,104 crore.
  • Objective: Sample collection of moon soil and rock to return to Earth.
  • Mission Details: Two LVM-3 launch vehicles will launch components that will dock in Earth orbit before heading to the moon. The samples will be sent back using a bespoke canister.
• Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX):
  • Collaboration: Joint mission with Japan.
  • Objective: Exploration of lunar poles with a new lander design, intended for potential crewed missions in future.
• Venus Orbiter Mission:
  • Launch Window: March 2028.
  • Cost: ?1,236 crore.
  • Objective: Study Venus' surface and atmosphere to understand planetary evolution in the Solar System.
• Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV):
  • Development Budget: ?8,240 crore for first three development flights.
  • Objective: A new launcher developed with private sector collaboration for future space missions.