Bharat NCX 2024

  • 19 Nov 2024

In News:

The Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise (Bharat NCX 2024), inaugurated on November 18, 2024, is a key initiative aimed at strengthening India’s cybersecurity resilience. This 12-day exercise is designed to equip cybersecurity professionals and national leadership with the skills to manage complex cyber threats, enhance incident response capabilities, and improve strategic decision-making. The event is organized by the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) in collaboration with Rashtriya Raksha University (RRU).

Key Details of Bharat NCX 2024:

  • Cyber Defense and Incident Response Training
    • The exercise focuses on defensive cybersecurity skills, preparing participants to defend against cyberattacks.
    • Live-fire simulations will provide hands-on experience with real-time cyberattacks on IT and Operational Technology (OT) systems.
  • Strategic Decision-Making Simulations
    • A core component is the Strategic Decision-Making Exercise, where senior management from across sectors will simulate decision-making in a national-level cyber crisis.
    • This exercise enhances their ability to respond swiftly and strategically in high-pressure scenarios.
  • CISO’s Conclave
    • The CISO's Conclave brings together Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) from government, public, and private sectors.
    • The conclave will feature panel discussions on the latest cybersecurity trends and government initiatives, allowing professionals to exchange knowledge and collaborate.
  • Bharat Cybersecurity Startup Exhibition
    • An exhibition will highlight innovative cybersecurity solutions developed by Indian startups. This showcases the growing role of the private sector in strengthening India’s cybersecurity infrastructure.
  • Leadership Engagement and Capacity Building
    • Leadership engagement is a key feature, ensuring that high-level decision-makers are prepared to lead national cybersecurity efforts.
    • The exercise will foster a unified approach to dealing with emerging cyber threats.

Significance for India’s Cybersecurity Strategy

  • National Cybersecurity Resilience: Bharat NCX 2024 is a vital step in fortifying India’s cybersecurity defenses, preparing professionals and leadership to address the evolving cyber threat landscape.
  • Collaboration and Innovation: The inclusion of industry stakeholders, startups, and leaders from various sectors underscores the importance of collaboration in developing innovative solutions to cybersecurity challenges.
  • Capacity Building: The exercise aims to improve decision-making at all levels, helping India build a robust cybersecurity framework to secure its critical infrastructure and respond effectively to potential cyber crises.

Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger

  • 19 Nov 2024

In News:

PM Modi receives Nigeria’s second-highest national award.

Key Events and Achievements

  • Award Conferred:
    • Award Name: Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger (GCON).
    • Significance: Nigeria’s second-highest national award, conferred on Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
    • Historical Context: Modi becomes the second foreign dignitary to receive this award, after Queen Elizabeth in 1969.

Strategic and Developmental Ties Between India and Nigeria

  • First Visit in 17 Years: Modi’s visit is the first by an Indian PM to Nigeria in 17 years, underscoring the significance of strengthening bilateral ties.
  • Economic Cooperation:
    • Over 200 Indian companies have invested around $27 billion in Nigeria across key sectors, making India a major economic partner.
    • India has provided $100 million in development assistance through concessional loans and is actively involved in capacity-building training programs in Nigeria.
  • MoUs Signed:
    • Three Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) were signed in the fields of:
      • Cultural Exchange.
      • Customs Cooperation.
      • Survey Cooperation.
  • Relief Aid: Modi announced the dispatch of 20 tonnes of relief supplies to help Nigeria recover from the devastating floods that affected the country last month.

Diplomatic Discussions and Initiatives

  • Strategic Partnership: Modi described the India-Nigeria partnership as one with immense potential in sectors like defence, energy, technology, trade, health, and education.
  • Indian Expatriate Community: Modi acknowledged the 60,000-strong Indian diaspora in Nigeria, recognizing their role as a pillar of bilateral ties.
  • Support for Africa:
    • Modi highlighted India’s support for the African Union’s membership in the G20, an outcome of the India-hosted G20 summit in 2023.
    • Nigeria’s Role: He noted Nigeria’s positive influence on Africa and its importance as a key partner in India’s Africa engagement.

Broader Implications for International Relations

  • India-Nigeria Security Cooperation:
    • The National Security Advisors (NSA) of India and Nigeria held in-depth discussions on counter-terrorism, extremism, and cybersecurity challenges.
    • India and Nigeria are committed to jointly addressing global threats such as arms smuggling and international crime.
  • India's Role as a Development Partner:
    • India’s growing role as a development partner for African nations is becoming increasingly important, exemplified by Nigeria’s close ties with India.
  • Global Diplomacy and Soft Power:
    • Modi’s award and visit reflect India’s growing influence in Africa and its emphasis on fostering ties with resource-rich and strategically located nations like Nigeria.
    • The Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger is also a reflection of the soft power India is wielding globally.

Key Facts about Nigeria:

  • Location: Nigeria is located in West Africa, bordering Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and Benin, with access to the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Significance:
    • Known as the “Giant of Africa” due to its large population and economic power.
    • It has the largest economy in Africa, largely driven by its oil reserves.

Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP-IV)

  • 19 Nov 2024

In News:

As Delhi’s AQI worsened, the Commission for Air Quality Management issued the order to activate Stage-IV of the Graded Response Action Plan.

Restrictions Under GRAP-IV in Delhi-NCR

  • Truck Movement:
    • Banned except for essential goods and trucks using clean fuels (LNG, CNG, BS-VI diesel, or electric).
    • Non-essential light commercial vehicles registered outside Delhi are also banned unless they are CNG or BS-VI diesel or electric vehicles (EVs).
    • Delhi-registered BS-IV or older diesel vehicles (medium and heavy goods vehicles) are banned, except for those in essential services.
  • Construction Activities:Suspension of all construction work, including public projects like highways, roads, flyovers, power lines, pipelines, etc.
  • Schools and Work:
    • Online classes for students of Classes 6 to 9 and Class 11.
    • Work from home (WFH) recommendations for 50% office capacity in NCR.
    • Central government employees may also be asked to work from home.
    • Offline classes for Classes 10 and 12 continue, but schools for other classes must shift to online mode.
  • Other Measures:
    • State governments may impose additional measures such as:
      • Closure of colleges.
      • Odd-even vehicle scheme.
      • Restrictions on non-essential commercial activities.

About GRAP (Graded Response Action Plan)

  • Purpose: A plan to reduce air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region based on AQI levels.
  • Approved By: Supreme Court in 2016 (M.C. Mehta v. Union of India).
  • Notified by MoEFCC: 2017.
  • Implementation Authority: CAQM (Commission for Air Quality Management).

Stages of GRAP

GRAP is an incremental system, with measures activated as air quality deteriorates:

  • Stage 1: Poor AQI (201-300) – Basic pollution control measures.
  • Stage 2: Very Poor AQI (301-400) – Enhanced measures.
  • Stage 3: Severe AQI (401-450) – Stricter actions like shutting down industries.
  • Stage 4: Severe Plus AQI (Above 450) – Most stringent restrictions, as activated on November 18, 2024.

Air Quality Index (AQI)

  • Introduced: 2014, by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
  • Categories:
    • Good: 0-50
    • Satisfactory: 51-100
    • Moderately Polluted: 101-200
    • Poor: 201-300
    • Very Poor: 301-400
    • Severe: 401-450
    • Severe Plus: 451 and above (current status in Delhi).
  • Pollutants Considered: PM10, PM2.5, NO?, SO?, CO, O?, NH?, and Pb.
  • Measurement: 24-hour average values for PMs, and 8-hour averages for CO and O?.

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)

  • Established: Under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region (NCR) Act, 2021.
  • Mandate: To coordinate, research, and manage air quality issues in the NCR and adjoining areas.
  • Composition: Includes government officials, technical experts, and NGO representatives.
  • Jurisdiction: Covers Delhi and parts of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.

Nepal-Bangladesh Power Transfer via India

  • 19 Nov 2024

In News:

Nepal starts exporting energy to Bangladesh with Indian grid support.

Significance of the Power Transfer:

  • Energy Cooperation:
    • A major step in regional energy cooperation among Nepal, India, and Bangladesh.
    • Strengthens sub-regional connectivity in the power sector.
  • Nepal’s Hydropower Potential:
    • Nepal, a Himalayan nation, possesses untapped hydropower resources, and this agreement opens the door for future cross-border electricity cooperation.
    • Nepal’s energy exports are a green energy initiative, supporting sustainable industrial growth in Bangladesh and regional prosperity.
  • Electricity Crisis in Bangladesh:
    • Bangladesh is facing an ongoing electricity shortage, worsened by the suspension of power supply from Adani’s Godda plant and the maintenance of the Payra thermal unit.
    • The addition of 40 MW of Nepalese hydroelectric power aims to alleviate the energy shortfall in Bangladesh.

Tripartite Power Sales Agreement:

  • Agreement Details:
    • The agreement for power transfer was signed in October 2023 between:
      • NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN) (India)
      • Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) (Nepal)
      • Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) (Bangladesh).
    • Power Export: Nepal has started exporting 40 MW of electricity, which marks a significant milestone in trilateral power cooperation.

Key Entities Involved:

  • NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN):
    • A wholly owned subsidiary of NTPC Ltd. (National Thermal Power Corporation), created to facilitate power trading.
    • NVVN is diversifying into renewables, e-mobility, and green fuel solutions.
  • NTPC Ltd.:
    • A Maharatna PSU under India’s Ministry of Power, established to develop power resources in India.
    • Involved in large-scale power generation and clean energy initiatives

Guru Ghasidas-TamorPingla Tiger Reserve

  • 19 Nov 2024

In News:

The Guru Ghasidas-TamorPingla Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh has been officially notified as India's 56th tiger reserve, marking a significant milestone in the country's conservation efforts. Here's an overview of this new reserve:

Key Details:

  • Location: The tiger reserve is located across the Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur, Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur districts of Chhattisgarh.
  • Area: The reserve spans 2,829.38 square kilometers and includes both core and buffer zones.
    • Core/critical habitat: 2,049.2 sq. km (includes the Guru Ghasidas National Park and TamorPingla Wildlife Sanctuary).
    • Buffer zone: 780.15 sq. km.
  • Rank: It is the third largest tiger reserve in India, after the Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (Andhra Pradesh) and Manas Tiger Reserve (Assam).

Connectivity:

The reserve forms part of a landscape complex that extends over nearly 4,500 sq. km and is interconnected with other major tiger reserves:

  • Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh) to the north.
  • Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh) to the west.
  • Palamau Tiger Reserve (Jharkhand) to the east.

This connectivity supports greater wildlife movement, reducing the risk of inbreeding and strengthening the overall conservation efforts for the tiger population.

Biodiversity:

The Guru Ghasidas-TamorPingla Tiger Reserve is ecologically rich, harboring a wide array of species:

  • 753 species have been documented, including:
    • 230 bird species.
    • 55 mammal species, including several threatened species such as tigers, leopards, sloth bears, and wolves.
    • A variety of invertebrates, especially insects.
  • The reserve's terrain includes dense forests, streams, rivers, and varied elevations, making it an ideal habitat for tigers and other wildlife.

Ecological Importance:

  • Situated in the Chota Nagpur and Baghelkhand plateaus, the reserve has varied landscapes that contribute to its ecological diversity. The region's tropical climate and dense forests make it a critical habitat for tigers and other wildlife.
  • The reserve's core area forms an important critical tiger habitat, providing a sanctuary for tigers to thrive with minimal human disturbance.

Conservation Impact:

With the addition of this tiger reserve, Chhattisgarh now boasts four tiger reserves, complementing the existing Udanti-Sitanadi, Achanakmar, and Indravati reserves. This bolsters the state's and the country's ongoing efforts to protect and conserve tigers, which are a keystone species in maintaining ecological balance.

Procedural Steps for Notification:

  • Identification: The state government identifies a significant ecological area with potential for tiger conservation.
  • NTCA Approval: After a thorough assessment, the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) evaluates and approves the proposal.
  • State Notification: The state government officially notifies the area as a tiger reserve under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
  • Implementation: The state, with NTCA support, begins implementing conservation and management strategies.

Mystery mollusk

  • 18 Nov 2024

In News:

  • In a groundbreaking discovery, researchers have identified a new species of sea slug deep within the ocean’s midnight zone—a place that lies between 3,300 to 13,100 feet (1,000 to 4,000 meters) below the ocean's surface.
  • The species, named Bathydeviuscaudactylus, is a glowing, swimming sea slug that exhibits several unique adaptations to survive in the extreme conditions of the deep ocean.

Key Features of BathydeviusCaudactylus

  • Glowing Bioluminescence: One of the most striking features of this newly discovered mollusk is its ability to glow with bioluminescence. Bathydevius emits a soft, starry glow, an adaptation seen in only a few deep-sea species. The glowing feature plays a role in distracting predators and even includes the ability to detach glowing projections from its tail as a decoy.
  • Unique Body Structure: Unlike most sea slugs that typically live on the seafloor, Bathydevius has evolved to thrive in the open water. It has a gelatinous, paddle-like tail and a large, bowl-shaped hood that covers its internal organs, making it appear somewhat like a “megaphone with a feathered tail.” This structure helps it capture prey, such as mysid shrimp, which it traps using its hood.
  • Adaptations for Deep Sea Life: Bathydevius' transparent body, along with its ability to drift with ocean currents and flex its body to move vertically in the water column, allow it to navigate the depths of the midnight zone. Its hermaphroditic nature means it carries both male and female reproductive organs, allowing it to reproduce by attaching to the seafloor and laying eggs when needed.

Discovery and Exploration

  • The unusual species was first encountered by researchers from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) during a deep-sea dive in February 2000 using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) called Tiburon. Since then, more than 150 sightings have been made of the creature in the waters off the Pacific Coast of North America, ranging from Oregon to Southern California.
  • Interestingly, similar creatures have been observed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the Mariana Trench, suggesting that Bathydevius may have a wider range than initially thought. A specimen was eventually collected for further study, revealing its identity as a nudibranch, a type of soft-bodied marine mollusk.

Survival Tactics and Behavior

  • Prey Capture: Unlike typical sea slugs that scrape food from the seafloor, Bathydevius uses its large hood to trap crustaceans like mysid shrimp. This allows it to thrive in the open ocean where food can be harder to obtain.
  • Defensive Mechanisms: When threatened, Bathydevius can glow with bioluminescence to distract predators. This glow, which creates a starry appearance across its back, has been seen in other deep-sea species but is rare in nudibranchs. Additionally, it can detach part of its tail (a glowing projection) to confuse attackers, similar to how lizards shed their tails as a defense mechanism.
  • Reproduction and Movement: As a hermaphrodite, Bathydevius has the ability to self-fertilize or mate with other individuals. During reproduction, it descends to the seafloor and uses its foot to temporarily attach, releasing eggs before returning to its swimming lifestyle. It also relies on its flexible, transparent body to blend in with the surroundings and evade predators.

India Successfully Tests Long-Range Hypersonic Missile

  • 18 Nov 2024

In News:

  • India has made a major advancement in its defense capabilities with the successful flight test of its first long-range hypersonic missile, marking a historic moment in the country's defense technology.
  • The test was conducted, by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), took place off the coast of Odisha from the Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Island.
  • The missile has a range of over 1,500 km and is capable of carrying various payloads for all branches of the armed forces.

Key Highlights of the Test:

  • Successful Trial: The missile successfully completed its flight test with high accuracy, confirmed by the data gathered from down-range ship stations. It performed a series of terminal maneuvers, validating its precision targeting capabilities.
  • Speed and Range: The missile achieved hypersonic speeds (Mach 6), or six times the speed of sound, and is designed for a range of more than 1,500 km, far exceeding the capabilities of many conventional missiles.
  • Indigenous Development: This missile is a product of DRDO's indigenous efforts, developed with contributions from the Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex in Hyderabad, as well as other DRDO laboratories and industry partners.

What are Hypersonic Missiles?

  • Definition: Hypersonic missiles are defined as weapons that travel at speeds greater than Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound), or about 3,836 miles per hour (6,174 km/h). At such speeds, they are incredibly difficult to track and intercept, posing a challenge for traditional missile defense systems.
  • Types:
    • Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (HGVs): These are launched from rockets and glide towards their target.
    • Hypersonic Cruise Missiles (HCMs): These missiles use air-breathing engines like scramjets for sustained flight at hypersonic speeds.
  • Advantages: Hypersonic missiles offer several advantages, including:
    • Responsive strike capability: They can target time-sensitive threats quickly and with high precision.
    • Manoeuvrability: Unlike ballistic missiles, which follow a predictable parabolic trajectory, hypersonic missiles can change course mid-flight, making them harder to defend against.
  • Challenges:
    • Heat and air resistance: Traveling at such high speeds generates tremendous heat due to friction, presenting engineering challenges.
    • Tracking and interception: Their low-altitude flight and high speeds make them harder to detect and intercept with existing missile defense systems.
    • High costs: Developing and deploying hypersonic weapons comes at a higher cost than traditional missile systems.

Global Context of Hypersonic Weaponry

  • Russia and China: Both Russia and China are leaders in hypersonic missile technology. Russia has already deployed the Kinzhal hypersonic missile in Ukraine, demonstrating its effectiveness in combat situations.
  • United States: The U.S. is also making significant advancements, with contracts like the Long Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW), awarded to Lockheed Martin for continued development.
  • Other Nations: Countries such as France, Germany, Australia, Japan, and Israel are also actively working on developing hypersonic missile systems.

WIPO 2024 Report

  • 18 Nov 2024

In News:

India continues to make significant strides in intellectual property filings, ranking among the top 10 countries for patents, trademarks, and industrial designs.

India’s Performance in Global Intellectual Property (IP) Filings:

  • Overall Growth: India continues to make significant strides in intellectual property filings, ranking among the top 10 countries for patents, trademarks, and industrial designs.
  • Patent Applications: India recorded a +15.7% growth in patent applications in 2023, marking its fifth consecutive year of double-digit growth, placing it among the top contributors to global patent filings.
  • Trademark Filings: India ranks 4th globally in trademark filings, reflecting the country’s growing focus on brand protection.
  • Industrial Designs: India saw a 36.4% surge in industrial design applications, emphasizing creativity and design innovation.

India’s Global Patent Ranking:

  • Global Rank: India ranks 6th globally for patent applications with 64,480 filings in 2023.
  • Resident Filings: For the first time, over half (55.2%) of India’s patent applications were filed by residents, highlighting growing domestic innovation.
  • Patent Grants: A 149.4% increase in granted patents in 2023 underscores the efficiency of India’s patent office and the rising quality of applications.

Key Metrics and Trends in Patents:

  • Patent-to-GDP Ratio: India’s patent-to-GDP ratio grew from 144 in 2013 to 381 in 2023, signaling a knowledge-driven economy.
  • Sectoral Diversity: India’s patent filings span diverse sectors, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, IT, and renewable energy, showcasing the broad scope of innovation.

Surge in Industrial Design Applications:

  • Growth Rate: A 36.4% increase in industrial design filings in 2023, reflecting a shift towards value-added industries focused on product design and functionality.
  • Leading Sectors: Key sectors driving design filings include textiles, accessories, tools, machines, and health & cosmetics.
  • Manufacturing Transformation: This growth signals India’s transition from basic manufacturing to a more design-driven, innovation-focused ecosystem.

Trademark Filings:

  • Global Rank: India ranks 4th globally in trademark filings with a 6.1% increase over the previous year.
  • Resident Filings: Nearly 90% of trademark filings in India were made by domestic entities, highlighting a strong focus on brand protection.
  • Active Trademarks: India now has over 3.2 million active trademarks, the second-largest in the world, reflecting a competitive and dynamic domestic marketplace.

Sectoral Trends in Trademarks:

  • Leading Sectors: Health (21.9%), agriculture (15.3%), and clothing (12.8%) were the top sectors for trademark filings, underscoring India’s leadership in pharmaceuticals, food production, and fashion.
  • Global Expansion: The rise in trademark filings also mirrors the increasing global demand for Indian products and services.

India’s Contribution to Global IP Growth:

  • Global Trend: In 2023, a record 3.55 million patent applications were filed worldwide, with India contributing significantly to this surge, particularly in emerging markets.
  • Local Innovation Focus: India’s rising resident filings in patents and trademarks point to a shift towards local innovation, with more Indian businesses and startups protecting their intellectual property.

Government Initiatives Fueling IP Growth:

  • National IPR Policy: Launched in 2016, this policy fosters innovation, improves IP awareness, and supports domestic IP development.
    • Key Measures: Modernization of IP offices, improvements in procedural requirements, and IP education initiatives.
  • Atmanirbhar Bharat: Government campaigns like Atmanirbhar Bharat have supported local innovation and made Indian businesses more IP-conscious.
  • Startup India & Atal Innovation Mission: These initiatives have further strengthened India’s innovation ecosystem by promoting entrepreneurship, research, and technological advancement.
    • Startup India: Over 1,49,000 recognized startups as of September 2024.
    • Atal Innovation Mission: More than 10,000 Atal Tinkering Labs in schools and 3,500+ startups incubated across India.

Assam’s Semiconductor Plant

  • 18 Nov 2024

In News:

A Semiconductor Plant has been set up in Morigaon, Assam, projected for completion by mid-2025.

Overview of the Morigaon Semiconductor Plant:

  • Location: Morigaon, Assam.
  • Investor: Tata Semiconductor Assembly and Test Pvt Ltd (TSAT).
  • Investment: ?27,000 crore.
  • Production Capacity: Expected to produce 48 million semiconductor chips daily.
  • Technology: Utilizes advanced packaging technologies such as flip chip and Integrated System in Package (ISIP).
  • Sectors Served: Automotive, electric vehicles, telecommunications, consumer electronics.
  • Completion: Projected to be completed by mid-2025.
  • Job Creation: Expected to generate 15,000 direct jobs and 11,000-13,000 indirect jobs.
  • Market Reach: Will serve both domestic and international markets, enhancing India's position in the global semiconductor supply chain.

India's Semiconductor Industry and Market Growth:

  • Market Size (2023): Estimated at $38 billion.
  • Projected Growth: Expected to grow to $109 billion by 2030.
  • Government Initiatives: Several initiatives have been launched to promote domestic semiconductor manufacturing, including the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) and the Semicon India Program.

India Semiconductor Mission (ISM):

  • Objective: To build a self-reliant semiconductor ecosystem in India.
  • Launched: 2021 with a financial outlay of ?76,000 crore.
  • Scope: Covers semiconductor fabs, packaging, display manufacturing, Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Testing (OSAT), sensors, and other critical components.
  • Support Schemes: Includes Modified Schemes for setting up Semiconductor and Display Fabs, as well as support for Compound Semiconductors, Silicon Photonics, and Sensors.

Key Projects in Semiconductor Industry:

  • Morigaon Facility: Part of the broader government-backed initiative to enhance semiconductor production in India.
  • Other Facilities: New semiconductor units by Tata Electronics (Dholera, Gujarat), CG Power (Sanand, Gujarat), and KaynesSemicon Pvt Ltd (Sanand, Gujarat).
  • Modernization: The Semi-Conductor Laboratory in Mohali is being modernized, alongside initiatives like the Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and Semiconductors (SPECS) and the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme.

Strategic Importance of Semiconductors:

  • Role in Modern Electronics: Semiconductors are critical for a wide range of devices like computers, smartphones, solar cells, LEDs, and integrated circuits.
  • Global Dependence: The global semiconductor market has significant reliance on suppliers like Taiwan (44%), China (28%), and South Korea (12%).
  • Global Shortage: The 2021 chip shortage highlighted the vulnerability of global supply chains, prompting efforts by countries to boost domestic semiconductor production.

Government Support for Semiconductor Manufacturing:

  • Financial Incentives: The government offers fiscal support for setting up semiconductor manufacturing plants:
    • 50% of project cost support under the Semiconductor Fab Scheme and the Display Fab Scheme.
    • Support for Compound Semiconductors and Chips to Startup (C2S) initiatives.
    • Training 85,000 engineers through the C2S Programme in collaboration with academic institutions, R&D organizations, and MSMEs.

e-Tarang System

  • 18 Nov 2024

In News:

Recently, the Ministry of Defence launched the AI-enabled e-Tarang System.

Key Highlights:

  • Development Collaboration: Created in partnership with Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics (BISAG-N).
  • Purpose:
    • Improve planning for interference-free operation of defence equipment during both wartime and peacetime.
    • Enable automated, efficient planning and management of Defence Spectrum.
    • Support the development of newer technologies in higher frequency bands.
    • Facilitate rapid decision-making and integration of critical modern defence technologies.

BISAG-N Overview:

  • Status: Autonomous Scientific Society under the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India.
  • Key Roles:
    • Technology development and management.
    • Research and development in geo-spatial technologies.
    • National and international cooperation in geo-spatial fields.
    • Capacity building and entrepreneurship development in geo-spatial technology.
  • Core Domains:
    • Satellite Communication
    • Geo-informatics
    • Geo-spatial Technology

Joint Electromagnetic Board (JEMB) – Annual Meeting Highlights:

  • Chairperson: Air Marshal Jeetendra Mishra, Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Operations).
  • Attendees: Senior officers from the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, DRDO, DDP, and industry.
  • Agenda: Focused on joint operations and integration in several areas:
    • Electronic Warfare (EW)
    • Signature Management
    • Emerging Technologies
    • Electromagnetic Interference/Compatibility (EMI/EMC)
    • Spectrum Management
    • Human Resource Management
  • Key Outcome:
    • Introduction of the AI-enabled e-Tarang System to enhance Defence Spectrum management.
    • Release of the Technical News Letter (TNL) 2024, outlining future technologies for modern warfare.
    • Development of a roadmap to enhance Spectrum Warfare capabilities and integration of EW assets across the three Services.
    • Successful joint EW exercise conducted in September 2024, promoting the principle of “Victory through Jointness”.

Objective of the Meeting:

  • Goal: Achieve synergy in joint electronic warfare operations across the Services.
  • Focus: Establish technology development and training priorities for the future.

Exercise PoorviPrahar

  • 17 Nov 2024

In News:

  • From November 10 to 18, 2024, the Indian Army is conducting a high-intensity tri-services exercise named PoorviPrahar in the forward areas of Arunachal Pradesh.
  • The exercise aims to enhance the combat effectiveness and coordination between the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force, focusing on integrated joint operations in the challenging mountainous terrain of the region.

About Exercise PoorviPrahar

Objective: The primary goal of Exercise PoorviPrahar is to hone the combat readiness and synergy across the three branches of the Indian Armed Forces. It is designed to improve their ability to conduct integrated joint operations, especially in the difficult terrain of Arunachal Pradesh, which is crucial due to the region's strategic location along India's eastern frontier.

Key Features of the Exercise:

  • Multidomain Integration:The exercise involves land, air, and sea operations, demonstrating India's capability to conduct multi-domain operations. This showcases the Indian Armed Forces' preparedness to tackle threats across all three domains simultaneously.
  • Advanced Military Platforms:
    • Aircraft: Advanced fighter jets, reconnaissance aircraft.
    • Helicopters: Including Chinook heavy-lift helicopters and Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH Rudra).
    • Artillery: The exercise makes use of the M777 Ultra-Light Howitzers, which provide mobility and precision firepower in rugged terrains.
    • Swarm Drones and Loitering Munitions: These cutting-edge technologies enable precision strikes and enhanced situational awareness, contributing to more flexible and adaptive operations.
  • Technological Integration:
    • The exercise integrates next-generation technologies like Swarm Drones, Loitering Munitions, and First-Person View (FPV) Drones. These tools enhance operational flexibility, improve situational awareness, and enable precision in strike capabilities, marking a significant advancement in India's military technology.
  • Operational Coordination:A core component of the exercise is the development of a Common Operating Picture (COP). This system integrates real-time data from land, air, and sea operations, improving coordination and decision-making. The system relies on AI-driven analytics and satellite communications, enabling rapid information sharing and quicker response times.
  • Tactical Focus on Mountain Warfare:Arunachal Pradesh, with its mountainous and rugged terrain, is the perfect setting for honing skills required for mountain warfare. The region’s proximity to India’s border with China makes it a critical area for India’s defense strategy.

Key Takeaways:

  • Integrated Joint Operations: The exercise focuses on improving the coordination between the Army, Navy, and Air Force to execute seamless operations across land, air, and sea.
  • Advanced Technology Integration: The exercise features the use of Swarm Drones, Loitering Munitions, and AI-driven systems to enhance precision, situational awareness, and overall operational flexibility.
  • Mountain Warfare Expertise: Conducted in the mountainous terrain of Arunachal Pradesh, the exercise is crucial for preparing the Indian Armed Forces to operate effectively in such challenging landscapes.
  • Strategic Posture: The exercise reaffirms India’s ability to defend its Eastern frontier and maintain a robust defense posture in the face of potential threats in the region.

Unified Complex Radio Antenna

  • 17 Nov 2024

In News:

  • India and Japan recently signed a Memorandum of Implementation (MoI) to co-develop the UNICORN (Unified Complex Radio Antenna) mast for deployment on Indian Navy ships. This pact marks a significant milestone as it is India's first military technology transfer agreement with Japan.
  • The deal follows a 2015 agreement on the transfer of defense equipment and technology, further strengthening defense ties between the two countries.
  • The UNICORN mast is a cutting-edge communication and radar system designed to enhance the stealth characteristics of naval vessels. This agreement is seen as an important step towards deepening India-Japan defense cooperation.

What is UNICORN?

The UNICORN mast is an advanced, integrated antenna system that combines several communication and radar components into a single conical structure or radome (a radar-absorbing dome). It is designed to reduce the radar cross-section (RCS) of ships, improving their stealth capabilities.

Key features of the UNICORN mast include:

  • Integration of multiple antennas: It consolidates various antennas used for tactical data links, communications, and navigation systems (e.g., TACAN - Tactical Air Navigation System).
  • Stealth enhancement: By reducing the number of exposed components and consolidating them into a single radome, the mast significantly lowers the ship’s radar signature, making it harder to detect.
  • Improved performance: The mast design minimizes mutual interference between antennas, enhances maintainability, and increases lightning resistance.
  • Space efficiency: It saves valuable below-deck space and reduces ship-building time by integrating multiple systems into one mast.

The UNICORN system is currently deployed on Mogami-class frigates of the Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force.

India-Japan Defense Cooperation

  • 2015 Defense Technology Transfer Agreement: This pact established a framework for defense cooperation between India and Japan, paving the way for joint projects like the UNICORN mast.
  • Bilateral Military Exercises:
    • Veer Guardian 2023: A bilateral exercise conducted between the Japan Air Self Defence Force (JASDF) and the Indian Air Force (IAF), which deepened defense interoperability between the two nations.
    • Tarang Shakti 2024: The first multilateral air exercise hosted by the Indian Air Force, with Japanese fighter aircraft participating.
  • Andaman and Nicobar Islands Development: Japan has also provided financial aid for infrastructure development in India’s strategically located Andaman and Nicobar Islands, contributing to enhancing India’s maritime security in the region.

Red-Headed Vulture

  • 17 Nov 2024

In News:

  • The Red-Headed Vulture, a critically endangered species, has been sighted for the first time in Kasaragod, Kerala, marking an important addition to the region’s avian biodiversity. This rare sighting occurred at Manhampothikunnu near Mavungal. Prior to this, the species was predominantly seen in the Wayanad region of Kerala.
  • This discovery brings the total number of bird species recorded in Kasaragod to 407, showcasing the district's growing avian diversity.

About the Red-Headed Vulture:

  • The Red-Headed Vulture (also known as the Asian King Vulture or Pondicherry Vulture) is one of the rarest and most critically endangered species of vultures in India. It is known for its distinctive scarlet red head and black body with a white patch on the abdomen.
  • Physical Features: The bird is medium-sized, weighing around 5 kg, with a wingspan of up to 2.5 meters and a length of 80 cm. It is typically solitary, often found alone or with a mate.
  • Distribution: Historically found in Central India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and parts of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, the Red-Headed Vulture’s numbers have drastically declined in recent decades.

Conservation Status:

  • IUCN Red List: The Red-Headed Vulture is classified as Critically Endangered.
  • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: It is listed under Schedule 1, offering it the highest level of legal protection.
  • CITES: The species is also listed in Appendix II, indicating that it requires international conservation efforts to prevent it from becoming endangered.

Threats to Vultures:

  • Diclofenac Poisoning: The significant decline in vulture populations in India, including the Red-Headed Vulture, is primarily due to the widespread use of diclofenac (a veterinary drug) to treat livestock. When vultures consume the carcasses of treated animals, they ingest the toxic drug, leading to kidney failure and death.
  • Other threats include pesticide contamination, lead poisoning, habitat loss, and collisions with man-made structures like power lines and wind turbines.

Conservation Efforts in India:

  • India has undertaken various efforts to protect vultures, including banning diclofenac in 2006 and expanding the ban to other harmful drugs like ketoprofen and aceclofenac in 2023.
  • Vulture Conservation Breeding Centres (VCBCs): These centers are focused on captive breeding and reintroduction programs for vultures, helping to increase their populations. The Jatayu Conservation and Breeding Centre in Uttar Pradesh is one of the latest initiatives, set up to protect and rehabilitate vultures.
  • Vulture Safe Zones have been created across India, providing safe habitats for vulture species to recover.
  • Vulture Restaurant Initiative: In some regions, safe feeding centers (such as in Jharkhand) have been established, where vultures are provided uncontaminated carcasses, reducing their exposure to toxic substances.
  • Legal Protection: Several species of vultures, including the Red-Headed Vulture, are protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, ensuring stringent legal measures against poaching and habitat destruction.

Global Conservation Efforts:

  • India’s vulture conservation initiatives are part of a broader international effort under the SAVE (Saving Asia’s Vultures from Extinction) programme, which involves multiple regional and global organizations working to protect vulture species in South Asia.

Bali Jatra Cuttack Utsav 2024

  • 17 Nov 2024

In News:

  • Bali Jatra 2024 is being held from November 15 to November 22 in Cuttack, Odisha.
  • The festival celebrates Odisha’s ancient maritime history and its cultural and trade links with Southeast Asia.
  • The event has gained international attention due to the participation of diplomats and cultural troupes from ASEAN, BIMSTEC, and Pacific Island countries.

Historical and Cultural Significance:

  • Bali Jatra ("Voyage to Bali") commemorates the 2,000-year-old maritime trade routes between ancient Kalinga (modern-day Odisha) and Southeast Asia, including regions like Bali, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Burma (Myanmar), and Sri Lanka.
  • The festival honors the skills of Kalinga sailors who contributed to the prosperity of the region through trade, including commodities like pepper, cinnamon, cardamom, silk, camphor, gold, and jewelry.
  • It highlights Odisha’s maritime legacy and the cultural exchanges between India and Southeast Asia, particularly the cultural influence of Odia merchants on Bali.

Commercial and Economic Aspects:

  • Bali Jatra is Asia’s largest open-air trade fair, featuring over 2,500 stalls selling a variety of products including artisanal crafts, household items, and food.
  • The event is a major commercial activity with business transactions estimated to exceed ?100 crore over the course of the festival.
  • The festival provides an opportunity for both local and national traders to exhibit products at competitive prices.

Cultural Performances and International Participation:

  • The festival includes daily cultural performances showcasing Odissi dance, Chhau dance, Bihu, Mahari, Gotipua, Sambalpuri, and Santali folk dances.
  • This year, cultural troupes from countries like Indonesia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka have participated, enhancing the international profile of the festival.
  • Diplomats, including Ambassadors, High Commissioners, and Heads of Mission from 14 countries attended the inaugural ceremony.

Historical Background of Bali Jatra:

  • The festival is linked to Kartika Purnima, the full moon night of the month of Kartika, marking the annual migration of traders from Odisha to Southeast Asia.
  • Traders used boats called Boitas to travel to distant lands, which is now symbolically represented in the festival.
  • The event’s cultural significance extends to the recognition of Odisha’s historic maritime routes, with ports like Tamralipti, Manikpatna, Chelitalo, Palur, and Pithunda playing key roles in global trade from as early as the 4th century BC.

Kalinga's Maritime Influence:

  • The Kalinga Empire (present-day Odisha) had significant influence over the Bay of Bengal, referred to as the Kalinga Sea.
  • Kalinga’s dominance in maritime trade is reflected in Kalidasa's Raghuvamsa, where the King of Kalinga is called "Lord of the Sea."
  • Kalinga's Boitas (ships) were instrumental in connecting India with the Southeast Asian archipelago, including Bali.

Cultural Linkages with Bali:

  • Odisha's trade with Bali influenced the culture, religion, and architecture of the region.
  • Balinese Hinduism today still reflects Indian influences, with worship of Hindu deities like Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, and Ganesha.
  • The MasakapankeTukad festival in Bali, similar to Bali Jatra in Odisha, is a tribute to the maritime ancestors of Bali and commemorates the long-standing cultural ties.

Recognition and Milestones:

  • Bali Jatra 2022 achieved a Guinness World Record for creating the largest collection of origami sculptures.
  • The festival has evolved from a traditional trade fair to an international cultural event that highlights Odisha’s historical role in global trade and cultural exchanges.

TarunerSwapno Scheme

  • 17 Nov 2024

In News:

Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee has ordered an inquiry after some intended beneficiaries of the ‘Taruner Swapna’ scheme, an initiative of the TMC government, alleged that they did not receive Rs 10,000 meant for the purchase of tablets (mobile device with a touchscreen display, rechargeable battery, and mobile operating system).

Overview:

  • Aimed at bridging the digital divide by providing ?10,000 to Class 11 and 12 students in West Bengal for purchasing smartphones/tablets.
  • In FY 2024-25, ?900 crore allocated for the scheme, targeting 16 lakh students.
  • The main objective of the scheme is to provide scholarship to the students. So that the student can use their scholarship to buy a smartphone and tablet and can get education through online medium.
  • This scheme will prove to be effective in making the future of the students bright and will also prove to be effective in strengthening them technically.
  • Eligibility criteria for the scheme:
    • Applicant must be a permanent resident of West Bengal State.
    • The applicant should be a student.
    • Students of 11th and 12th will be eligible for this scheme.
    • The annual income of the family of the applicant student should not exceed Rs 2 lakh.
    • Students with backlog are not eligible as this grant is for one-time only.
  • This scheme will make the students technically strong and they will be able to improve their future with technology.
  • Students of government/government-aided/sponsored schools and madrassas can avail assistance.
  • TarunerSwapno Yojana will bridge the digital divide among students and facilitate modern education.

Europe’s Digital Euro

  • 16 Nov 2024

In News:

The digital euro, a central bank digital currency (CBDC) being developed by the European Central Bank (ECB), aims to revolutionize Europe’s digital payment landscape. However, while the ECB has marketed it as a convenient, free, anonymous, and reliable alternative to existing cashless options like credit cards and mobile payment apps, the true purpose of the digital euro goes beyond these simplified claims.

Key Aspects of the Digital Euro

  • Direct Issuance by the ECB: Unlike traditional digital payments that rely on intermediaries like banks or payment service providers, the digital euro is issued directly by the European Central Bank. This allows for peer-to-peer transactions without the need for third-party banks or payment gateways. It can be used for offline transactions, which is a major technical innovation that sets it apart from other digital currencies.
  • A Digital Version of Cash: The digital euro is essentially a digital version of legal tender (cash), providing an alternative to cash in a world increasingly dominated by digital payments. Its key feature is direct payment between users, bypassing the traditional banking system. It aims to offer the same advantages as cash, such as anonymity, but with the convenience of digital transactions.
  • Cost Reduction and Micro-Payments: The digital euro promises to lower transaction costs, especially for micro-payments that are currently prohibitively expensive using conventional bank transfers or digital services like PayPal. This cost efficiency is intended to enable new business models by lowering the friction in digital transactions, thus encouraging innovation in commerce.

The ECB’s Claims vs. the Real Motivation

While the ECB portrays the digital euro as a means to make payments easier, faster, and more secure, there is an underlying political and economic agenda that goes beyond improving consumer convenience.

  • Sovereignty and Competition: One of the main drivers behind the digital euro is Europe’s desire to assert its digital sovereignty. The ECB positions the digital euro as a tool to strengthen the euro’s competitiveness against non-European payment providers, particularly those from the United States like PayPal, Apple Pay, and Google Pay. The EU is concerned that foreign companies may dominate the digital payment landscape, thereby reducing Europe's ability to control its own financial systems.
    • This is a defensive measure to protect European financial interests. By creating a state-backed alternative to privately controlled digital payment systems, the EU aims to ensure that Europe does not become reliant on foreign corporations for essential services.
  • Not About Citizens’ Convenience Alone: While the ECB frames the digital euro as a user-friendly solution for consumers, the real concern is about the control over digital currency. The digital euro offers a more centralized alternative compared to the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. The ECB aims to harness the power of the state in regulating and controlling digital transactions, thus consolidating private property and ensuring the smooth functioning of Europe’s monetary policies.
  • A Tool for Strengthening the Euro: The digital euro is also seen as part of Europe’s broader ambition to establish the euro as a dominant global currency. As the first fully-regulated digital currency issued by a central bank, it could position the euro to compete against other digital currencies, including the digital yuan or the U.S. dollar. The EU sees the digital euro as a way to expand its geopolitical influence by promoting its own currency as a global standard for digital payments.

Commemoration of Birsa Munda’s 150th Birth Anniversary

  • 16 Nov 2024

In News:

On November 15, 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched a commemorative stamp and coin to mark the 150th birth anniversary of Birsa Munda, a prominent tribal freedom fighter and leader from Jharkhand.

Key Points about Birsa Munda:

  • Iconic Tribal Leader: Birsa Munda, born in 1875, is often referred to as ‘Bhagwan’ (God) and ‘DhartiAaba’ (Father of the Earth) by the tribal communities. He is celebrated for his leadership in the fight against the exploitation of tribal people by both the British and non-tribal settlers.
  • Ulgulan Movement: Birsa Munda led the Ulgulan (Great Tumult) against the alienation of land, forced labour, and the illegal appropriation of tribal land in the Chotanagpur Plateau. His efforts were critical in mobilizing tribal communities and challenging the colonial order.
  • Religious and Social Reformer: He founded the Birsait faith, focusing on spiritual practices that emphasized prayer, worship of God, and abstaining from alcohol, fostering unity and resilience among tribal communities.
  • Death and Legacy: Birsa Munda died in 1900 in British custody at the young age of 25. Despite his early death, his legacy lives on as a symbol of tribal pride and resistance.
  • Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas: Since 2021, the Government of India observes November 15 as Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas (Tribal Pride Day) in honor of Birsa Munda's birth anniversary, recognizing the contributions of tribal communities and their role in India's history.
  • Highlights of the 2024 Commemoration:
    • Commemorative Stamp and Coin: To mark the 150th birth anniversary, the Prime Minister unveiled a commemorative stamp and coin in Bihar's Jamui district. This serves as a tribute to Munda's sacrifices for the country.
    • Year-Long Celebrations: The 2024 event marks the beginning of year-long celebrations to commemorate Birsa Munda’s legacy, with a focus on tribal welfare and recognition of their historical contributions.
    • Welfare Projects and Initiatives:
      • Prime Minister Modi inaugurated and laid the foundation for tribal welfare projects worth over ?6,640 crore.
      • The PM launched two tribal freedom fighter museums and tribal research institutes.
      • 1.16 lakh homes were sanctioned under the Dharti Aba Janjati Gram Utkarsh Yojana.
      • 25,000 homes for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) were approved under the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN) scheme.
    • The launch of 50 mobile medical units aims to improve healthcare access in tribal regions.
    • 10 Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) were inaugurated to promote education for tribal students.
  • DhartiAabaJanjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan:
    • The DhartiAabaJanjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan aims to address gaps in social infrastructure, health, education, and livelihood in tribal-majority villages.
    • The initiative is being implemented across 63,000 villages with the involvement of 17 ministries and departments.
  • PM-JANMAN Scheme for PVTGs:
    • Launched in November 2023, the PM-JANMAN initiative aims to uplift Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) through various interventions like safe housing, clean drinking water, healthcare, education, and sustainable livelihoods. The scheme also supports Van Dhan Vikas Kendras for the trade of forest produce and solar-powered systems for households in tribal areas.

Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR)

  • 16 Nov 2024

In News:

The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) has launched the Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR) program to significantly boost research and innovation across Indian universities, especially those with limited research infrastructure. The program is designed to bring about a transformative change in India's academic research ecosystem, aligning with the broader goals of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

Key Details:

  • Launch Date: November 2024
  • Ministry/Department: Department of Science and Technology (DST)
  • Objective:
    • To elevate research capabilities in universities that have limited resources by pairing them with well-established, top-tier institutions.
    • To foster collaborations that can help these emerging universities enhance their research quality, drive innovation, and make significant, globally competitive research contributions.
  • Operational Model: Hub-and-Spoke Framework
    • Hub Institutions: These are well-established, top-tier institutions that will serve as mentors to less-researched universities. The hubs will be selected from:
      • The top 25 institutions in the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF).
      • Institutions of National Importance ranked in the top 50 NIRF.
    • Spoke Institutions: These are emerging universities or institutions with limited research infrastructure. These will include:
      • Central and State Public Universities ranked within the top 200 NIRF Overall.
      • Top 100 NIRF University/State Public Universities.
      • Select NITs and IIITs.
  • Funding:
    • The program has a budget allocation of up to ?100 crore per PAIR network.
    • Distribution of Funds:
      • 30% for the Hub institution.
      • 70% for the Spoke institutions.
    • Private Institutions serving as hubs will need to contribute 25% of their allocated budget.
  • Mentorship & Research Focus:
    • Hubs will provide mentorship to spoke institutions, guiding them in various aspects of research such as access to resources, advanced infrastructure, and best practices.
    • The collaboration is expected to enhance research capabilities, foster innovation, and encourage the development of collaborative networks across institutions.
  • Regional Diversity & Inclusion:
    • The program ensures regional diversity, with at least one spoke institution located outside the hub's state.
    • It also allows the inclusion of one promising university from Category III institutions that may not meet the eligibility criteria but show potential for growth in research.
  • Phase-wise Rollout:
    • The first phase will focus on institutions ranked within the top 25 NIRF and Institutions of National Importance.
    • Future phases will expand the scope, allowing more universities and institutions to participate.
  • Goals Aligned with NEP 2020:
    • Fostering Research Excellence: By partnering top institutions with emerging ones, PAIR seeks to improve the quality of research in India’s higher education sector.
    • Promoting Regional Diversity: Ensuring a geographically diverse set of institutions participate in the research ecosystem.
    • Strengthening Innovation: Helping universities in less-researched areas to compete on an international level, particularly in cutting-edge and impactful research.
  • Program Implementation:
  • Prospective Program Directors from eligible Hub institutions are invited to apply online for the program at ANRF PAIR Application Portal.

About ANRF:

  • ANRF was established under the ANRF Act 2023 as an apex body to provide strategic direction for scientific research in India.
  • With the formation of ANRF, the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), previously established under an act of Parliament in 2008, has been subsumed into ANRF.

Global Maritime Conference

  • 16 Nov 2024

In News:

In a bid to enhance India’s clout in the global merchant shipping sector, the government recently hosted a two-day global maritime conference – Sagarmanthan: The Great Oceans Dialogue.

Key Highlights:

  • Purpose of the Conference:
  • To enhance India's maritime influence and position India as a key player in the global maritime sector, especially in merchant shipping and maritime trade.
  • To showcase India's ambitions in expanding its role in global maritime trade, governance, and collaboration.
  • India's Maritime Ambitions:
  • Despite being the most populous nation and one of the largest global economies, India’s maritime clout has been relatively lower than expected.
  • The dialogue aims to shift global attention towards India's growing role and contributions to maritime trade and shipping.
  • India's Maritime Growth:
  • India contributed to 16% of global maritime growth in 2023 and is on track to become the third-largest global economy within three years.
  • As India’s economic and geopolitical influence expands, maritime governance will become increasingly significant, necessitating deeper international collaborations in commerce, connectivity, and trade.
  • Focus Areas of the Dialogue:
  • Global Maritime Trade: India's expanding role in international shipping, trade routes, and maritime security.
  • International Collaborations: Promoting deeper engagement in maritime governance and policy-making ecosystems.
  • Human Well-being: Highlighting the role of maritime trade in supporting human welfare, particularly in the context of sustainable development and climate change.
  • Significance for India:
  • The conference serves as a platform to discuss India’s aspirations, policies, and presence in global maritime affairs.
  • It is an opportunity to strengthen maritime relations and address issues of global relevance such as trade routes, shipping governance, and environmental sustainability

1st Bodoland Mohotsav

  • 16 Nov 2024

In News:

  • Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the 1st Bodoland Mohotsava two-day event focused on language, literature, and culture.
  • Objective: Aims to promote peace, unity, and a vibrant Bodo society through cultural integration. The festival celebrates the rich Bodo culture and heritage.

Historical Context and Peace Initiatives:

  • End of Violence: The event marks the end of 50 years of violence, following the Bodo Peace Accord (2020), which ended conflict in Bodoland and led to a path of peace and development.
  • Peace Agreements: The Bodo Peace Accord served as a catalyst for other peace settlements, such as the KarbiAnglong Accord, Bru-Reang Accord, and NLFT-Tripura Accord.

Development in Bodoland Post-Peace Accord:

  • Impact of the Peace Accord:
    • Over 10,000 youth in Assam have renounced violence and joined the mainstream of development.
    • Increased mutual trust between the people and the government.
  • Economic Assistance:
    • Rs 1,500 crore special package by the central government.
    • Rs 700 crore spent on infrastructure development in education, health, and culture in Bodoland.
    • Rs 5 lakh assistance for families affected by the Bodo conflict.

Government Support for Socio-Economic Development:

  • Skill Development & SEED Mission:Focus on skilling, entrepreneurship, employment, and development through the SEED Mission for youth empowerment.
  • Rehabilitation of Former Cadres:
    • Over 4,000 former cadres of the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) have been rehabilitated.
    • Many youths have been recruited into Assam Police.
  • Tourism & Employment:Growing tourism in Bodoland, with parks like Manas National Park and Raimona National Park, creating employment opportunities for youth.

Cultural Promotion:

  • Bodo Culture and GI Tags:Promoting Bodo crafts like Aronnaye, Dokhona, Gamsa, etc., that have received Geographical Indication (GI) tags to preserve cultural identity.
  • Bodoland Handloom Mission & Sericulture:Government efforts to promote sericulture and the Bodoland Handloom Mission to sustain Bodo weaving traditions.
  • Literary Celebrations:
    • Continuous Bodoland Literary Festival in Kokrajhar, enhancing the importance of Bodo literature and language.
    • Celebration of Bodo Sahitya Sabha’s 73rd foundation day.

Key Government Initiatives for Development:

  • Infrastructure Development:
    • Rs 800 crore annually being spent by the Assam government for the development of Bodoland.
    • Focus on healthcare, education, and employment.
  • Medical Education:Expansion of medical colleges in Assam from 6 to 12, with plans for 12 more new colleges.

Operation Dronagiri

  • 15 Nov 2024

In News:

  • Recently, the Operation Dronagiri, launched under the National Geospatial Policy 2022 by the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
  • Objective: It is a pilot project under India’s National Geospatial Policy 2022 aimed at showcasing the potential of geospatial technologies in sectors such as Agriculture, Livelihoods, and Logistics & Transport to improve quality of life and ease of doing business.
  • Implementation:
    • The first phase will cover five states: Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
    • Sectors Targeted: The focus will be on demonstrating the integration of geospatial data to solve real-world challenges in agriculture, transportation, and livelihoods.

National Geospatial Policy 2022

  • Context: The National Geospatial Policy 2022 is aimed at liberalizing geospatial data and enabling widespread access and use of geospatial technologies across various sectors of governance, business, and development.
  • Goals:
    • Development of Geospatial Infrastructure: Promoting the creation of a robust infrastructure to make spatial data more accessible and usable.
    • Geospatial Skill Development: Focus on creating a workforce proficient in geospatial technologies.
    • Implementation of Standards: Establishing clear standards for geospatial data to ensure consistency and interoperability.

Role of Integrated Geospatial Data Sharing Interface (GDI)

  • Launch: Alongside Operation Dronagiri, the Integrated Geospatial Data Sharing Interface (GDI) was also unveiled.
  • Purpose: GDI is designed to facilitate seamless data sharing, access, and analysis of geospatial data.
    • Key Features:
      • Data Exchange: Enables smooth sharing of geospatial data for urban planning, disaster management, and environmental monitoring.
      • Privacy and Security: Built with advanced data exchange protocols and privacy-preserving features to ensure secure data sharing.
      • Collaboration: It will promote collaboration among stakeholders, including government agencies, industry, and startups, to unlock actionable insights for decision-making.

Potential Applications of Geospatial Data

  • Urban Planning: Assisting cities in designing efficient infrastructure.
  • Disaster Management: Providing real-time data for better disaster response.
  • Environmental Monitoring: Supporting initiatives for environmental protection and sustainability.
  • Agriculture: Precision farming, crop monitoring, and improving supply chains.
  • Logistics & Transport: Streamlining transportation networks, reducing traffic, and improving delivery systems.

Grand Challenge for Startups

  • Objective: A Grand Challenge was announced as part of the initiative to support startups in developing Proofs of Concept (POCs) targeting specific problems in the focus sectors.
  • Role of Startups: The challenge encourages innovation by early-stage and growth-stage startups in geospatial technology, offering mentorship, resources, and access to datasets.
  • Geospatial Innovation Accelerators:
    • The Geospatial Innovation Accelerators (GIAs) at prestigious institutions like IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIM Calcutta, and IIT Ropar will support this effort.
    • Mentorship and Resources: These accelerators will provide the necessary support for startups to turn their innovations into scalable solutions.

Key Stakeholders and Operational Arms

  • Geospatial Innovation Cell (DST): Responsible for overseeing the project’s implementation and execution.
  • Navavishkar I-Hub Foundation (IITTNiF): Will manage the operational activities of Operation Dronagiri.
  • Partnering Institutions: GIAs at IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIM Calcutta, and IIT Ropar will be the operational arms.
  • Private Sector Involvement: Significant involvement of private sector companies, including startups, is crucial to ensuring the success and scalability of the project.

Impact and Significance

  • Socioeconomic Benefits: The integration of geospatial data into agriculture, transport, and logistics will improve efficiency, reduce costs, and boost economic activity in critical sectors.
  • Geospatial Innovation: The initiative marks a significant step towards making India a global leader in geospatial technology and positioning the country as a hub for innovative solutions using geospatial data.
  • Government Engagement: The project will involve various government departments and corporates in a public-private partnership (PPP) model, similar to the successful implementation of the UPI payment system.

Mobility Arrangement for Talented Early-professionals Scheme (MATES)

  • 15 Nov 2024

In News:

Australia has come up with a new scheme that allows talented young people from India to work in the country for some time.

What is the MATES Scheme?

  • Full Name: Mobility Arrangement for Talented Early-professionals Scheme (MATES).
  • Objective: To provide Indian university graduates and early-career professionals with an opportunity to live and work in Australia for up to two years.
  • Establishment: The scheme is part of the Migration and Mobility Partnership Arrangement (MMPA) between Australia and India, signed on May 23, 2023.
  • Launch Date: MATES will open for applicants in December 2024.

Eligibility Criteria

  • Age: Applicants must be 30 years or younger at the time of application.
  • Educational Qualifications: Must have graduated within the last two years from an eligible institution with a Bachelor’s degree or higher in one of the following fields:
    • Renewable Energy
    • Mining
    • Engineering
    • Information Communications Technology (ICT)
    • Artificial Intelligence (AI)
    • Financial Technology (FinTech)
    • Agricultural Technology (AgriTech)
  • English Proficiency: A minimum score of 6 overall in IELTS (or equivalent), with at least 5 in each module.
  • Institutional Criteria: Graduates must be from the top 100 Indian universities as per the NIRF Ranking 2024 (e.g., Panjab University, Chandigarh University, Thapar Institute of Engineering, Lovely Professional University).
  • Previous Participation: Applicants must not have previously participated in the MATES scheme.

Key Features of the MATES Scheme

  • No Employer Sponsorship Required: Applicants are not required to have sponsorship from an Australian employer.
  • Visa Duration: The visa allows a stay of up to 2 years in Australia, with multiple entries permitted.
  • Dependents: Visa holders can bring dependents (spouse and children). Dependents will have work rights in Australia but will not count towards the annual cap.
  • Visa Application Process:
    • The visa will be granted through a ballot system (random selection).
    • Application Fee: AUD 25.
    • Shortlisted candidates will proceed to further formalities.

Program Features

  • Targeted Sectors: MATES focuses on key sectors such as renewable energy, mining, engineering, ICT, AI, FinTech, and AgriTech, aligning with Australia’s demand for skilled professionals in these areas.
  • Pilot Program: Initially, the scheme will offer 3,000 places per year for primary applicants.
  • Work Flexibility: While the visa does not require applicants to work in their nominated field, it is designed to help young professionals expand their skills and network in Australia’s key industries.

Additional Benefits

  • Career Development: Participants will gain international work experience, expanding their professional network and skills.
  • Cultural Exchange: The scheme also promotes cultural exchange between India and Australia, fostering stronger bilateral relations.
  • Pathway for Future Opportunities: Participants may apply for further temporary or permanent residence in Australia, provided they meet the eligibility requirements.

Impact and Significance

  • Bilateral Cooperation: The MMPA, under which MATES is established, enhances migration and mobility between India and Australia while addressing concerns related to illegal migration.
  • Youth Empowerment: The scheme offers young professionals a platform to develop their careers internationally, particularly in sectors of global relevance like AI, FinTech, and renewable energy.
  • Skill Development: MATES aims to bridge skill gaps in Australia by attracting Indian professionals to key sectors where expertise is in high demand.
  • Global Talent Mobility: This scheme supports the global mobility of young talent and strengthens the India-Australia economic and educational partnership.

Know Your Medicine (KYM) App

  • 15 Nov 2024

In News:

Union Minister for Youth Affairs & Sports, Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya, has launched a nationwide appeal to strengthen the fight against doping in sports, urging athletes, coaches, and the entire sporting community to embrace the National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) India's ‘Know Your Medicine (KYM)’ app.

Introduction to KYM App

  • Launch: The app was launched by Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya, Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports, to combat doping in sports.
  • Developer: National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) India.
  • Purpose: To prevent inadvertent doping by allowing athletes to check whether a medicine contains substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

Key Features of the KYM App

  • Medicine Verification: The app enables athletes to verify if any medicine or its ingredients contain banned substances listed by WADA.
  • Image and Audio Search: Unique search features help users easily search for specific sport-related information.
  • Customizable Search: Users can select their sport category and receive relevant, sport-specific information.
  • User-Friendly: Designed for athletes, coaches, and sports professionals to quickly verify medicines and ensure clean competition.

Importance of KYM App

  • Supporting Clean Sports: The app promotes a fair and ethical sporting culture by reducing the risk of inadvertent doping.
  • Integrity of Sports: Helps athletes avoid penalties or bans due to accidental doping, maintaining the integrity of the competition.
  • Accessible Information: Provides easy access to information regarding medicines that may contain banned substances, which is crucial for athletes' health and careers.

NADA India's Mission

  • Anti-Doping Awareness: The KYM app is part of NADA India’s broader initiative to educate athletes and raise awareness about the dangers of doping.
  • Goal: To promote dope-free sports and ensure that athletes and coaches are equipped with the tools needed for compliance with anti-doping regulations.

NADA India: Background and Functions

  • Established: NADA India was set up in November 2005 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
  • Mission: To serve as the independent Anti-Doping Organization for India, aiming to create a doping-free sporting environment.
  • Key Functions:
    • Implementing Anti-Doping Code: Ensuring compliance with the World Anti-Doping Code among all sports organizations in India.
    • Dope Testing Program: Coordinating a national dope testing program with stakeholders across various sports.
    • Promoting Research and Education: Encouraging research on anti-doping and educating athletes on the importance of staying clean.
    • Adopting Best Practices: Ensuring the implementation of high-quality standards for anti-doping programs.

Impact and Significance

  • Preventing Doping: The KYM app helps prevent inadvertent doping incidents by providing athletes with the necessary tools to check their medicines.
  • Supporting Athletes: It provides athletes with a reliable way to avoid banned substances in over-the-counter medications, thus safeguarding their careers.
  • National and International Compliance: Supports India’s commitment to complying with international anti-doping norms, contributing to a global effort to maintain fairness in sports.

Operation Kawach

  • 15 Nov 2024

In News:

The Delhi Police recently initiated Operation Kawach, arresting and detaining around 1,000 people in an attempt to crack down on various gangs and their operations in the wake of the recent incidents of shootings reported in the city.

Overview of Operation Kawach

  • Objective: A crackdown on gang-related violence, drug trafficking, and other illegal activities like possession of firearms, banned drugs, and liquor.
  • Agencies Involved:Delhi Police (Local Police, Special Cell, and Crime Branch)
  • Duration: Initiated on November 12, 2024 (5 PM) and continued until November 13, 2024 (5 PM).

Key Details of the Operation

  • Arrests and Detentions:
    • Around 1,000 people detained.
    • 486 people apprehended in Outer North Delhi (20% juveniles).
    • Arrests made in Dwarka, Southwest, and North Delhi.
  • Key Gangs Targeted:
    • Associated with notorious gangs led by Lawrence Bishnoi, Neeraj Bawana, Kaushal Chaudhary, TilluTajpuria, Kala Jatheri, Manjeet Mahal, and Nandu gangs.
  • Charges: Involvement in activities like:
    • Possession of illegal firearms.
    • Trafficking of liquor and banned drugs (NDPS Act).
    • Theft and other criminal activities.

Significance of Operation Kawach

  • Public Safety: Aimed at dismantling organized crime networks to enhance safety and reduce violence in Delhi.
  • Impact on Gangs: Directly targets high-profile criminals, including those involved in gang wars and drug trafficking.
  • Strategic Law Enforcement: Strengthens law enforcement capabilities, working in coordination across multiple police units.

Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs)

  • 15 Nov 2024

In News:

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) retained the State Bank of India, HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank as Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs).

Overview of D-SIBs

  • Definition: D-SIBs are banks that are 'Too Big to Fail' (TBTF) and their failure could significantly disrupt essential banking services, affecting the economy.
  • RBI Classification: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has designated SBI, HDFC Bank, and ICICI Bank as D-SIBs.
  • Bucketing System: These banks are classified into different buckets based on their systemic importance.

Importance of D-SIBs

  • Systemic Importance: Banks are considered systemically important due to their:
    • Size
    • Cross-jurisdictional activities
    • Complexity
    • Interconnectedness with the economy
  • Impact of Failure: Failure of a D-SIB could cause significant disruption in the banking system and economy, impacting services like payments, loans, etc.

Why D-SIBs are Created

  • Risk of Disruption: The failure of a large bank can disrupt essential services and lead to a broader economic crisis.
  • TBTF Perception: These banks are often perceived as Too Big to Fail, leading to an expectation of government support during crises. This creates moral hazard, encouraging riskier behavior.

Assessment and Selection of D-SIBs

  • Two-Step Process:
    • Step 1: Selection of banks based on their size, complexity, and interconnectedness. Only banks with systemic importance are assessed (e.g., banks with assets > 2% of GDP).
    • Step 2: Calculation of systemic importance score based on a range of indicators. Banks above a certain threshold are classified as D-SIBs.
  • Indicators: Size (measured by Basel III Leverage Ratio Exposure Measure), interconnectedness, substitutability, and complexity are key factors.

Bucket Allocation and Capital Requirements

  • D-SIBs are assigned to five buckets based on their systemic importance score:
    • Bucket 1: Lowest capital surcharge (e.g., ICICI Bank).
    • Bucket 5: Highest capital surcharge.
  • Additional Capital Requirements:
    • SBI: Additional 0.80% CET1 (Common Equity Tier 1) on Risk-Weighted Assets (RWAs).
    • HDFC Bank: Additional 0.40% CET1.
    • ICICI Bank: Additional 0.20% CET1.
    • The higher the bucket, the higher the capital surcharge.

Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs)

  • Global List: Identified by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) based on data from the previous year.
  • 2023 G-SIB List includes banks like JP Morgan Chase, Bank of America, HSBC, etc.
  • Capital Requirement for G-SIBs in India: Foreign G-SIBs with branch presence in India must meet additional CET1 requirements, proportional to their operations in India.

Key Terms

  • Risk-Weighted Assets (RWAs): These are used to calculate the minimum capital a bank must hold. It accounts for the risk level of a bank’s assets.
  • Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1): The highest quality of capital a bank can hold, primarily made up of common stock, to absorb losses in times of distress.

World Diabetes Day 2024

  • 14 Nov 2024

In News:

  • World Diabetes Day is observed on November 14th each year to raise awareness about diabetes, its prevention, and management.
  • It was created by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
  • Significance: Commemorates the birthday of Sir Frederick Banting, who co-discovered insulin in 1922 alongside Charles Best.
  • Theme (2024): "Access to Diabetes Care: Empowering Better Health for All".

History:

  • Established in 1991 by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and World Health Organization (WHO).
  • Recognized as a global observance by the UN in 2006.
  • Activities: Awareness campaigns, health check-ups, educational seminars, and lighting of Blue Circle Monuments worldwide as a symbol of unity in the fight against diabetes.

Global Diabetes Data (2022):

  • Total Diabetic Adults: 828 million globally.
  • India's Share: 212 million (approximately 25% of global cases).
  • Other Countries:

 

    • China: 148 million.
    • USA: 42 million.
    • Pakistan: 36 million.
    • Indonesia: 25 million.
    • Brazil: 22 million.

 

Risk Factors for Diabetes:

  • Global Factors: Obesity and poor diets are key contributors.
  • India-Specific Factors: Dietary habits, lack of exercise, and socio-economic disparities contribute significantly to the high prevalence.

Untreated Cases:

  • Global untreated cases (2022): 445 million (59% of diabetics globally).
  • India untreated cases (2022): 133 million (64 million men, 69 million women).
  • Complications: Untreated diabetes leads to severe health complications, including heart disease, kidney failure, and premature death.

Types of Diabetes:

  • Diabetes Mellitus: The most common type of diabetes, characterized by issues with insulin production or its efficient use.
    • Type 1 Diabetes (T1D):
      • Autoimmune condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
      • Primarily affects children and young adults.
    • Type 2 Diabetes (T2D):
      • Insulin resistance combined with reduced insulin production.
      • Often linked to lifestyle factors like obesity and physical inactivity.
    • Gestational Diabetes:
      • Occurs in pregnant women, leading to high blood sugar.
      • Typically resolves after childbirth.
    • Diabetes Insipidus:
      • Imbalance of water regulation due to inadequate secretion or response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
      • Leads to excessive urination and dehydration.

Symptoms of Diabetes:

 

  • Frequent urination.
  • Excessive thirst and hunger.
  • Unexplained weight loss.
  • Blurred vision.
  • Fatigue.
  • Slow-healing wounds.

Role of Insulin in Managing Diabetes:

  • Function of Insulin: A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.
  • In Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin injections or pumps are essential for survival.
  • In Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin or oral medications may be prescribed alongside lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise.

Government Initiatives in India:

  • National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS): Focuses on awareness, early diagnosis, and management of diabetes.
  • National Health Policy (2017): Aims to reduce premature deaths from non-communicable diseases by 25% by 2025.
  • Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centres: Provides free screenings and consultations for diabetes and other non-communicable diseases.
  • Eat Right Movement: Promotes healthier dietary habits to combat obesity and reduce diabetes risks.
  • School Health Programs: Aims to educate children on healthy lifestyles to prevent the early onset of Type 2 diabetes.

Decline in African Elephant Population

  • 14 Nov 2024

In News:

  • The population of African elephants has been declining rapidly, with data showing alarming drops across the African continent.
  • Survey Period: The study covers population data from 475 sites in 37 countries over 52 years (1964-2016).
  • Population Decrease:
    • Savannah Elephants: A 70% decline on average across surveyed sites.
    • Forest Elephants: A 90% decline on average across surveyed sites.
  • Overall Impact: The study indicates a 77% average decline in elephant populations across both species.

Main Drivers of Decline

  • Poaching: Illegal hunting for ivory and other body parts remains a major threat.
  • Habitat Loss: Urbanization, agricultural expansion, and climate change are encroaching on the elephant’s natural habitats.
  • Human-Elephant Conflict: Increased human settlements near elephant habitats lead to conflicts, further endangering elephant populations.

Species Overview

  • Two Subspecies:
    • Savannah Elephant (Loxodonta africana): Larger and more common, found in open savannas.
    • Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis): Smaller and more elusive, found in dense rainforests.
  • Conservation Status:
    • Savannah Elephant: Endangered (IUCN).
    • Forest Elephant: Critically Endangered (IUCN).
  • CITES Listing: Both species are listed under CITES Appendix I, which bans international trade in endangered species.

Regional Impact

  • Northern and Eastern Africa: These regions have seen drastic declines, particularly in the Sahel (Mali, Chad, Nigeria), where elephants have been extirpated (locally extinct) due to poaching and insufficient protection.
  • Southern Africa: Positive Growth in some areas, particularly in Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Namibia, where elephant populations are growing due to strong conservation efforts.

Conservation Success

  • Southern Africa: 42% of the surveyed sites showed increasing elephant populations, a testament to successful conservation strategies.
  • Government and NGO Efforts: Successful population growth is often attributed to active management, including anti-poaching laws, protected areas, and conservation funding.

Elephant Behavior and Reproduction

  • Social Structure: Elephants live in family units led by mature females, with strong social bonds.
  • Low Sleep Time: Elephants sleep only 2 hours per day on average.
  • Reproduction: They have a long gestation period of up to 2 years, and calves are cared for by mothers and allomothers (non-mother females).

Conservation Challenges

  • Sustainability: Continued poaching and habitat destruction threaten to undo gains made in conservation.
  • Fragmentation of Populations: With many elephants in isolated pockets, genetic diversity is declining, which could lead to long-term problems for species survival.

Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund (JNMF)

  • 14 Nov 2024

In News:

Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund to launch ‘Nehru Archive’ next year.

Nehru Archive Initiative

  • Launch Date: The Nehru Archive will go online on November 14, 2025, coinciding with Jawaharlal Nehru's birth anniversary.
  • Purpose: The archive will showcase less-known published and unpublished works of India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, including his speeches, letters to Chief Ministers, and other writings.

Archive Content

  • Key Features:
    • 100 volumes of The Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru.
    • Letters to Chief Ministers (1947-1964), documenting Nehru's communication with state leadership.
    • Nehru’s iconic books like:

 

      • The Discovery of India
      • Glimpses of World History
      • Letters from a Father to His Daughter
      • An Autobiography
      • The Unity of India
      • A Bunch of Old Letters
    • Speeches from 1917 to 1964.
    • Writings on Nehru by his contemporaries.
    • Global archival material from international sources.
  • Objective: The goal is to provide dynamic, continuously updated, open-ended access to Nehru’s work, making it the most important research source on Nehru.

Significance

  • Educational and Intellectual Contribution: The archive will serve as a comprehensive, accessible source of information for students, scholars, and the general public to understand Nehru’s contributions to the making of modern India.
  • Preservation of Legacy: It will preserve and promote Nehru’s intellectual legacy and his vision for India's development post-independence.
  • Historical Importance: The archive will help contextualize Nehru’s leadership during critical periods of Indian history, including India’s independence, partition, and post-independence challenges.

Governance and Establishment of JNMF

  • Founded: The Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund (JNMF) was established in 1964 through a Deed of Declaration of Trust following a National Committee chaired by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, then President of India.
  • Purpose: To preserve and promote Nehru's legacy, especially his role in shaping modern India.
  • Governance: The JNMF is governed by 14 trustees and is currently headed by Sonia Gandhi, the Chairperson of the Congress Parliamentary Party.

Sea Ranching Initiative off Vizhinjam Coast

  • 14 Nov 2024

In News:

  • The State Fisheries Department in Kerala launched a sea ranching project by releasing 20,000 pompano (Trachinotus blochii) fingerlings off the Vizhinjam coast as part of the artificial reef project.
  • Coordinates: The fingerlings were released near artificial reef modules placed 1.5 nautical miles off the coast.
  • Follow-up to Artificial Reef Project: The release of fingerlings is a follow-up to the artificial reef project aimed at replenishing marine fishery resources and promoting sustainable fishing practices.

Project Details

  • Fingerling Release: The first batch of 20,000 pompano was released as part of the broader initiative to release 10 lakh fingerlings (pompano and cobia) at 10 locations along the Thiruvananthapuram coast.
  • Location and Quantity: At each location, 1 lakh fingerlings will be released, where artificial reefs have already been deployed under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).
  • Reef Design: Artificial reefs consist of 150 reef modules (triangular, flower, and pipe-shaped) created at 42 locations off 33 fishing villages in the Thiruvananthapuram district.

Objective and Benefits

  • Marine Resource Replenishment: The primary aim is to replenish marine fishery resources in the region by enhancing biodiversity through the introduction of fingerlings.
  • Sustainable Fishing: The project aims to promote sustainable fishing practices by supporting fish populations and ensuring long-term fishery health.
  • Attraction of Fish Species: The artificial reefs have already attracted a variety of fish species, including tuna, trevally, and mackerel, enhancing the fishing ecosystem.

Implementation and Funding

  • Scheme: The project is being implemented under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), which focuses on sustainable fisheries development.
  • Central Approval: The National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) approved the ?3 crore funding for the initial phase in Thiruvananthapuram.
  • Proposed Expansions:
    • Phase II: A proposal for extending the artificial reef project to 96 villages in the districts of Kollam, Alappuzha, Ernakulam, and Thrissur with an estimated cost of ?29.76 crore.
    • Phase III: A similar proposal for 96 villages in the northern districts of Malappuram, Kozhikode, Kannur, and Kasaragod with an estimated cost of ?25.82 crore.

Mission and Fingerlings Details

  • Fingerlings:
    • Pompano (Trachinotus blochii) and Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) fingerlings were reared at the Ayiramthengu fish farm.
    • Each fingerling weighs between 8 to 10 grams.
    • The release aims to stock marine areas with species that will contribute to biodiversity and fisheries sustainability.

Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)

  • Launched: PMMSY is a Centrally funded scheme under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
  • Goal: The scheme focuses on sustainable fisheries development to enhance fisheries production, boost aquaculture, and promote responsible fishing practices.
  • Funding: The scheme involves both Central and State Government funding for projects related to fisheries management, infrastructure development, and resource conservation.

Mission Fingerling

  • Launched: 2017 by the Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
  • Objective: To achieve the Blue Revolution by holistically developing and managing fisheries in India.
  • Production Target: The mission aimed to increase fisheries production from 10.79 MMT (2014-15) to 15 MMT by 2020-21.

OECD Report on Indian Agricultural Policies

  • 14 Nov 2024

In News:

  • In 2023, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) revealed that Indian farmers faced the highest implicit taxation globally, amounting to USD 120 billion.
  • Implicit Taxation: This taxation arises from government policies like export bans, duties, and price controls, aimed at lowering food prices for consumers but reducing the income of farmers.
  • Export Restrictions: Key commodities affected include rice, sugar, onions, and de-oiled rice bran.

Impact on Indian Farmers

  • Market Price Support (MPS):
    • Negative MPS: In 2023, Indian agricultural policies resulted in a negative MPS of USD 110 billion.
    • Farmers received lower prices than international market rates due to export bans and trade restrictions, impacting their income.
  • Budgetary Support: Despite government subsidies and the Minimum Support Price (MSP) worth USD 10 billion, negative MPS outweighed positive support, leading to an overall loss for farmers.
  • Farmer’s Share in Global Negative Support:
    • India’s share of global negative price support in 2023 was 62.5%, a significant increase from 61% in 2000-02.

Global Agricultural Policy Trends

  • Global Support: Total support for agriculture across 54 countries averaged USD 842 billion annually (2021-2023). However, there was a decline in support in 2022-23 from the pandemic-era peak.
  • Challenges:
    • Geopolitical Tensions (e.g., Russia-Ukraine war) and climate change are exacerbating global agricultural production and trade.
    • Export Restrictions in various countries are distorting international agricultural markets.
    • Farmer Protests across countries reflect the economic and social struggles of the farming community.
  • Sustainability Issues: Global agricultural productivity growth is slowing, posing challenges to feeding a growing population sustainably.

India's Agricultural Policies

  • Export Bans and Restrictions: These policies are intended to control domestic prices but undermine farmers’ income by lowering market prices for key agricultural products.
  • Minimum Support Price (MSP): MSP is meant to protect farmers, but is often set below international market rates, leading to a negative price effect.
  • Regulatory Constraints: Policies like the Essential Commodities Act (1955) and APMC Act (2003), though aimed at ensuring food security, often lead to price suppression for farmers.
  • Price Depressing Policies: India's agricultural policies result in lower farm-gate prices due to price controls, government-set procurement prices, and lack of market access.

Negative Market Price Support (MPS)

  • Historical Trends:
    • From 2014-2016, India’s Producer Support Estimate (PSE) was -6.2%, driven mainly by negative MPS (-13.1%).
    • The PSE measures the annual value of transfers to farmers, both from consumers and the government.
  • Inefficiencies:
    • Infrastructure Gaps: Poor infrastructure and high transaction costs lower the prices farmers receive.
    • Inefficient Resource Allocation: Short-term subsidies for inputs (fertilizers, irrigation) don’t address long-term agricultural challenges like climate change and market access.

Government Support Programs

  • Subsidies and Schemes:
    • National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
    • Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) for organic farming.
    • Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) to promote agricultural development.
    • Digital Agriculture Mission and Unified Farmer Service Platform (UFSP) for modernizing agricultural practices.
  • Sustainability Efforts:
    • The government has introduced initiatives like AgriStack and Mission Organic Value Chain Development in the North East to enhance sustainable agricultural practices and reduce the negative impacts on farmers.

Global Context and Recommendations

  • Environmental Public Goods Payments (EPGP): Only 0.3% of total producer support is dedicated to environmental sustainability, despite the growing need for climate-resilient agriculture.
  • Sustainable Agricultural Practices: The OECD advocates for governments to tie producer support to sustainable farming practices, including the use of metrics like Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and Agri-Environmental Indicators (AEIs).
    • TFP measures agricultural efficiency, while AEIs assess the environmental impacts of farming.

OECD Overview

  • OECD Function: Founded in 1961, the OECD is an international organization of 38 countries that promotes prosperity, equality, and well-being through economic reports, data, and policy analysis.
  • India’s Role: India has been an OECD Key Partner since 2007, engaging with the OECD on various policy issues, though it is not a member.

Global Nature Conservation Index (NCI) 2024

  • 13 Nov 2024

In News:

India with an abysmal score of 45.5 (out of 100) has been ranked 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index, 2024.

Key Highlights:

  • India's Ranking:
    • Ranked 176th out of 180 countries in the 2024 Global Nature Conservation Index (NCI).
    • India is listed among the five worst performers, along with Kiribati (180), Turkey (179), Iraq (178), and Micronesia (177).
    • Score: 45.5 out of 100, indicating significant conservation challenges.
  • Key Factors Contributing to Low Rank:
    • Inefficient land management practices.
    • Rising threats to biodiversity, exacerbated by unsustainable development and climate change.
  • Four Key Markers Assessed by the NCI:
    • Land Management: Ineffective management leading to significant land conversion.
    • Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat loss, fragmentation, and deforestation.
    • Capacity and Governance: Need for stronger political will and better enforcement of conservation laws.
    • Future Trends: Growing pressure from population density, climate change, and illegal wildlife trade.
  • Sustainable Land Use Concerns:
    • 53% of land has been converted for urban, industrial, and agricultural purposes.
    • High use of pesticides and concerns over soil pollution.
    • Sustainable nitrogen index of 0.77 indicates significant risks to soil health.
  • Marine Conservation Issues:
    • Only 0.2% of India’s national waterways are under protected areas, with no protected areas within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
    • Significant improvements needed in marine conservation despite 7.5% of terrestrial areas being protected.
  • Deforestation and Habitat Loss:
    • 23,300 sq. km of tree cover lost between 2001-2019 due to deforestation.
    • Habitat fragmentation from agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure development.
    • Impact of climate change on sensitive ecosystems like alpine regions and coral reefs.
  • Biodiversity Decline:
    • Despite 40% of marine species and 65% of terrestrial species being within Protected Areas (PAs), many species continue to face population decline.
    • 67.5% of marine species and 46.9% of terrestrial species are still experiencing population declines.
  • Illegal Wildlife Trade:
    • India is the fourth-largest illegal wildlife trading nation globally, with an estimated annual trade value of £15 billion.
    • The NCI emphasizes the need for stronger enforcement and international cooperation to combat wildlife trafficking.
  • Ecological Wealth Under Threat:
    • India’s high population density (with a population that has doubled since the late 1970s) continues to put pressure on its ecological wealth.
    • The country faces significant biodiversity challenges due to overpopulation and unsustainable development.
  • Recommendations and Optimism:
    • The NCI stresses the need for strong political will and commitment to sustainable development.
    • India can improve its rank by strengthening conservation laws, improving governance, and securing funding for environmental initiatives.
    • The NCI remains optimistic about India’s potential to address its conservation challenges and achieve more sustainable outcomes in the future.
  • About the Nature Conservation Index (NCI):
  • Developed by: Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change (Ben-Gurion University) and BioDB.com (a biodiversity database).
  • Purpose: Evaluates the conservation efforts of countries, using a data-driven approach to balance conservation and development.
  • Key Focus Areas: Land management, biodiversity threats, governance, and future sustainability trends.

RBI's New Framework for Reclassification of FPI to FDI

  • 13 Nov 2024

In News:

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) directed foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) to obtain necessary approvals from the government and concurrence from the investee companies when their equity holdings go beyond the prescribed limits and they reclassify the holdings as foreign direct investment (FDI).

  • Approval Requirement:
    • FPIs (Foreign Portfolio Investors) must obtain necessary government approvals when reclassifying their foreign portfolio investments (FPIs) into Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
    • Approvals are mandatory, including those related to investments from countries sharing a land border with India.
  • Investment Limits:
    • According to FEMA (NDI) Rules, 2019, an FPI’s investment in an Indian company should not exceed 10% of the total paid-up equity capital (on a fully diluted basis).
    • If the FPI exceeds this limit, it has 5 trading days from the settlement of trades to either divest or reclassify the excess holdings as FDI.
  • Restrictions on Reclassification:
    • Reclassification to FDI is not allowed in sectors where FDI is prohibited.
    • FPIs must ensure compliance with FDI norms, such as entry routes, sectoral caps, investment limits, pricing guidelines, and other related conditions.
  • Concurrence from Investee Companies:
    • The FPI must obtain the concurrence of the investee company for reclassifying the investment into FDI.
    • This ensures that the company adheres to conditions related to prohibited sectors, sectoral caps, and government approvals.
  • Reclassification Procedure:
    • The FPI must clearly state its intent to reclassify the investment to FDI and provide the necessary approvals and concurrence to its custodian.
    • The custodian is responsible for freezing the FPI's purchase transactions in the investee company’s equity instruments until the reclassification is complete.
  • Regulatory Adherence:
    • The reclassification must follow the relevant provisions for FDI, including compliance with the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) and FDI guidelines.

India’s Vision of ‘Adaptive Defence’

  • 13 Nov 2024

In News:

  • Defence Minister Shri Rajnath Singh introduced the concept of ‘Adaptive Defence’ at the inaugural Delhi Defence Dialogue (DDD).
  • Adaptive Defence aims to prepare India's military for the rapidly changing landscape of modern warfare, with evolving threats and technologies shaping global security.

Key Aspects of Adaptive Defence:

  • Strategic Approach:
    • Adaptive Defence is an evolving strategy where military and defence systems continuously adjust to emerging threats, focusing on proactive preparedness rather than reactive responses.
    • It is based on anticipating future threats, fostering flexibility, resilience, and agility in both strategic and tactical responses.
  • Core Elements:
    • Situational Awareness: The ability to understand and respond to dynamic, often unpredictable environments.
    • Flexibility & Agility: At both the strategic and tactical levels to ensure swift and effective responses.
    • Resilience: The capacity to recover and adapt quickly to unforeseen circumstances.
    • Integration with Emerging Technologies: Emphasis on adopting cutting-edge technologies like AI, drones, and cybersecurity to stay ahead of adversaries.

The Changing Nature of Warfare:

  • Grey Zone & Hybrid Warfare:
    • Modern conflicts now often occur in the grey zone and involve hybrid warfare, blending traditional and non-traditional threats like cyber-attacks, terrorism, and psychological warfare.
    • These new threats demand continuous adaptation in strategies, doctrines, and military operations.
  • Technological Transformation:
    • Drones and swarm technologies are reshaping warfare. India aspires to become a global hub for drones, leveraging these technologies for both economic and military growth.
    • The increasing significance of Artificial Intelligence (AI), cyber capabilities, and quantum technologies in defence highlights the need for international collaboration in research and innovation.
  • Psychological Warfare:
    • The rise of information overload and psychological warfare challenges traditional defence paradigms. Manipulation of information to influence public opinion and disrupt decision-making processes is now a key threat.

Government Initiatives for Adaptive Defence:

  • Institutional Strengthening:
    • Establishment of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and initiatives to enhance jointness among the three armed services (Army, Navy, Air Force) to create a unified strategic force.
    • Reform of training curricula and emphasis on integrated operations to ensure readiness for new-age warfare.
  • Focus on Self-Reliance:
    • Strengthening the indigenous defence sector through initiatives like Make in India and the Aatmanirbhar Bharat campaign.
    • Increasing foreign direct investment (FDI) in defence and promoting defence exports, with India currently exporting to over 100 nations.
  • Drone Hub Vision:
    • India aims to become the world’s drone hub, supporting R&D and fostering innovation to develop reliable certification mechanisms and enhance Indian intellectual property in the drone sector.
    • Programs like iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) and ADITI are rewarding innovation and driving India's defence sector towards greater self-sufficiency.
  • Technology and Innovation:
    • Focus on cybersecurity, AI, and quantum technologies to develop solutions that address both national and global security challenges.
    • India is also working on Theaterisation, integrating the three services into a unified force structure for enhanced coordination and joint operations.
  • Defence Acquisition and Export:
    • Introduction of the Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020, establishment of Defence Industrial Corridors in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, and a Positive Indigenisation List to boost self-reliance.
    • India is actively increasing defence exports, aiming for Rs 50,000 crore worth of exports by 2029, with key export destinations including the USA, France, and Armenia.

Strategic Vision for the Future:

  • Collaborative Approach:
    • Given the interconnectedness of global security, the defence minister emphasized the importance of a collaborative approach in dealing with transnational threats.
    • Cross-border issues, cyberspace threats, and the potential of quantum and nanotechnologies demand the sharing of knowledge and strategies across borders.
  • Joint Military Vision:
    • Jointness in defence strategy should go beyond national borders and should involve international cooperation in response to global security challenges.
    • The need for interconnected solutions in the face of transnational threats underscores the importance of multilateral cooperation.

Sudden Resurgence of H5N1 in Cambodia

  • 13 Nov 2024

In News:

  • Cambodia saw a resurgence of H5N1 avian influenza cases after over 10 years of no human infections.
  • From February 2023 to August 2024, 16 human cases were reported, with 3 deaths caused by the A/H5 clade 2.3.2.1c virus.
  • Notably, 14 of these cases were caused by a novel reassortant virus, involving a mixture of clade 2.3.2.1c and clade 2.3.4.4b gene segments.

Key Points:

  • Reassortment of the Virus:
    • The reassortment between clades 2.3.2.1c (Southeast Asia) and 2.3.4.4b (global spread) has created a new strain.
    • This reassortant virus is responsible for the second wave of infections in humans, starting in October 2023.
  • Zoonotic Transmission:
    • Investigations confirmed that direct contact with sick poultry or bird droppings was the primary source of human infections.
    • There have been no reported cases of human-to-human transmission.
    • The novel reassortant virus appears to have replaced the 2.3.2.1c strain in Cambodian poultry.
  • Geographic Spread and Spillovers:
    • Clade 2.3.2.1c was first reported in Cambodian poultry in March 2014. It continued to circulate in both poultry and wild birds.
    • Clade 2.3.4.4b viruses began circulating in Cambodian live bird markets by 2021, co-existing with clade 2.3.2.1c.
    • There were two key spillovers to humans:
      • The first spillover in February 2023, associated with clade 2.3.2.1c, involved two related individuals, with one death.
      • The second spillover, beginning in October 2023, involved the novel reassortant virus.
  • Genetic Analysis and Mutation Concerns:
    • Genetic sequencing showed significant changes in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of viruses from human cases, indicating a shift from older local strains to newer sublineages.
    • The PB2 627K mutation in the novel reassortant is concerning, as it is linked to increased mammalian adaptation and the potential for airborne transmission, particularly in mammals like ferrets.
    • This mutation raises concerns about the virus’s ability to adapt to humans or other mammals.
  • Environmental and Epidemiological Factors:
    • The reassortment is believed to have been facilitated by:
      • High-density poultry farming.
      • Wild bird migration.
      • Cross-border poultry trade in Southeast Asia.
    • These factors heighten the risk of zoonotic transmission, emphasizing the need for continued vigilance in the region.
  • Surveillance and Response:
    • One Health investigations linked human cases to infected poultry, highlighting the importance of rapid response through whole genome sequencing.
    • The ongoing surveillance is critical, as the novel reassortant strain has already replaced clade 2.3.2.1c in Cambodian poultry.
  • Public Health Recommendations:
    • There is an urgent need to strengthen sustained surveillance of avian influenza in both poultry and wild birds, particularly in Southeast Asia.
    • Public health strategies should focus on:
      • Reducing human exposure to infected poultry.
      • Promoting safe poultry handling practices.
      • Encouraging early healthcare-seeking behavior in individuals with potential symptoms.

Accessibility for Disabled Persons

  • 13 Nov 2024

In News:

Recently, the Supreme Court of India delivered a significant ruling affirming that the right of persons with disabilities (PwDs) to access environments, services, and opportunities is a fundamental human right. The judgment was made in the case of RajiveRaturi vs. Union of India &Ors. and is based on a report submitted by the Centre for Disability Studies (CDS) at NALSAR University of Law.

Key Points of the Judgment:

  • Social Model of Disability:
    • The Court upheld the social model of disability, which focuses on societal changes to ensure the full inclusion and participation of PwDs.
    • The model emphasizes removing social barriers and creating an inclusive environment that accommodates all disabilities.
  • Challenges Faced by PwDs: The ruling highlighted various challenges faced by PwDs, as identified in the CDS NALSAR report:
    • Accessibility Barriers: Significant gaps exist in accessibility measures across public spaces such as courts, prisons, schools, and public transport.
    • Intersectionality & Compounded Discrimination: PwDs often face multiple layers of discrimination, such as caste, gender, and socio-economic status, which compound their marginalization.
    • Inconsistent Legal Framework: The RPwD Act (2016) mandates mandatory compliance for accessibility standards, but Rule 15 under RPwD Rules (2017) only offers self-regulatory guidelines, which the Court found insufficient.
  • Court's Analysis of Rule 15:
    • The Court declared Rule 15(1) of the RPwD Rules, 2017, as ultra vires, meaning it is inconsistent with the mandatory compliance intended by the RPwD Act.
    • The Court stressed the need for stronger legal and regulatory enforcement to ensure access for PwDs.
  • Principles of Accessibility: The Court outlined several essential principles for achieving accessibility:
    • Universal Design: Environments and services should be universally accessible to all, including PwDs.
    • Comprehensive Inclusion: All types of disabilities, both visible and invisible, should be addressed.
    • Assistive Technology Integration: Using technology to support PwDs in daily activities.
    • Stakeholder Consultation: PwDs and disability advocacy groups must be consulted in planning and designing accessible spaces.
  • Two-Pronged Approach:
    • The Court recommended a two-pronged approach:
      • Ensure accessibility in existing infrastructure: Modify and update current institutions and services to become accessible.
      • Design future infrastructure with accessibility in mind: Plan and build new spaces and services that are inclusive from the start.

Legal and Policy Framework:

  • Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016:
    • The RPwD Act mandates various accessibility standards and provisions to protect and promote the rights of PwDs, in alignment with India’s obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which India ratified in 2007.
    • The Act defines a person with a benchmark disability as someone with at least 40% of a specified disability.
  • International Obligations:
    • The ruling reaffirmed the importance of Article 9 of the UNCRPD, which emphasizes the right of PwDs to access the physical environment, transport, and information and communication technologies.
  • Government Initiatives: The judgment highlights several initiatives aimed at improving accessibility:
    • Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan): A nationwide effort to make public spaces and services accessible to PwDs.
    • Assistance for Aids and Appliances: Government schemes to provide PwDs with necessary aids and appliances.
    • Unique Disability Identification Portal: A platform for PwDs to register and obtain a disability certificate.

Notable Judicial Precedents:

The Court referred to several previous rulings that recognized the right to accessibility:

  • State of Himachal Pradesh v. Umed Ram Sharma (1986): The Court included the right to accessibility under the Right to Life (Article 21) of the Constitution.
  • Disabled Rights Group v. Union of India (2017): The Court directed that educational institutions ensure reserved seats for PwDs.

Nano-Coating Technology for Fertilizer Efficiency

  • 12 Nov 2024

In News:

A mechanically stable, biodegradable, hydrophobic nanocoating material can enhance the nutrient use efficiency of chemical fertilizers by tuning them for slow release, thereby limiting their interaction with the rhizosphere soil, water and microbes.

Development of Slow-Release Fertilizers:

  • A biodegradable, hydrophobic nanocoating has been developed to enhance the nutrient use efficiency of chemical fertilizers.
  • The nanocoating allows for slow release of nutrients, thus limiting excessive interaction with soil, water, and microbes, and optimizing fertilizer usage.

Coating Composition:

  • The coating is made from nanoclay-reinforced binary carbohydrates, primarily chitosan (a biopolymer from chitin) and lignin (a plant-based polymer).
  • These materials are low-cost, naturally derived, and eco-friendly, ensuring sustainability and reducing the environmental impact of fertilizer use.

Technological Innovation:

  • The coating process involves using a drum rotor method to uniformly coat fertilizers, improving their efficiency.
  • The tuning of hydrophobicity in the nanocoating alters the release kinetics of fertilizers, ensuring that nutrients are released in accordance with the crop’s nutrient uptake needs.

Sustainability and Biodegradability:

  • The nanocoating is biodegradable, which ensures that it does not harm the environment post-application, unlike conventional chemical fertilizers that may lead to soil degradation and water pollution.
  • Life cycle assessment confirms the product's long-term sustainability compared to traditional fertilizers.

Enhanced Crop Productivity:

  • The slow-release coating enables a reduced fertilizer dose, while maintaining or even increasing crop yields, particularly for staple crops like rice and wheat.
  • This technology facilitates higher agricultural output with fewer inputs, contributing to food security.

Industrial Viability:

  • The mechanical stability of the coated fertilizers ensures they can withstand transportation and handling, making them suitable for large-scale industrial application.
  • The rotary drum system used for coating ensures uniform application and superior mechanical performance, ensuring that the fertilizers are not damaged during the supply chain process.

Economic Benefits:

  • The use of slow-release fertilizers can reduce overall fertilizer costs for farmers while enhancing yields, leading to improved socio-economic conditions for farmers.
  • The technology holds potential for economic growth by boosting agricultural productivity and reducing the financial burden on farmers for chemical fertilizer inputs.

Global Relevance:

  • The research is significant in the context of global sustainable development goals, aiming to reduce the over-reliance on conventional chemical fertilizers that contribute to soil degradation, water contamination, and greenhouse gas emissions.

Research Collaboration:

  • This breakthrough was achieved by scientists from the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, in collaboration with the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
  • The findings were published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Science: Nano, highlighting its scientific validation.

3rd Indian Space Conclave

  • 12 Nov 2024

In News:

  • The 3rd Indian Space Conclave, held in New Delhi, was a significant event for India's growing role in global space exploration and strategic partnerships.
  • Organized by the Indian Space Association (ISPA), the conclave brought together key stakeholders from the government, industry, academia, and space agencies to discuss India’s space ambitions and the transformative role of space technologies.

Key Highlights:

Satcom as a Transformative Force for Digital India

  • Emphasis on Satellite Communication (Satcom) is more than a mere tool—it's a transformative force driving Digital India by connecting every household, village, and remote area of the country.
  • Satcom has a wide array of applications that extend across essential sectors such as telecommunications, disaster management, healthcare, education, and agriculture, particularly in underserved regions.

Indo-EU Space Collaboration

  • The event also showcased India’s growing space partnerships, particularly with the European Union (EU). The EU Ambassador recognized India as a dynamic space power and highlighted shared goals in Earth observation, space security, and human spaceflight.
  • Proposed joint initiatives include training programs, collaborative research, and satellite missions, such as the Proba-3 satellite launch by ISRO, focusing on observing the Sun.
  • India’s trustworthiness as a partner in space was underscored by its role in the successful launch of the Proba-1 and Proba-2 missions for the EU, with Proba-3 marking India’s third contribution to EU space exploration.

Space Startups and Innovation

  • The rise of space-focused startups in India, spurred by the 2020 space sector reforms, was another key highlight. India now has over 300 space startups, contributing to both economic growth and innovation in the space industry.
  • These reforms have helped curb brain drain, with many talented Indian professionals returning from global agencies like NASA to join the expanding Indian space ecosystem.

India’s Long-Term Space Goals

  • The Indian space program has ambitious long-term goals, including:
    • Gaganyaan, India’s human spaceflight mission.
    • A crewed lunar landing by 2040.
    • The establishment of an Indian space station by 2035.
    • Plans for space tourism by 2040.
  • These initiatives demonstrate India’s commitment to becoming a global leader in space exploration and technological innovation.

Space Sector Reforms (2020)

  • The Space Sector Reforms 2020 were designed to increase the participation of private players in India’s space activities. The creation of agencies like the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe) and the strengthening of New Space India Limited (NSIL) have been pivotal in boosting India’s global space market share.
  • IN-SPACe serves as an autonomous body fostering industry, academia, and startups, while NSIL handles commercial activities and promotes high-tech space-related ventures.

India's First Mars and Moon Analog Mission

  • ISRO's First Mars and Moon Analog Mission was inaugurated in Leh, Ladakh. This mission simulates the conditions of space habitats, specifically focusing on Mars and Moon environments.
  • Ladakh's unique climate—high altitude, low oxygen levels, and extreme temperature fluctuations—makes it an ideal location for testing life support systems, space habitat technologies, and sustainable resource utilization.

Key Aspects of the Analog Mission:

  • Life support systems like hydroponics (space farming) and standalone solar power systems to support sustainable food production and renewable energy in space habitats.
  • Circadian lighting to simulate daylight cycles, maintaining astronaut health and well-being.
  • The mission’s goal is to understand the psychological and operational challenges of living in isolation and extreme conditions, preparing India for future interplanetary exploration.

State of Food and Agriculture 2024Report

  • 12 Nov 2024

In News:

  • India's annual hidden costs from agrifood systems total $1.3 trillion, the third-largest globally, after China ($1.8 trillion) and the US ($1.4 trillion).
  • These costs are mainly driven by unhealthy dietary patterns leading to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as heart disease, diabetes, and stroke.

Major Contributors to Hidden Costs:

  • Unhealthy Diets: Over 73% of India’s hidden costs stem from unhealthy dietary habits, including:
    • Excessive consumption of processed foods and additives ($128 billion).
    • Low intake of plant-based foods, fruits, and beneficial fatty acids ($846 billion).
  • These dietary risks contribute to a significant health burden, increasing the prevalence of NCDs and reducing labor productivity.

Global Context:

  • Global hidden costs of agrifood systems amount to $12 trillion annually.
  • 70% of these costs (~$8.1 trillion) arise from unhealthy dietary patterns, which include high intakes of sugar, salt, and processed foods, contributing to diseases and economic losses.

Health Impacts:

  • The report identifies 13 dietary risk factors that contribute to NCDs, including insufficient intake of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and excessive sodium, with varying effects across different agrifood systems.

Environmental and Social Costs:

  • Environmental Costs: High costs from unsustainable agricultural practices, including greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen runoff. In some agrifood systems, environmental costs can reach up to 20% of GDP.
  • Social Costs: High poverty rates among agrifood workers and undernourishment in systems like protracted crises and traditional agrifood systems contribute significantly to the hidden costs.

India’s Agrifood System Profile:

  • India’s agrifood system faces significant challenges related to low wages, poor productivity, and poverty among agrifood workers, driven by distributional failures.
  • Climate Change and Environmental Degradation: Issues like droughts, floods, and soil degradation threaten food security and agricultural sustainability in India.

Recommendations for Transformative Change:

  • True Cost Accounting: Implementing this method can help better capture hidden costs and enable more informed decision-making for a sustainable agrifood system.
  • Healthier Diets: Policies to make nutritious food more affordable and accessible to reduce health-related hidden costs.
  • Sustainability Incentives: Encouraging practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, harmful land-use changes, and biodiversity loss, using labelling, certification, and industry standards.
  • Consumer Empowerment: Providing accessible information about the environmental, social, and health impacts of food choices, ensuring even vulnerable households benefit from healthier options.

India’s Path Forward:

  • India has several ongoing initiatives for sustainable agriculture, including:
    • National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA).
    • Eat Right Initiative.
    • Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM).
  • However, challenges like climate change, soil degradation, and low productivity among smallholder farmers hinder progress toward sustainable food systems.

Key Focus Areas for India’s Agrifood Systems:

  • Support for Smallholder Farmers: Enhancing access to technology, markets, and financial services for marginalized farmers.
  • Sustainable Practices: Adoption of water-efficient practices, soil health restoration, and environmentally friendly farming methods.
  • Collaboration with International Agencies: Cooperation with FAO, WFP, and others to strengthen agricultural reforms and support smallholder farmers.

Diclipterapolymorpha

  • 12 Nov 2024

In News:

A new species of Dicliptera, named Diclipterapolymorpha, has been discovered in the Northern Western Ghats of India.

Habitat and Location:

  • Diclipterapolymorpha was found in the grasslands of Talegaon-Dabhade, a region known for its grasslands and fodder markets.
  • The species thrives in the harsh climatic conditions of the Northern Western Ghats, an area vulnerable to summer droughts and frequent human-induced fires.

Unique Characteristics:

  • The species is fire-resilient (pyrophytic), exhibiting a rare dual-blooming pattern:
    • First Blooming: Occurs post-monsoon, typically from November to March/April.
    • Second Blooming: Triggered by grassland fires in May and June, during which the plant produces dwarf flowering shoots.
  • The inflorescence structure is unique in India, with its cymules developing into spicate inflorescences, a feature more commonly found in African species.

Taxonomy:

  • The species is named Diclipterapolymorpha to reflect its diverse morphological traits.
  • It is taxonomically distinct within the Dicliptera genus, with no known Indian species exhibiting similar characteristics.

Conservation Implications:

  • The discovery highlights the need to carefully manage grassland ecosystems, as the species is adapted to fire but still vulnerable to habitat degradation.
  • Human-induced fires are essential for the species' blooming cycle but must be managed to avoid overuse and degradation of habitat.
  • The species' limited habitat range underscores the need for conservation efforts to protect the delicate ecosystems of the Western Ghats.

Publication:

  • A research paper detailing the discovery of Diclipterapolymorpha has been published in the prestigious Kew Bulletin.

AntarikshaAbhyas 2024

  • 12 Nov 2024

In News:

  • ‘AntarikshaAbhyas – 2024’ is a three-day space exercise held from November 11-13, 2024, hosted by the Defence Space Agency (DSA), Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff.
  • The exercise is the first of its kind and focuses on war-gaming the growing threats to space-based assets and services.

Objective of the Exercise:

  • Enhance understanding of space-based assets and their operational dependencies.
  • Identify vulnerabilities in military operations in case of denial or disruption of space services.
  • Integrate India's space capabilities in military operations to secure national strategic objectives.

Participants:

  • Defence Space Agency (DSA) and its allied units.
  • Personnel from the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • Specialist agencies under Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff, including:
    • Defence Cyber Agency (DCA)
    • Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)
    • Strategic Forces Command (SFC)
  • Representatives from ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) and DRDO (Defence Research & Development Organisation).

Focus Areas:

  • Space-based asset and service operational dependency.
  • Securing national interests in space through technological innovation and development.
  • Assessing space service vulnerabilities and impacts on military operations.

EV as a Service Programme

  • 11 Nov 2024

In News:

  • The 'EV as a Service'programme was launched by Shri Manohar Lal, Union Minister of Power and Housing & Urban Affairs, at the Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium.
  • The initiative is spearheaded by Convergence Energy Services Limited (CESL), a subsidiary of Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), to promote electric vehicles (EVs) in government offices.

Objective:

  • The 'EV as a Service'programme aims to boost e-mobility within the government sector by deploying 5,000 electric cars in central and state government ministries, public sector enterprises (CPSEs), and various institutions over the next two years.
  • The programme is designed to support India’s net-zero emissions goal by 2070 and advance the country's environmental sustainability vision.

Flexible Procurement Model:

  • The programme utilizes a flexible procurement model, allowing government offices to choose from a range of E-Cars based on operational needs, making it adaptable for different government departments.
  • It will help in reducing the reliance on fossil fuels, cutting carbon emissions, and contributing to energy security.

CESL’s Contribution:

  • CESL has already deployed 2000 electric cars across India and is working on deploying around 17,000 electric buses.
  • The 'EV as a Service'programme is a key step in helping India transition to clean mobility and reducing emissions from government fleets.

Alignment with National Initiatives:

  • The launch complements the PM E-DRIVE Scheme, which aims to accelerate India’s transition to electric mobility.
  • Vishal Kapoor, MD & CEO of CESL, emphasized that the initiative is helping to create a collaborative ecosystem involving manufacturers, fleet operators, policymakers, and users to scale up electric mobility in India.

Comics Commandos in Assam

  • 11 Nov 2024

In News:

  • "Comics Commandos" is an innovative initiative launched in Goalpara district, Assam, aimed at combating child labour and child marriage through the creative medium of comics.
  • The initiative trains 30 local youths to create comic strips that use humour and minimal text for effective communication and public engagement.

Purpose and Objectives:

  • Primary Goal: To raise awareness about child labour and child marriage, two major social issues prevalent in the region, by using visual storytelling.
  • The initiative aims to resonate with the local community, focusing on everyday struggles like economic hardship, child abuse, and the social norms that perpetuate these issues.
  • Rising Dropout Rates: Assam has witnessed an increase in school dropout rates, from 3.3% in 2020-21 to 6.02% in 2021-22, exacerbated by economic pressures like poverty, which force children to work or marry early.

Execution and Approach:

  • Training: Thirty local youths are trained to design caricatures and doodles for the comics, ensuring the messages are both simple and engaging for a broader audience.
  • Visual Storytelling: The use of visuals over text helps overcome literacy barriers and makes the message more impactful and accessible.
  • Community Involvement: The program collaborates with teachers and school committees to facilitate wider participation and support in creating social awareness.

Government Support:

  • Chief Minister HimantaBiswaSarma initiated a state-wide campaign in 2023 against child marriage, with the ambitious goal of eradicating it by 2026. This initiative aligns with the state's broader efforts to address social issues.

Impact of the Initiative:

  • Comics Commandos is being seen as an effective tool for community empowerment and awareness generation in a region that faces persistent social challenges.
  • By involving local youths in the campaign, the initiative ensures community participation and ensures that the message is communicated in a culturally relevant manner.
  • The program also empowers young people to use their creativity for social change, thus helping build leadership and social responsibility among the youth.

Arpactophiluspulawskii

  • 11 Nov 2024

In News:

  • Arpactophiluspulawskii, a new species of aphid wasp, was discovered in Nagaland (Khuzama district), marking the first record of the genus Arpactophilus outside Australasia.
  • This significant discovery highlights the biodiversity of Northeastern India, a region known for its rich and unexplored fauna.

Importance of Discovery:

  • The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) researchers cataloged the species, marking a major range expansion for the genus Arpactophilus, previously only found in Australasia, including regions like New Caledonia.
  • The discovery expands the genus’s known distribution by thousands of kilometers, suggesting ecological connections between Nagaland and the Australasian region.

Species Characteristics:

  • Arpactophiluspulawskii is distinguished by its square-shaped head, an inverted V-shaped uplifted clypeus, and rust-colored body markings.
  • It features a uniquely textured thorax, setting it apart from other species in the genus.
  • The wasp was collected from an altitude of over 1,800 meters, indicating Nagaland’s ecological diversity at high altitudes.

Ecological Significance:

  • The Arpactophilus genus is known for its unique nesting behavior: females use silk from their abdomen to create protective cells in old termite galleries or mud nests.
  • The discovery suggests that Nagaland’s ecological conditions (e.g., high altitude, diverse habitat) support the presence of such specialized fauna, making the region an important site for entomological research.

Taxonomic Contribution:

  • The species is named Arpactophiluspulawskii in honor of Dr. Wojciech J. Pulawski, a distinguished expert in wasp taxonomy.

Scientific and Research Implications:

  • The discovery is expected to stimulate further entomological research in Northeastern India, especially in areas like Nagaland, which are often overlooked in global biodiversity studies.
  • Researchers believe that this discovery could lead to the identification of other unknown species in the region, expanding our understanding of species distribution and the ecological connectivity between regions.

Parliamentary Panel's Review on Mechanism to Curb Fake News

  • 11 Nov 2024

In News:

  • The Parliamentary Panel on Communications and Information Technology is reviewing mechanisms to curb fake news, following the Bombay High Court striking down a provision of the amended Information Technology (IT) Rules, 2021.
  • The controversial provision allowed the government to identify and flag "fake news" on social media through its Fact Check Unit (FCU).
  • The panel, led by BJP MP Nishikant Dubey, has summoned representatives from News Broadcasters and Digital Association and the Editors Guild of India to discuss the issue on November 21, 2024.

Issue with the Amended IT Rules:

  • The IT Rules, 2021 were amended in April 2022 to include “government business” under the definition of fake news, expanding the scope of content flagged by the FCU.
  • This amendment was challenged by media bodies and individuals like comedian Kunal Kamra, leading to the Bombay High Court striking it down in 2024.
  • The court deemed the provisions unconstitutional, citing concerns about transparency and the potential misuse of power.

Types of Fake News:

  • Misinformation: False information spread unintentionally.
  • Disinformation: Deliberately false information meant to deceive and cause harm.

Status of Fake News in India:

  • India as a major spreader of misinformation: The World Economic Forum's Global Risks 2024 report identifies disinformation as a significant short-term risk, with India as one of the largest consumers and producers of false information.
  • Social Media Influence: Platforms like Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, and YouTube are widely used in India for news dissemination, making them a breeding ground for fake news.
  • Spread of Political and Religious Misinformation: Fake news often serves political or religious agendas, leading to societal polarization and conflict.

Government Efforts to Combat Fake News:

  • IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023: This amendment expanded the scope of "fake news" to include “government business” and gave the FCU the authority to flag misleading content.
  • Press Information Bureau (PIB) Fact Check Unit: The PIB continues to run a fact-checking initiative, but it lacks the authority to remove flagged content from social media platforms.
  • Digital Literacy Campaigns: Programs like Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA) aim to improve digital literacy, especially in rural areas, to help citizens identify and avoid fake news.

National Education Day 2024

  • 11 Nov 2024

In News:

National Education Day is celebrated annually on November 11 to honor the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, India's first Education Minister and a prominent freedom fighter, scholar, and educator.

Key Highlights:

  • Establishment:
    • The observance was instituted by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (now Ministry of Education) in 2008 to recognize Azad’s pivotal contributions to India’s education system and his vision for a progressive, educated society.
  • Azad's Contributions to Education:
    • Azad played a significant role in shaping India's post-independence educational landscape, establishing critical institutions such as:
      • University Grants Commission (UGC)
      • All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
      • Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), including IIT Kharagpur
      • Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR)
      • Promoted scientific research, cultural institutions, and technical education.
  • Significance of National Education Day:
    • Reflects India’s commitment to promoting quality and inclusive education.
    • Emphasizes the importance of education in empowering individuals and fostering national progress.
    • Highlights educational reforms, literacy, and equal access to education as tools for societal transformation and empowerment.
  • Theme for 2024:
    • Although not officially published yet, the theme is expected to focus on inclusive, high-quality education, underlining the need for educational systems that equip students with skills to thrive in a rapidly evolving world.
  • Focus Areas:
    • Promoting literacy, equal access to education, and educational reforms.
    • Developing critical thinking, creativity, and emotional intelligence in students.

Indian Military Heritage Festival 2024

  • 10 Nov 2024

In News:

  • Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan inaugurated the 2nd edition of the Indian Military Heritage Festival (IMHF) on November 8, 2024, in New Delhi.
  • The two-day festival engages global and Indian experts, corporations, academicians, and non-profits focusing on India’s national security, foreign policy, military history, and military heritage.

Launch of Project Shaurya Gatha:

  • Project ‘Shaurya Gatha’ was launched to conserve and promote India’s military heritage.
  • The initiative, spearheaded by the Department of Military Affairs and USI of India, focuses on education and tourism to highlight India’s military history and valor.
  • Publications Released:
    • General Chauhan released important military publications:
      • "Because of this: A History of the Indo-Pak Air War December 1971" by Air Marshal Vikram Singh (Retd).
      • "Valour and Honour", a joint publication by the Indian Army and USI of India.
      • "War-wounded, Disabled Soldiers, and Cadets", a joint publication by USI and the War Wounded Federation.
  • Festival's Significance:
    • The festival addresses the gap in public awareness regarding India’s military heritage and security concerns.
    • It aims to enhance understanding of India’s military traditions, security issues, and the country’s efforts toward self-reliance in military capabilities under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.

Zhurong Rover

  • 10 Nov 2024

In News:

Chinese rover helps find evidence of ancient Martian shoreline.

Mission Overview:

  • Rover: Zhurong, part of China’s Tianwen-1 Mars exploration program.
  • Mission Launch: Zhurong landed in 2021 in the Utopia Planitia region of Mars' northern hemisphere.
  • Key Discovery: Evidence of an ancient ocean on Mars, suggesting a habitable past for the planet.

Key Findings:

  • Geological Features Indicating a Coastline:
    • Data from Zhurong and orbiting spacecraft (Tianwen-1 Orbiter, NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) revealed geological features such as troughs, sediment channels, and mud volcano formations, suggesting the existence of a Martian coastline.
    • Features indicate both shallow and deeper marine environments, supporting the idea of a past ocean.
  • Age of the Ocean:
    • The ocean likely existed around 3.68 billion years ago, with its surface potentially frozen in a geologically short period.
    • The ocean is thought to have disappeared by 3.42 billion years ago.

Evolutionary Scenario of Mars:

  • At the time of the ocean, Mars might have already begun transitioning away from a habitable planet, losing much of its atmosphere and becoming cold and dry.
  • The ocean may have formed after Mars' climate began to change, suggesting that it was once more hospitable, possibly capable of supporting microbial life.

Implications for Life on Mars:

  • The presence of water, a key ingredient for life, raises the possibility that Mars could have supported microbial life in its early history.
  • When Mars had a thick, warm atmosphere, conditions might have been favorable for life, as microbial life would have been more likely to exist.

Significance of Zhurong's Contribution:

  • Zhurong exceeded its original mission duration of three months, operating until May 2022, helping provide key data to understand Mars' ancient water history.
  • The discovery adds to ongoing efforts to study the disappearance of water on Mars and its implications for the planet's habitability.

Future Exploration:

  • Other studies, including seismic data from NASA’s InSight lander, suggest that liquid water might still exist deep beneath the Martian surface, hinting at the possibility of finding water in the planet's subsurface in the future.

World’s First CO? to Methanol Plant

  • 10 Nov 2024

In News:

  • NTPC has achieved the first-ever synthesis of CO? (captured from flue gas) and hydrogen (produced via a PEM electrolyzer) into methanol at its Vindhyachal plant.
  • This marks a significant step in carbon management technology, aimed at advancing sustainable fuel production.

About CO?-to-Methanol Conversion:

  • Carbon Dioxide Capture:
    • CO? is captured from industrial sources, such as power plants, or directly from the atmosphere.
  • Hydrogen Production:
    • Renewable energy sources like solar or wind power are used to produce hydrogen through water electrolysis.
  • Methanol Synthesis:
    • The captured CO? is combined with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to produce methanol, typically under high pressure and temperature conditions.

Benefits of CO?-to-Methanol Conversion:

  • Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU):
    • This technology reduces the impact of CO? on the atmosphere by converting it into useful products.
  • Renewable Fuel Source:
    • Methanol produced through this process can be used as a fuel for transportation, power generation, or as a feedstock for chemicals.
  • Energy Storage:
    • Methanol offers a more practical storage and transportation option than hydrogen, making it a potential energy storage solution and aiding the transition to hydrogen-based energy systems.
  • Versatile Feedstock:
    • Methanol is widely used in producing chemicals, solvents, and plastics, supporting various industrial applications.

What is Methanol?

  • Brief: Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol, is the simplest form of alcohol. It is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid with a distinctive odor.
  • Key Properties:
    • Colorless, miscible with water, toxic if ingested, flammable.

QS World University Rankings

  • 10 Nov 2024

In News:

The QS World University Rankings: Asia 2025 spotlights the top institutions in Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern, and Central Asia, emphasizing academic excellence, research, innovation, and internationalization.

India's Performance:

India has shown a remarkable upward trajectory, featuring:

  • Two institutions in the Top 50:
    • IIT Delhi ranked 44th (up from 46th), with a 99% employer reputation score.
    • IIT Bombay ranked 48th, excelling with a 99.5% employer reputation score and 96.6% academic reputation score.
  • Top 100 Institutions:
    • IIT Madras (56th), IIT Kharagpur (60th), Indian Institute of Science (62nd), IIT Kanpur (67th), and University of Delhi (81st).
  • Top 150 Institutions:
    • IIT Guwahati, IIT Roorkee, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Chandigarh University (120th), UPES (148th), and VIT (150th).

Key Indicators for India:

  • International Research Network and Citations per Paper contribute to India's growing global academic reputation.
  • Papers per Faculty and Staff with PhD are India’s strongest indicators, reflecting robust research output and high teaching standards.
  • Anna University achieved a perfect score of 100 in the Papers Per Faculty indicator, emphasizing high research output.
  • North Eastern Hill University and University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore received a perfect score of 100 in the Faculty-Student Indicator.

Growth of Indian Institutions:

  • India now has 46 institutions in the 2025 rankings, up from just 11 in 2015, marking a 318% increase over the past decade.
  • India dominates Southern Asia with seven institutions in the top 10, showcasing the country's strengthening educational landscape.

India's Growing Global Influence:

  • India's achievements underscore its commitment to academic excellence, competitiveness, and resilience in global higher education.
  • Institutions like IIT Delhi and IIT Bombay highlight India’s ability to balance research productivity with high-quality teaching, enhancing its reputation as a global education hub.

One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) Initiative

  • 10 Nov 2024

In News:

  • India is in talks with Oman, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Maldives, and Singapore to establish cross-border electricity transmission lines.
  • This is part of the ambitious OSOWOG initiative to create a global renewable energy grid.

Key Points:

  • Proposed by the Prime Minister of India at the 2018 International Solar Alliance (ISA) Assembly.
  • Aims to create a transnational electricity grid that delivers power worldwide.
  • Led by India and the UK, in collaboration with ISA and the World Bank Group.

Vision of OSOWOG:

  • Connect regional grids through a common infrastructure for the transfer of renewable energy, focusing on solar power.
  • Harness solar and other renewable energy from regions where the sun is shining and efficiently transmit it to areas of need.
  • Aim to provide power to 140 countries using clean and efficient solar energy.

Phases of OSOWOG:

  • Phase 1:
    • Connect the Indian grid with grids in the Middle East, South Asia, and South-East Asia.
    • Share solar and other renewable energy resources.
  • Phase 2:
    • Expand the interconnected grid to include renewable resources from Africa.
  • Phase 3:
    • Achieve a global interconnection aiming for 2,600 GW by 2050.
    • Integrate as many countries as possible into a single renewable energy grid.

Global Collaboration:

  • Involves national governments, international organizations, legislators, power operators, and experts.
  • Focus on accelerating infrastructure development for a clean energy-powered world.

PyPIM platform

  • 09 Nov 2024

In News:

Israeli researchers from the Israel Institute of Technology have developed the PyPIM platform, which allows computers to process data directly in memory, eliminating the need for a central processing unit (CPU). This breakthrough aims to address key challenges in modern computing, particularly in terms of energy consumption and processing efficiency.

Key Features of the PyPIM Platform:

  • Integration with Python and PIM Technology:
    • The PyPIM platform merges Python programming with digital processing-in-memory (PIM) technology, facilitating in-memory computing where computations occur directly within memory instead of transferring data to and from the CPU.
  • Functionality and Innovations:
    • Direct In-Memory Computations: PyPIM uses specialized instructions that enable computations to take place directly in memory, reducing the need for data movement between the CPU and memory.
    • Developer-Friendly: It allows developers to use familiar languages like Python to write software for in-memory computing systems.
  • Solving the "Memory Wall" Issue:
    • The platform addresses the memory wall problem, where the speed of the CPU and memory exceeds the data transfer rates, creating bottlenecks that lead to inefficiencies.
    • By performing calculations directly in memory, PyPIM reduces time and energy spent on data transfer, optimizing performance.
  • Performance Improvements:
    • Energy and Time Efficiency: By minimizing energy-intensive data transfers, PyPIM leads to significant energy and time savings.
    • Simulation Tools: The platform includes tools that allow developers to simulate potential performance improvements from in-memory processing.
  • Real-World Benefits:
    • Faster Processing: Tasks performed using PyPIM have demonstrated faster processing speeds, with minimal code changes, particularly in mathematical and algorithmic tasks.
    • The platform delivers a significant performance boost in areas like data analysis and algorithmic operations.

The PyPIM platform marks a pivotal advancement in computing architecture, providing a more energy-efficient and faster alternative to traditional CPU-dependent systems by reducing reliance on external memory processing and cutting down on data transfer delays.

AUSTRAHIND 2024

  • 09 Nov 2024

In News:

  • The 3rd edition of Exercise AUSTRAHIND started on 8th November 2024 at the Foreign Training Node in Pune, Maharashtra. The exercise will run until 21st November 2024.

Participating Forces:

  • Indian Contingent: 140 personnel, primarily from the DOGRA Regiment and Indian Air Force (14 personnel).
  • Australian Contingent: 120 personnel from the 13th Light Horse Regiment of the 10th Brigade of the 2nd Division.

Purpose of the Exercise:

  • Enhance Military Cooperation between India and Australia.
  • Promote Interoperability in conducting joint sub-conventional operations in semi-urban and semi-desert terrain.
  • Focus on operations under Chapter VII of the UN mandate.

Key Objectives:

  • Joint Tactical Drills and Planning to improve coordination between the forces.
  • Training in counter-terrorism operations, special heli-borne operations, and drone countermeasures.

Phases of the Exercise:

Combat Conditioning and Tactical Training Phase:

  • Includes drills such as terrorist response, territory capture, and Raid and Search & Destroy Missions.
  • Establishment of Joint Operations Centre and securing critical infrastructure like helipads.
  • Training on drone operations and counter-drone measures.

Validation Phase: Practical application and testing of skills learned in the previous phase.

Significance:

Best Practices Sharing: Both sides will exchange tactics, techniques, and procedures for conducting effective tactical operations. 

Camaraderie Building: The exercise will foster a strong bond between soldiers from both countries.

Background: AUSTRAHIND is an annual exercise held alternately in India and Australia. The last edition took place in Australia in December 2023.

Digital Population Clock

  • 09 Nov 2024

In News:

  • Bengaluru's first digital population clock was inaugurated at the Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC) on November 8, 2024.
  • The initiative is collaboration between ISEC and the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW).

Purpose:

  • The clock provides real-time population estimates for Karnataka and India.
  • It aims to enhance awareness about population dynamics and provide accurate demographic data for research and policy analysis.

Key Features:

  • Real-time Updates:
    • Karnataka’s population is updated every 1 minute and 10 seconds.
    • India’s population updates every 2 seconds.
  • Precision:
    • The clock operates with satellite connections for real-time, accurate data updates.
    • It functions autonomously with integrated components, ensuring continuous and precise tracking.
  • Location: The clock is prominently displayed at the entrance of ISEC.
  • National Expansion: Similar digital population clocks are being installed in 18 Population Research Centres across India by MoHFW.

Significance:

  • Awareness: The clock serves as a visual tool to highlight the rapid pace of population growth and its implications for sustainable development.
  • Research and Analysis: The clock is part of a broader effort to improve demographic studies and inform policy-making.
  • Census Data Research Workstation:
    • ISEC has introduced a new research workstation, supported by MoHFW, for in-depth demographic analysis.
    • The facility is equipped with advanced software for studying population trends and supporting academic research.

RNA Editing

  • 09 Nov 2024

In News:

Wave Life Sciences became the first biotechnology company to treat a genetic condition by editing RNA at the clinical level.

  • What is RNA Editing?
  • Definition: RNA editing is the modification of messenger RNA (mRNA) after it’s synthesized from DNA but before it is translated into proteins.
  • Process: mRNA consists of exons (coding regions) and introns (non-coding regions). Exons code for proteins, while introns are removed before protein synthesis.
  • Types of RNA Modifications:
  • Addition: Insertion of a nucleotide.
  • Deletion: Removal of a nucleotide.
  • Substitution: Replacement of one nucleotide with another.
  • Mechanism of RNA Editing:
  • Involves Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes.
  • ADAR enzymes modify adenosine to inosine, which is recognized as guanosine, allowing mRNA to be corrected.
  • Guide RNA (gRNA) directs ADAR enzymes to the specific mRNA region for editing.
  • Clinical Use of RNA Editing:
  • Wave Life Sciences used RNA editing to treat α-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), a genetic disorder.
  • Other potential applications include treating diseases such as Huntington’s disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, obesity, and neurological disorders.
  • Challenges in RNA Editing:
  • Temporary Effects: RNA editing provides temporary changes, requiring repeated treatments for sustained effects.
  • Delivery Issues: Current delivery methods, like lipid nanoparticles and adeno-associated virus vectors, have limitations in carrying large molecules.
  • Specificity: ADARs may cause unintended changes in non-target regions of mRNA, leading to potential side effects.
  • Comparison: RNA Editing vs. DNA Editing:
  • Safety: RNA editing causes temporary changes and presents fewer risks than DNA editing, which makes permanent alterations to the genome.
  • Immune Response: RNA editing uses enzymes naturally found in the body (ADAR), which reduces the risk of immune reactions, unlike DNA editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 that can trigger immune responses.
  • Significance of RNA:
  • Structure: RNA is a nucleic acid, similar to DNA but typically single-stranded. It consists of a backbone of ribose sugars and phosphate groups, with bases adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
  • Types of RNA:
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Forms the core of the ribosome and catalyzes protein synthesis.
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
  • Regulatory RNAs: Regulate gene expression.
  • α-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD):
  • A genetic disorder where the protein α-1 antitrypsin accumulates in the liver, damaging both the liver and lungs.
  • Treatments include weekly intravenous therapy or, in severe cases, liver transplants.
  • RNA editing offers a potential new treatment approach.
  • Global Impact:
  • RNA editing is still in its early stages but shows promise for treating a wide range of genetic and chronic conditions.
  • Ongoing research and clinical trials suggest RNA editing could become a key part of future gene-editing therapies.

Global Education Monitoring Report 2024

  • 09 Nov 2024

In News:

  • Released at the Global Education Meeting, hosted in Fortaleza by Brazil, the G20 President.
  • Highlights progress and challenges in global education, with a focus on leadership, financing, and access.

Key Observations:

Leaders as Agents of Change:

  • Education leadership is defined as social influence towards achieving common educational goals.
  • Education leaders must:
    • Define clear purposes and influence change.
    • Balance learning outcomes with equity, quality, and inclusion.

Funding Deficits:

  • 4 out of 10 countries spend less than 4% of their GDP on education.

Out-of-School Children:

  • 251 million children and youth globally remain out of school, with only a 1% reduction since 2015.

Regional Disparities in Education Access:

  • Central and Southern Asia show significant progress, but countries like Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan still have large out-of-school populations.

Recommendations:

  • Leadership Development: Empower school principals with the autonomy to manage schools effectively.
  • Capacity Building for System Leaders: Strengthen the ability of education officials to act as system leaders.
  • Climate Change Education: Introduce climate change topics in early education across subjects, not limited to science.

India’s Educational Initiatives:

  • National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Focuses on developing school leadership through training and workshops for principals.
  • NISHTHA Program: Aims to improve leadership and management competencies of school heads and teachers.

Current Educational Landscape:

  • Since 2015, 110 million children have entered school, and 40 million more complete secondary education.
  • However, 33% of children in low-income countries remain out of school, compared to only 3% in high-income countries.
  • Sub-Saharan Africa houses more than half of the global out-of-school youth.

Challenges in Education Financing:

  • UNESCO–World Bank report highlights that 40% of countries allocate less than 15% of their public expenditure to education.
  • Countries investing less than 4% of GDP in education face significant resource shortages.
  • Low-income countries spend an average of $55 per learner, while high-income countries spend $8,543 per learner.

Need for Innovative Financing Mechanisms:

  • Debt-for-Education Swaps: Proposes converting unsustainable debt into funding for education, leveraging past successful initiatives.
  • Multilateral Platforms: Suggested to facilitate global negotiations for converting debt into educational investments, involving entities like UNESCO and the G20.

International Cooperation and Solidarity:

  • Decline in Education Assistance: Official development assistance for education has decreased from 9.3% in 2019 to 7.6% in 2022.
  • Strengthening Partnerships: The need for enhanced global cooperation to fill the educational financing gap and ensure equitable access to quality education.

Adaptation Gap Report 2024

  • 08 Nov 2024

In News:

The Adaptation Gap Report 2024, published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), underscores the urgent need for enhanced climate adaptation efforts, particularly through increased financial support for developing countries. The report, titled Come Hell and High Water, provides an annual assessment of global adaptation progress in planning, implementation, and financing.

Key Findings

  • Adaptation Gap:
    • The adaptation finance gap is estimated at $187–359 billion per year.
    • Current adaptation finance falls short, with only $28 billion provided in 2022, meeting just 5% of projected needs.
  • Adaptation Progress:
    • International public adaptation finance to developing countries rose to $27.5 billion in 2022, up from $19 billion in 2019, reflecting progress toward the Glasgow Climate Pact's goal of doubling finance by 2025.
  • Significance of Adaptation:
    • Ambitious adaptation measures could reduce global climate risk by 50%.
    • For instance, $16 billion annually in agriculture could prevent climate-induced hunger for 78 million people.
  • Impact of Global Warming:
    • According to UNEP's Emissions Gap Report 2024, global temperatures may increase by 2.6°C–3.1°C above pre-industrial levels by 2100.
    • Developing countries face severe vulnerabilities, evidenced by recent floods in Nepal, Nigeria, and Chad.
  • National Adaptation Plans (NAPs):
    • While 171 countries have at least one adaptation policy, progress in implementation remains slow.
    • 10 countries have shown no interest in developing adaptation policies.

Challenges in Adaptation Financing

  • Financial Burden: Adaptation projects such as seawalls and resilient infrastructure are costly for developing nations.
  • Funding Shortfalls:
    • Developed nations have failed to meet financial commitments like the $100 billion goal set for 2020.
    • The adaptation finance gap remains significant in non-private sector-funded areas, such as ecosystem preservation.
  • High-Interest Loans: Much current funding relies on high-interest loans, increasing the debt burden for recipient countries.

Recommendations

  • Adopt New Financing Goals: Establish an ambitious New Collective Quantified Goal for climate finance at COP29.
  • Strategic Adaptation Financing:
    • Shift from project-based to anticipatory and transformational financing.
    • Invest in harder-to-finance areas like ecosystem preservation and cultural heritage.
  • Alternative Financing Models: Encourage risk finance, resilience bonds, debt-for-adaptation swaps, and payments for ecosystem services.

Global and Indian Initiatives

Global Initiatives:

  • Paris Agreement: Sets a global adaptation goal to enhance resilience.
  • UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience: Introduced at COP28, focusing on agriculture, water, and health adaptation targets.
  • Adaptation Fund: Provides project funding for developing nations under the Kyoto Protocol.

Indian Initiatives:

  • National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Includes eight missions, such as the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC).
  • Sectoral Schemes:
    • MISHTI: Mangrove initiative for shoreline protection.
    • Amrit Dharohar: Enhances wetland ecosystems.
  • India's adaptation spending accounted for 5.6% of GDP in 2021–2022.

PM Vishwakarma Yojana

  • 08 Nov 2024

In News:

The PM Vishwakarma Yojana is a landmark initiative by the Indian government aimed at revitalizing traditional craftsmanship and empowering artisans and craftspeople, often referred to as Vishwakarmas. Launched on September 17, 2023, during Vishwakarma Jayanti, the scheme highlights the government's commitment to preserving India's rich cultural heritage and supporting the unorganized sector.

Key Highlights

  • Objective:
    • To strengthen the Guru-Shishya tradition and improve the quality, reach, and marketability of products and services by artisans.
    • To integrate Vishwakarmas into domestic and global value chains, making them self-reliant.
    • To alleviate poverty by supporting rural and urban artisans across India.
  • Financial Outlay:,Fully funded by the Union Government with a ?13,000 crore budget spanning five years (2023–2028).
  • Eligibility:
    • Open to rural and urban artisans and craftspeople involved in 18 traditional crafts, such as blacksmithing, goldsmithing, pottery, boat making, and carpentry.
    • Covers 5 lakh families in the first year and aims to reach 30 lakh families over five years.
  • Key Benefits:
    • Financial Support:
      • Collateral-free credit of ?1 lakh (first tranche) and ?2 lakh (second tranche) at a concessional 5% interest rate.
      • Government provides 8% interest subvention upfront to banks.
    • Toolkit Incentive: ?15,000 via e-vouchers for acquiring modern tools.
    • Training and Skill Development: Basic and advanced skill training to create industry-ready manpower.
    • Digital and Marketing Incentives: Encourages digital transactions and provides marketing support.
    • Recognition: Beneficiaries receive a PM Vishwakarma Certificate and ID Card.
    • Market Linkage: Facilitates better market access for artisan products.
  • Achievements (as of Nov 4, 2024):
    • 25.8 million applications received.
    • 2.37 million artisans registered after verification.
    • Over 1 million artisans benefited from toolkit incentives.

Significance

  • Promotes inclusive development by supporting an underserved segment of the workforce.
  • Recognizes and supports traditional skills passed down through generations, preserving India’s cultural diversity.
  • Enhances productivity and competitiveness by integrating artisans into MSME sectors.
  • Encourages sustainability through the promotion of handmade, eco-friendly crafts.

Key Institutions Involved

  • Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME): Oversees implementation.
  • Common Services Centres (CSC): Facilitates registration through biometric-based PM Vishwakarma Portal.

Challenges Addressed

  • Lack of access to modern tools and financial support.
  • Insufficient market linkages and exposure for traditional crafts.
  • Limited opportunities for skill enhancement and product development.

Protected Planet Report 2024

  • 08 Nov 2024

In News:

The Protected Planet Report 2024, released by UNEP-WCMC and IUCN, evaluates global progress toward achieving Target 3 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF). This target aims to conserve 30% of Earth's terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine areas by 2030.

Key Highlights of the Report

  • Current Global Coverage
    • Land and Inland Waters: 17.6% protected.
    • Oceans and Coastal Areas: 8.4% protected.
    • Progress since 2020: Minimal increase (<0.5% for both realms), equivalent to an area twice the size of Colombia.
  • Remaining Challenges to Achieve Target 3 by 2030
    • Land: An additional 12.4% of land area must be protected (equivalent to Brazil + Australia).
    • Ocean: 21.6% more marine areas must be safeguarded (larger than the Indian Ocean).
    • Key Gaps:
      • Only 8.5% of protected areas on land are well-connected.
      • Only one-fifth of the areas critical for biodiversity are fully protected.
      • Biodiversity representation remains uneven, with some ecological regions having no protection at all.
  • Governance and Effectiveness Issues
    • Less than 5% of protected land and 1.3% of marine areas have management effectiveness assessments.
    • Only 0.2% of protected land and 0.01% of marine areas have undergone equitable governance assessments.
    • Indigenous governance covers less than 4% of protected areas despite Indigenous and traditional territories covering 13.6% of the terrestrial areas.
  • Ocean Conservation Progress: Most progress is in national waters; however, areas beyond national jurisdiction (the high seas) remain underrepresented (<11% coverage).
  • Data Deficiency: Insufficient data to measure biodiversity outcomes, equity, and governance in protected areas.

Importance of Target 3

  • Biodiversity Benefits: Protected areas play a critical role in halting and reversing biodiversity loss.
  • Ecosystem Services: These areas contribute to clean air, water, climate regulation, and food security.
  • Cultural and Economic Significance: They uphold the rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, ensuring equitable governance and sustainable resource use.

Key Recommendations

  • Accelerate Conservation Efforts:
    • Expand protected and conserved areas with a focus on biodiversity hotspots.
    • Ensure areas are ecologically connected and effectively managed.
  • Strengthen Indigenous and Local Contributions:
    • Recognize and support the stewardship of Indigenous Peoples and local communities.
    • Ensure their voices and knowledge systems are integrated into conservation planning.
  • Improve Governance and Equity:
    • Address gaps in equitable governance and include rights-based approaches.
  • Global Cooperation:
    • Increase international financing to developing nations for biodiversity conservation.
    • Foster cross-border partnerships and support data-sharing initiatives.
  • Enhance Data Availability:
    • Collect and disseminate data on the effectiveness of protected areas and their biodiversity outcomes.

India’s Role and Strategy

  • Commitment to KM-GBF: India updated its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) to align with the KM-GBF goals, aiming to protect 30% of natural areas by 2030.
  • Focus on Restoration: Prioritizes the restoration of forests, rivers, and other ecosystems to maintain essential resources like clean air and water.
  • Indigenous Participation: India emphasizes integrating Indigenous territories into its conservation framework.

Adoption Awareness Month 2024

  • 08 Nov 2024

In News:

Adoption Awareness Month is an annual event where CARA and all its stakeholders come together to raise awareness about the legal process of adoption. 

Context

  • Celebrated by: Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) and the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA).
  • When: November 2024.
  • Theme: “Rehabilitation of Older Children through Foster Care and Foster Adoption.”
  • Purpose: To raise awareness about legal adoption, foster care, and the rehabilitation of older children in India.

Objectives

  • Promote Legal Adoptions:
    • Create awareness about the legal framework and processes for adoption.
    • Encourage prospective adoptive parents (PAPs) to adopt older children or children with special needs.
  • Foster Care Focus:
    • Highlight the importance of foster care as a rehabilitative measure for older children.
  • Public Engagement:
    • Engage various stakeholders, including adoptive families, PAPs, older adoptees, and the general public, to share experiences and insights.

Key Activities

  • Nationwide Campaigns:
    • Offline events in states like Ladakh, Assam, Mizoram, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and West Bengal.
    • Mega event in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, on November 21, 2024.
  • Online Initiatives (via MyGov India):
    • Storytelling, poster making, slogan writing, pledges, and online surveys.
    • Informative content on adoption and foster care shared via social media.
  • Interactive Engagements:
    • Cultural programs, competitions, Q&A sessions with PAPs, and discussions with stakeholders.
    • Sharing of experiences by older adoptees and adoptive parents.

Significance of Adoption Awareness Month

  • Focus on Older Children:
    • Addresses challenges faced by older children in finding permanent families.
    • Promotes inclusive adoption practices for children with special needs or in foster care.
  • Stakeholder Involvement:
    • Builds trust and awareness by sharing real-life adoption experiences.
    • Encourages societal participation in the rehabilitation of vulnerable children.
  • Policy Awareness:
    • Educates the public about the legal adoption process under CARA.
    • Highlights the benefits and responsibilities of foster care and adoption.

Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA)

  • Role: Apex body for regulating adoption in India under the MWCD.
  • Key Function: Ensures legal, ethical, and transparent adoption processes for orphaned, abandoned, and surrendered children.

Challenges in Adoption and Foster Care

  • Limited awareness about adopting older children or children with special needs.
  • Cultural and societal barriers.
  • Complexities in the legal adoption process.

Way Forward

  • Streamlining Processes: Simplify legal procedures to make adoption and foster care accessible.
  • Increased Awareness: Continued campaigns to reduce stigma and misinformation about adoption.
  • Policy Support: Strengthen programs for foster care and ensure periodic evaluation of their impact.

One Rank One Pension (OROP) Scheme

  • 08 Nov 2024

In News:

As OROP completes the 10 years in 2024, it is essential to reflect on the immense benefits the scheme has brought to the armed forces community. 

Overview:

  • Implemented on: November 7, 2015.
  • Announced in: Union Budget 2014, allocation of ?1,000 crore.
  • Aim: To ensure uniform pension for military personnel retiring at the same rank with equal service duration, irrespective of retirement date.
  • Significance: A landmark reform addressing a four-decade-long demand of ex-servicemen.
  • Origin: Longstanding demand since the 1970s; first highlighted by the 3rd Central Pay Commission.
  • Key Committees: K.P. Singh Dev Committee (1984) and Sharad Pawar Committee (1991) recommended reforms but faced financial and administrative hurdles.

Key Features:

The policy’s primary elements include:

  • Re-fixation of Pensions: The pension of all past pensioners is re-fixed based on the pensions of personnel who retired in 2013, starting from July 1, 2014. This created a new benchmark for pensions, with all retirees getting equal benefits for their service.
  • Periodic Revision: The pension is to be re-fixed every five years, ensuring that it continues to reflect changes in the pay and pension structure.
  • Arrears Payments: Arrears of pension were to be paid in equal half-yearly installments, although the arrears for family pensioners and gallantry awardees were paid in a single installment.
  • Safeguarding Above-Average Pension: For personnel drawing pensions higher than the average, their pensions are protected, ensuring that they do not lose out on the benefits of OROP.
  • Inclusive of All Ex-Servicemen: The order covered all personnel who retired up to June 30, 2014, and provided a robust framework for revising pensions for all ranks, including family pensioners.

Impact:

  • Veterans and Families:
    • Benefited over 25 lakh ex-servicemen and families.
    • Enhanced financial security, standard of living, and dignity.
  • Emotional and Social Value:
    • Strengthened trust between veterans and the government.
    • Recognized sacrifices of armed forces personnel.

Okinawicius tekdi

  • 07 Nov 2024

In News:

Researchers have recently discovered a new species of jumping spider in the Baner Hill area, underscoring the region's rich biodiversity and the growing need to preserve the natural landscapes around Pune.

About Okinawicius tekdi:

  • The newly identified species, named Okinawicius tekdi, is a jumping spider that contributes to the growing diversity of India's spider population, now numbering 326 species of jumping spiders.
  • The name "tekdi" comes from the Marathi word for "hill," reflecting the spider's habitat.
  • The last time a spider species was identified in Pune was over three decades ago.

About Jumping Spiders:

  • Jumping spiders belong to the family Salticidae and are known for their distinctive eight legs and remarkable jumping ability.
  • These spiders possess a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed legs.
  • In addition to their agility, they are famous for spinning webs that they use to capture their prey.

World Cities Report 2024

  • 07 Nov 2024

In News:

The World Cities Report 2024, released by UN-Habitat, highlights the urgent need for cities to address climate change, both as victims and major contributors.

Key Findings of the Report

  • Temperature Increases by 2040: Nearly 2 billion people living in urban areas are projected to face at least a 0.5°C rise in temperature by 2040, exposing them to heatwaves and other climate-related risks.
  • Urban Vulnerability and Climate Risk:
    • Cities are disproportionately affected by climate change while being major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, which exacerbates their vulnerability to events like floods, cyclones, and heatwaves.
    • The urban population is facing a dual challenge: increased heat and extreme weather events such as flooding, cyclones, and erratic rainfall.
  • Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Risks: Over 2,000 cities in low coastal areas, many located under 5 meters above sea level, are at heightened risk from sea-level rise and storm surges, potentially affecting more than 1.4 billion people by 2040.
  • Riverine Flooding: Flood exposure in cities is growing 3.5 times faster than in rural areas, with 517 million people in urban areas projected to be exposed to riverine flooding by 2030.
  • Investment Gap: Cities require between USD 4.5 trillion and USD 5.4 trillion annually to build and maintain climate-resilient systems, but current investments stand at only USD 831 billion, highlighting a massive funding shortfall.
  • Decline in Urban Green Spaces: The average share of urban green spaces has dropped from 19.5% in 1990 to 13.9% in 2020, reducing cities' ability to absorb carbon, manage heat, and provide essential ecosystem services.
  • Vulnerable Communities: Informal settlements and slums, often situated in environmentally sensitive areas, are disproportionately affected by climate impacts. These communities lack adequate infrastructure and are often unable to invest in necessary upgrades due to eviction fears or lack of legal recognition.
  • Green Gentrification: While climate interventions like park creation can provide environmental benefits, they can also lead to green gentrification—displacing low-income households or increasing property values and rents, thus pricing vulnerable communities out.

Contributing Factors to Urban Global Warming

  • Energy Consumption: Urban areas account for 71-76% of global CO? emissions from energy use, driven by dense populations, industrial activities, transportation, and high-energy demand for buildings.
  • Industrial Activities: Urban industries and power plants release a variety of greenhouse gases (GHGs), including CO?, methane (CH?), and nitrous oxide (N?O).
  • Land Use Changes: Urban expansion leads to deforestation and reduced carbon absorption, contributing to global warming. Urban land areas are expected to more than triple by 2050, accelerating environmental degradation.
  • Waste Generation: Decomposing waste in landfills releases methane, a potent GHG, exacerbating the greenhouse effect.
  • Urban Heat Island Effect: Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) occur when cities absorb and retain more heat due to their dense infrastructure (asphalt, concrete, and buildings), increasing local temperatures and energy consumption.

Impacts of Global Warming on Cities

  • Heatwaves: Cities, especially in warmer regions like India, are experiencing more severe heatwaves and rising temperatures.
  • Urban Heat Island Effect: UHIs increase the intensity of heatwaves, particularly in high-density cities, where buildings and roads trap heat, exacerbating energy demands and public health risks.
  • Coastal Flooding: Rising sea levels threaten coastal cities with flooding and storm surges, displacing communities and disrupting economies.
  • Wildfire Seasons: Warming temperatures and prolonged droughts increase the risk of wildfires in urban areas, particularly in forest-adjacent cities.

India's Climate Initiatives for Urban Areas

  • Smart Cities Mission: Focuses on developing sustainable urban infrastructure, promoting smart technologies, and enhancing resilience to climate impacts.
  • AMRUT Mission: Aims to provide basic infrastructure and sustainable urban development in cities, including water supply, sewage, and green spaces.
  • Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban: Focuses on improving waste management and reducing pollution in urban areas.
  • FAME India Scheme (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles): Promotes electric vehicles to reduce urban air pollution and carbon emissions.
  • Green Energy Corridor (GEC): Facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources into the national grid, encouraging clean energy use in urban centers.

21st India-US Military Cooperation Group (MCG) Meeting

  • 07 Nov 2024

In News:

  • The 21st India-US Military Cooperation Group (MCG) meeting was held from November 5 to 6, 2024, at the Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi.
  • The meeting focused on strengthening defence ties between India and the US, covering a wide range of topics aimed at improving military cooperation.

Key Areas of Discussion

  • Capacity Building: The meeting discussed initiatives for enhancing defence capacity through training exchanges, joint exercises, and sharing best practices.
  • Defence Industrial Cooperation: Both countries explored opportunities for collaborative defence industrial ventures and technology sharing.
  • Joint Exercises: The advancement of joint military exercises was highlighted to boost readiness against both conventional and hybrid threats.
  • Strategic Objectives: The meeting aimed to enhance interoperability between the two countries' armed forces, enabling more effective joint operations.

Commitment to Strengthen Indo-US Defence Ties

  • Strategic Partnership: Both nations reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening the Indo-US defence partnership, recognizing the shared challenges in the Indo-Pacific region.
  • Focus on Regional Security: The discussions underscored the importance of ensuring regional security and global stability in the face of emerging threats.

The Role of the MCG

  • Purpose: The MCG forum serves as a key platform for enhancing strategic and operational defence collaboration between India and the US.
  • Long-term Goals: The MCG aims to build mutual defence capabilities, counter emerging threats, and ensure the security of both nations and the wider region.

Maha Kumbh Mela 2025

  • 07 Nov 2024

In News:

  • The Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 will be held in Prayagraj from January 13 to February 26.
  • The event is a sacred pilgrimage that draws millions of pilgrims to bathe in the holy waters of the Triveni Sangam (the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and Sarasvati rivers) for spiritual purification and liberation.

Significance and Spiritual Importance

  • Sacred Rituals:
    • The central ritual is the act of bathing in the holy waters of the confluence, believed to cleanse one’s sins and bring spiritual liberation (Moksha).
    • Pilgrims also engage in worship, spiritual discourses, and seek blessings from revered sadhus and saints.
  • Auspicious Dates:
    • The event includes Shahi Snan (Royal Bath), where prominent saints and their followers bathe on specific dates, marking the beginning of the Mela.
    • Paush Purnima marks the start of the auspicious bathing period.
  • Cultural Ceremonies:
    • The Mela features a grand procession (Peshwai) with Akharas (spiritual orders) on elephants, horses, and chariots.
    • Cultural performances, traditional music, dance, and art are also part of the festivities, showcasing India’s vibrant cultural diversity.

Mythological and Historical Roots

  • Mythology:
    • The Kumbh Mela is deeply embedded in Hindu mythology, symbolizing humanity’s quest for spiritual unity and enlightenment.
    • The timing of the event is based on astrological positions of celestial bodies, particularly the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter.
  • Historical Significance:
    • The origins of the Kumbh Mela trace back over 2,000 years, with references found in the Maurya and Gupta periods.
    • Royal Patronage: Emperors like Akbar supported the Mela, symbolizing unity among different religions and cultures.
    • British Colonial Era: British officials documented the Mela, fascinated by its scale and ritualistic practices.
  • Modern Recognition:
    • In 2017, the UNESCO recognized the Kumbh Mela as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, underscoring its global significance.

Cultural Celebration and Unity

  • Cultural Diversity:
    • The Maha Kumbh Mela is a celebration of India's rich cultural heritage, where pilgrims experience traditional crafts, art, music, and dance, alongside spiritual practices.
  • International Participation:
    • Pilgrims from across the globe attend the Mela, drawn by its message of unity, tolerance, and the universal quest for spiritual growth and peace.
  • Message of Unity:
    • The Mela serves as a reminder of humanity’s shared desire for self-realization and spiritual fulfillment, transcending national, cultural, and religious boundaries.

PM-Vidyalaxmi Scheme

  • 07 Nov 2024

In News:

  • The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved the PM Vidyalaxmi scheme to provide financial assistance to meritorious students for higher education.
  • Objective: The scheme aims to ensure that financial constraints do not hinder students from pursuing quality higher education.

Key Features of the scheme:

  • Eligibility:
    • Students admitted to top 860 Quality Higher Education Institutions (QHEIs) are eligible.
    • Includes both government and private institutions, as per the NIRF (National Institutional Ranking Framework) rankings.
  • Loan Provision:
    • Collateral-free and guarantor-free education loans for tuition fees and other course-related expenses.
    • Loans up to ?7.5 lakhs will have a 75% credit guarantee from the government to encourage banks to offer loans.
  • Interest Subvention:
    • For students with an annual family income of up to ?8 lakhs (and not eligible for other scholarships or schemes), a 3% interest subvention will be provided on loans up to ?10 lakhs.
    • This subvention applies during the moratorium period (when repayment is deferred).
    • Preference for interest subvention is given to students in technical/professional courses and those from government institutions.
  • Target Beneficiaries:
    • Around 22 lakh students are expected to benefit from the scheme annually.
    • The government has allocated ?3,600 crore for the period 2024-2025 to 2030-2031, with 7 lakh fresh students anticipated to receive the benefit each year.
  • Digital Process:
    • A unified “PM-Vidyalaxmi” portal will allow students to apply for loans and interest subvention in a simplified, transparent, and digital manner.
  • Payment Method:
    • Interest subvention will be paid via E-vouchers or Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) wallets.

Loan Product Features

  • Collateral-free & Guarantor-free: Loans will be accessible without the need for collateral or a guarantor.
  • Loan Coverage:
    • The scheme will cover full tuition fees and other related expenses.
  • Eligibility Criteria:
    • Students enrolled in NIRF top 100 HEIs, state institutions ranked 101-200, and central government institutions are eligible.
    • The list of eligible institutions will be updated annually based on the latest NIRF rankings.

Government's Commitment

  • The scheme is a part of the National Education Policy 2020’s vision to enhance access to quality education through financial support.
  • Additional Support:
    • It complements the existing Central Sector Interest Subsidy (CSIS) and Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Education Loans (CGFSEL) under PM-USP.
    • The CSIS scheme provides full interest subvention for students with an annual family income of up to ?4.5 lakhs, pursuing technical/professional courses.

India-Algeria Strengthen Defence Ties

  • 06 Nov 2024

In News:

  • The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) of India recently visited Algeria, culminating in the signing of a significant Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on defence cooperation.
  • Objective: The MoU aims to strengthen the strategic and military ties between India and Algeria.

Recent Developments in India-Algeria Relations

  • Important Visit: The CDS’s visit coincided with Algeria’s 70th anniversary of its revolution, celebrated on November 1st, with military parades and ceremonies highlighting Algeria’s historical and political legacy.
  • Defence Cooperation:
    • India re-established its defence wing in Algeria, and Algeria reciprocated by considering the establishment of its defence wing in India.
    • India emphasized its role as a “Vishwa Bandhu” (global partner) and offered to share defence expertise and experiences with Algeria.
  • Strategic Discussion: The MoU aims to enhance mutual understanding, laying the foundation for long-term defence collaboration across multiple sectors, including manufacturing under India’s 'Make in India' and 'Make for the World' initiatives.
  • Global Peace Support: CDS reiterated India’s commitment to peaceful conflict resolution and expressed support for Algeria’s defence interests.

Significant Areas of India-Algeria Relationship

  • Diplomatic Relations:
    • India and Algeria established diplomatic ties in July 1962, the same year Algeria gained independence from French colonial rule.
    • India supported Algeria's liberation movement and both countries have maintained close ties as part of the Non-Aligned Movement.
  • Bilateral Trade:
    • Trade peaked at USD 2.9 billion in 2018 but dropped to USD 1.5 billion by 2021 due to COVID-19 and Algeria’s import restrictions.
    • Trade rebounded in 2022, increasing by 24% to USD 2.1 billion.
    • Exports from India (2023-24): Rice, pharmaceuticals, granite.
    • Imports from Algeria: Petroleum oils, LNG, calcium phosphates.
  • Bilateral Agreements:
    • 2015 MoU: Between All India Radio (AIR) and Algerian National Radio for cooperation in broadcasting.
    • 2018 Space Cooperation Agreement: Focuses on satellite technology for applications like crop forecasting and disaster management.
    • Visa Waiver Agreement (2021): Diplomatic and official passport holders are exempt from visa requirements.
  • Cultural Engagement:
    • International Day of Yoga (2024): Celebrated in Algeria at the Jardin d’Essai du Hamma, attracting over 300 participants.
  • Space Cooperation:
    • The 2018 India-Algeria Space Cooperation Agreement focuses on joint space science, technology, and applications.
    • India has launched four Algerian satellites (2016), and the 2022 Joint Committee Meeting expanded satellite capacity building efforts.
    • Algeria’s space agency has engaged with ISRO on satellite applications like crop forecasting and disaster management.
  • Indian Community in Algeria:
    • Approximately 3,800 Indians live in Algeria, working in various sectors, including technical and semi-skilled roles.
    • The community includes 13 Overseas Citizens of India (OCI), 10 Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs), and 15 Indian students.

Spraying Diamond Dust to cool the Earth

  • 06 Nov 2024

In News:

  • A new study in Geophysical Research Letters suggests that diamond dust could be more effective than any other material in reflecting solar radiation.
  • Objective: The goal is to reduce global temperatures by 1.6°C by spraying approximately 5 million tonnes of diamonds annually into the atmosphere.

Background of Geoengineering Solutions:

  • Geoengineering refers to large-scale interventions aimed at altering Earth's natural climate system to counteract global warming.
  • One proposed solution involves spraying diamond dust in the Earth's upper atmosphere to cool the planet.
  • This approach is part of Solar Radiation Management (SRM), which seeks to reflect sunlight away from Earth, thereby reducing global temperatures.
  • Previous Materials Considered: Sulphur, calcium, aluminium, silicon, and other compounds have been studied to perform a similar function.

Context of Geoengineering and Climate Crisis:

  • Inadequate Progress: Current efforts to mitigate global warming, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, have been insufficient. Global temperatures have continued to rise, and targets like the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C are increasingly out of reach.
  • Rising Global Temperatures:
    • 2023: Global temperatures were approximately 1.45°C higher than pre-industrial levels.
    • Projected Challenge: To meet the Paris goal, global emissions must be reduced by at least 43% by 2030. However, current actions will likely result in only a 2% reduction by 2030.

Geoengineering Technologies:

  • Geoengineering Methods:
    1. Solar Radiation Management (SRM): Reflects sunlight to cool Earth.
    2. Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR): Involves capturing and storing CO?.
  • SRM Techniques:
    • SRM draws inspiration from natural events like volcanic eruptions, where large amounts of sulphur dioxide form particles that reflect sunlight.
    • Mount Pinatubo (1991): One of the largest eruptions, which temporarily reduced global temperatures by 0.5°C due to the sulphur dioxide released.

Diamond Dust vs Other Materials:

  • Study Comparison: Diamonds were found to be the most effective material compared to other compounds (sulphur, calcium, etc.) for reflecting solar radiation.
  • Quantity Needed: To achieve a cooling of 1.6°C, 5 million tonnes of diamonds would need to be dispersed into the upper atmosphere each year.

Broader Geoengineering Context:

  • Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS):
    • CCS is already in practice, where CO? emissions from industries are captured and stored underground to reduce atmospheric carbon.
    • However, CCS faces high costs and scalability issues, and safe storage sites for CO? are limited.
  • Direct Air Capture (DAC): A more advanced method where CO? is directly removed from ambient air, but it faces even greater challenges in terms of infrastructure and cost.

VINBAX 2024 Exercise

  • 06 Nov 2024

In News:

The 5th Edition of Vietnam Indian Bilateral Army Exercise “VINBAX 2024” had commenced at Ambala.

Key Participants

  • Indian Army: A contingent of 47 personnel from the Corps of Engineers, along with personnel from other arms and services.
  • Vietnam People's Army: A similar-sized contingent representing Vietnam's military forces.
  • Bi-Service Participation: For the first time, personnel from both Army and Air Force of India and Vietnam are participating.

Objectives of VINBAX 2024

  • Joint Military Capability Enhancement:
    • Focus on enhancing joint military capabilities of both countries, specifically in the deployment of Engineer Companies and Medical Teams.
  • Peacekeeping Operations (UN Context):
    • The exercise prepares both sides for United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (PKO), under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, which deals with peace enforcement actions.
  • Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR):
    • The exercise includes a 48-hour validation exercise with demonstrations of Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations.
    • The HADR component will include equipment displays to assess the technical standards of both contingents while executing disaster relief and humanitarian missions in peacekeeping contexts.

Key Activities & Events

  • Field Training Exercise: The exercise includes a field training component, with a larger scope than previous editions, focusing on:
    • Engineer Tasks.
    • Medical Support.
    • Disaster Relief Operations.
  • Validation Exercise: A critical 48-hour validation exercise to test the preparedness of the two forces in providing HADR, including:
    • Demonstrations of disaster relief operations.
    • Equipment displays to showcase capabilities in managing and executing peacekeeping and humanitarian operations.
  • Cultural Exchange: The exercise will also provide an opportunity for cultural exchange, where the troops will learn about the social and cultural heritage of each other.

Background of VINBAX

  • Inception: VINBAX was first conducted in 2018 as part of the growing defense cooperation between India and Vietnam. The inaugural edition took place in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.
  • Alternating Locations: The exercise alternates between India and Vietnam every year.
  • Previous Editions:
    • 2023 Edition: Held in Vietnam.
    • Current Edition: This is the 5th edition, conducted in India (Ambala and Chandimandir).

Indian Defense Engagements in Southeast Asia

  • India-Indonesia Joint Special Forces Exercise (Garud Shakti 2024): Held from November 1-12, 2024, in Cijantung, Jakarta, strengthening ties with Indonesian special forces.
  • Singapore-India Maritime Bilateral Exercise (SIMBEX 2024): Held from October 23-29, 2024, in Visakhapatnam, focusing on maritime security cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.

Proba-3 Mission

  • 06 Nov 2024

In News:

Europe's Proba-3 mission to arrive in India for launch aboard PSLV-XL by ISRO

Key Highlights:

  • Objective: The Proba-3 mission, led by the European Space Agency (ESA), aims to observe the Sun’s corona by creating an artificial solar eclipse. This will allow continuous observation of the Sun’s faint outer atmosphere, which is typically only visible during a natural solar eclipse.
  • Key Features:
    • Artificial Solar Eclipse: The two spacecraft will fly in formation to maintain a shadow between them, enabling the uninterrupted observation of the solar corona.
    • Formation Flying: The satellites must maintain a precise formation with an accuracy of one millimetre, equivalent to the thickness of a fingernail.

Mission Details

  • Launch Date: Scheduled for December 4, 2024.
  • Launch Location: Satish Dhawan Space Centre near Chennai, India.
  • Launch Vehicle: The PSLV-XL rocket developed by ISRO will be used for the launch.
  • Spacecraft Mass: The combined mass of the two spacecraft is 550 kg.
  • Orbit: The spacecraft will be placed in a highly elliptical orbit with a maximum altitude of 60,000 km to facilitate the precise formation flying.
    • This high altitude minimizes Earth’s gravitational pull and reduces the amount of propellant required to maintain their positions during the mission.

Mission Significance

  • Solar Observation: The primary objective is to observe the Sun’s corona, which has been challenging to study due to its faintness. The artificial eclipse will allow continuous data collection on solar activity.
  • Formation Flying: This technology will allow the two satellites to maintain autonomous flight with millimetre-level precision, which is a significant advancement in satellite formation control.
  • Six-Hour Observation Windows: Each formation flying session will last for up to six hours, during which the satellites will observe the Sun's corona.

Technological and Scientific Contributions

  • ASPIICS Instrument: The ASPIICS (AStronomical PIcture Camera for the Intense Corona of the Sun) will be the mission's primary instrument, developed by the Royal Observatory of Belgium. It will provide crucial data on solar activity and space weather.
  • International Collaboration: The mission is a collaborative effort involving 14 ESA member states and various organizations across Europe.
  • Mission Control: The mission will be managed from the ESA’s European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Belgium, with significant pre-launch training and preparations already underway.

ISRO's Role and Historical Context

  • Launch by ISRO: The Proba-3 mission will be ISRO’s first launch for ESA since 2001, marking an important milestone in India-Europe space cooperation.
  • PSLV-XL Rocket: ISRO’s PSLV-XL rocket is known for its reliability and capability in deploying satellites into precise orbits. It is well-suited to carry the 550 kg Proba-3 duo into a highly elliptical orbit for the mission.

Minuteman III ICBM

  • 06 Nov 2024

In News:

The U.S. Army is scheduled to test launch a Minuteman III ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile) after the closure of voting on Election Day.

Missile Features

  • Speed: Hypersonic, capable of reaching speeds up to 15,000 mph (Mach 23).
  • Range: 13,000 km.
  • Payload: Currently carries one nuclear warhead (as per arms control agreements with Russia), but originally designed for multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs).
  • Launch Time: Extremely fast, enabling near-instant global retaliation capabilities.
  • Testing Reliability: Nearly 100% success rate in tests, with backup airborne launch controllers to ensure continuity of the retaliatory strike capability.
  • Length: 18.2 meters.
  • Diameter: 1.85 meters.
  • Launch Weight: 34,467 kg.
  • Type: Three-stage, solid-fuel missile.

Strategic Significance

  • Land-Based Nuclear Deterrent: The Minuteman III is a key component of the U.S. nuclear triad, which includes land-based missiles, submarine-launched missiles (SLBMs), and strategic bombers.
  • Cost-Effectiveness: The Sentinel weapon system (modernized Minuteman III) is viewed as the most cost-effective option for maintaining the land-based leg of U.S. nuclear deterrence until the planned Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD) system replaces it in 2029.
  • Global Reach: The missile can strike any target worldwide within minutes, demonstrating U.S. nuclear reach and power projection.

India's Green Leap

  • 05 Nov 2024

In News:

India's journey toward a sustainable energy future has gained significant momentum with a series of policy reforms designed to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and accelerate the shift to clean energy. The recent Asia-Pacific Climate Report from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) highlights India's remarkable progress in reforming its fossil fuel subsidy system and its efforts to foster renewable energy, positioning the country as a leader in the region's green transformation.

Key Highlights from the Report:

India's Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform

  • India has successfully reduced fossil fuel subsidies by 85%, from a peak of $25 billion in 2013 to just $3.5 billion by 2023.
  • The reform strategy is built on a "remove, target, and shift" approach, which involved phasing out subsidies on petrol and diesel from 2010 to 2014, followed by incremental tax hikes on these fuels through 2017.
  • These fiscal changes created space for funding renewable energy projects, such as solar parks, electric vehicle initiatives, and infrastructure improvements.

Role of Taxation in Supporting Clean Energy

  • Between 2010 and 2017, India introduced a cess on coal production and imports, which contributed significantly to funding clean energy projects. Approximately 30% of the cess was directed to the National Clean Energy and Environment Fund.
  • This funding supported major renewable energy initiatives, including the National Solar Mission and Green Energy Corridor project, helping reduce the cost of utility-scale solar energy and expand off-grid renewable energy solutions.
  • The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2017 altered the financial landscape, redirecting the cess funds to GST compensation rather than directly to clean energy.

Government Schemes and Initiatives

  • India is advancing its clean energy agenda through several key government schemes:
    • National Green Hydrogen Mission: Aimed at establishing India as a leader in green hydrogen production.
    • PM-KUSUM Scheme: Focused on promoting solar energy among farmers, allowing them to produce renewable power.
    • PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana: A program designed to provide solar energy access to rural communities, reducing dependency on fossil fuels.

A Strategic Shift: From Subsidies to Clean Energy

  • India’s subsidy reforms are an important part of its strategy to transition from a reliance on fossil fuels to a focus on renewable energy investments.
  • These changes reflect India’s long-term goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070, as outlined in its climate action plans.

Global Significance of India’s Efforts

  • The reduction in fossil fuel subsidies and the surge in clean energy investment serve as a model for other nations seeking to balance economic development with climate action.
  • India’s approach demonstrates that policy reforms and innovative financing mechanisms can be used to accelerate the transition to a cleaner, greener economy while creating job opportunities and fostering economic growth.

IUCN’s First Global Tree Assessment

  • 05 Nov 2024

In News:

More than one in three tree species threatened with extinction, finds IUCN’s first Global Tree Assessment

Key Highlights:

Global Tree Extinction Risk:

  • 38% of the world’s tree species are now facing the risk of extinction — over one in three tree species is at risk.
  • This means 16,425 out of 47,282 tree speciesanalyzed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) are under threat.
  • Threatened tree species outnumber all threatened birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians combined, highlighting the urgent need for conservation action.

Key Drivers of Threat:

  • Deforestation: The primary threat to trees is deforestation, driven by agriculture, livestock rearing, and urban development, especially in tropical regions.
  • Climate Change: Rising sea levels and increasingly frequent storms exacerbate the threats, particularly in tropical regions and islands.
  • Invasive Species & Pests: Non-native species, pests, and diseases are adding pressure to vulnerable tree populations.

Geographic Vulnerabilities:

  • Islands are particularly vulnerable, with a high proportion of threatened species due to habitat destruction and urbanization.
  • South America, which boasts the highest tree diversity, faces significant threats, with 3,356 out of 13,668 species at risk, mainly due to deforestation for agriculture.

Ecological and Economic Importance of Trees:

  • Trees play a fundamental role in carbon, water, and nutrient cycles, and are critical for soil formation and climate regulation.
  • The loss of trees poses a growing threat to thousands of other species of plants, fungi, and animals.
  • Trees are essential for local communities, providing resources such as timber, medicines, food, and fuel. Over 5,000 species of trees are used for timber and construction, while more than 2,000 species are vital for food, fuel, and medicine.

Conservation Status:

  • Tree species are threatened across 192 countries.
  • The assessment is the first global analysis of the conservation status of trees, enabling better-informed conservation decisions.

Positive Actions and Strategies:

  • Successful community-driven conservation efforts have had positive outcomes in places like the Juan Fernández Islands, Cuba, Madagascar, and Fiji.
  • Some countries, including Ghana, Colombia, Chile, and Kenya, already have national strategies for tree conservation.
  • Ex-situ conservation, such as seed banks and botanical gardens, is also crucial to safeguard species that may not survive in the wild.

Urgent Call for Action:

The IUCN Global Tree Assessment underlines the urgent need for enhanced conservation efforts, including:

  • Habitat protection and restoration.
  • Ex-situ conservation through seed banks and botanical gardens.
  • Diversified and species-focused reforestation strategies.
  • Supporting community-led conservation initiatives to safeguard vulnerable tree species.

Asia-Pacific Climate Report 2024

  • 05 Nov 2024

In News:

Climate change to put APAC GDP on thin ice with 41% melt by 2100.

Key Highlights:

  • Economic Losses Due to Climate Change:
    • APAC Region: High-end greenhouse gas emissions could reduce GDP by 17% by 2070 and 41% by 2100.
    • India: Projected to experience a 24.7% GDP loss by 2070, with neighboring countries like Bangladesh (30.5%), Vietnam (30.2%), and Indonesia (26.8%) facing even steeper declines.
  • Major Drivers of Economic Losses:
    • Sea-Level Rise: Up to 300 million people at risk of coastal flooding by 2070. Annual damages could reach $3 trillion by 2070.
    • Labour Productivity: The APAC region could lose 4.9% of GDP from reduced labour productivity, with India facing a sharper 11.6% loss.
    • Cooling Demand: Rising temperatures could reduce regional GDP by 3.3%, but India's cooling demands could cut its GDP by 5.1%.
    • Flooding and Storms: Increased rainfall and storm intensity will exacerbate flooding and landslides, particularly in mountainous regions like the India-China border, where landslides could rise by 30-70% under severe warming.
  • Impact on Key Sectors:
    • River Flooding: By 2070, annual riverine flooding could cause $1.3 trillion in damages across the APAC, affecting over 110 million people. India could face over $1,100 billion in flood-related damages annually.
    • Forest Productivity: Climate change could reduce forest productivity by 10-30% by 2070 across APAC. India could see losses over 25%, making it one of the hardest-hit countries, alongside Vietnam and Southeast Asia.
  • Climate Risks and Vulnerabilities:
    • Coastal Flooding: Coastal flooding could lead to widespread economic damage, with India expected to suffer significant losses, particularly in coastal areas.
    • Ecosystem Threats: Intensified storms, rainfall, and landslides will affect ecosystems, forests, and agriculture across the region.
  • Climate Change and Adaptation Needs:
    • Investment Requirements: Developing Asia requires $102–431 billion annually for climate adaptation, far exceeding the $34 billion tracked from 2021 to 2022.
    • Private Investment: The report highlights the need for greater private climate investment and regulatory reforms to attract capital for adaptation initiatives.
    • Renewable Energy: APAC is well-positioned to embrace renewable energy for a net-zero transition, and the use of carbon markets could help achieve climate goals cost-effectively.
  • Regional Net-Zero Goals and Progress:
    • Net-Zero Targets: 36 out of 44 Asian economies have set net-zero emissions targets, but only 4 have legally committed to these goals. India and China target 2070 and 2060, respectively, while many OECD countries aim for 2050 targets.
    • Policy Gaps: Developing Asia needs clearer policies and increased financing to meet climate ambitions. Institutions like ADB are crucial in supporting these efforts.
  • Action Plan for the Future:
    • Urgent Climate Action: The report stresses the importance of coordinated action to address escalating climate risks.
    • Enhanced Adaptation Finance: There is a need to scale up adaptation-focused finance to tackle the growing climate challenges facing the region.

India's Vulnerability and Climate Challenges:

  • Labour Impact: India is expected to experience a 11.6% GDP loss due to declining labour productivity, the highest among APAC countries.
  • Cooling Demands: A 5.1% reduction in GDP due to increased cooling demand.
  • Flood Damage: India’s flood-related losses could surpass $1.1 trillion annually by 2070, with damages to residential and commercial properties.

Bob Khathing

  • 05 Nov 2024

In News:

  • Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated the Major Ralengnao 'Bob' Khathing Museum of Valour in Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, on October 31, 2023, coinciding with National Unity Day (Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's birth anniversary).
  • Significance: The museum honours Bob Khathing's contributions to India's security and the integration of Tawang into India.

Role in the Integration of Tawang:

  • Tawang Expedition (1951): In January 1951, Major Bob Khathing, an officer of the Indian Frontier Administrative Service, led the expedition to peacefully integrate Tawang into India.
  • Strategic Importance: At the time, there were concerns over Chinese intentions to enter Tibet and realign boundaries. Khathing's mission was crucial to prevent Chinese advances into the area.
  • Expedition Details: Khathing set off with Assam Rifles troops from Charduar, Assam, and after overcoming extreme terrain and weather, he reached Tawang. On February 14, 1951, he hoisted the Indian flag, marking Tawang's official integration into India.
  • Administrative Setup: Khathing established an administrative framework, including appointing Gaon Buras (village elders) to manage local governance.

Military Service and Recognition:

  • World War II Service: Bob Khathing joined the Indian Army in 1939 and earned recognition for his role in the Second World War. He was awarded the Member of the British Empire (MBE) and the Military Cross (MC) for his bravery and leadership.
  • Guerrilla Warfare: Khathing was part of the Victor Force, a British-led guerrilla unit tasked with countering the Japanese in Burma and India during WWII. Later, he became the adviser to SANCOL, a force set up to track Japanese forces in the region.
  • Military Cross Citation: Khathing was praised for his tireless efforts in organizing local Naga support, gathering intelligence, and participating in successful ambushes, which played a critical role in defeating the Japanese.

Post-War Career and Civil Service:

  • Ministerial Role in Manipur: After WWII, Khathing was demobilized and joined the interim government of Manipur, where he served as a minister in charge of the hill areas.
  • Integration of Manipur: Following Manipur's merger with India in 1949, Khathing joined the Assam Rifles and served for two years before moving into civil administration.
  • Key Positions: He served as Deputy Commissioner of Mokokchung (Nagaland), Development Commissioner in Sikkim, and Chief Secretary of Nagaland.
  • Ambassadorship: In 1975, Khathing became India's ambassador to Burma, possibly the first person of tribal origin to hold such a position in independent India.

The Importance of His Contributions:

  • Integration of Border Areas: Khathing’s role in integrating Tawang and securing India's northeastern frontier was pivotal in preventing further territorial disputes, especially with China.
  • Institutional Development: He helped establish military and security institutions, including the Sashastra Seema Bal, Nagaland Armed Police, and the Naga Regiment, which played important roles in maintaining peace and security in the region.
  • Heroic Leadership: Khathing's leadership, both as a soldier and civil servant, continues to be celebrated, symbolized by the Major Bob Khathing Museum of Valour.

NAMO DRONE DIDI

  • 05 Nov 2024

In News:

Department of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare has released the Operational Guidelines of Central Sector Scheme “NAMO DRONE DIDI”

Key Highlights:

Objective:

  • Empower women through Self-Help Groups (SHGs) by providing drones for agricultural rental services.
  • Aim to support 14,500 SHGs from 2024 to 2026.

Scheme Overview:

  • Type: Central Sector Scheme, under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM).
  • Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
  • Target: Women SHGs for providing drone services in agriculture (e.g., nutrient and pesticide spraying).

Key Features:

  • Financial Assistance:
    • 80% subsidy (up to ?8 lakh) for SHGs to purchase drones.
    • Loans for the remaining 20% via the National Agriculture Infra Financing Facility (AIF) with 3% interest subvention.
  • Drone Package:
    • Includes drones, spray assemblies, batteries, cameras, chargers, and measurement tools.
    • Additional batteries and propellers allow up to 20 acres of coverage per day.
  • Training Program:
    • One SHG member will be selected for 15 days of mandatory training.
    • Focus on drone operation and agricultural tasks (nutrient and pesticide spraying).
  • Implementation & Oversight:
    • Central Governance: Empowered Committee comprising secretaries from key ministries (Agriculture, Rural Development, Fertilizers, Civil Aviation, and Women and Child Development).
    • State Level: Lead Fertilizer Companies (LFCs) will implement the scheme in coordination with state departments and SHG federations.
    • Monitoring: IT-based Management Information System (MIS) through the Drone Portal for real-time tracking and fund disbursement.
  • Financial Flexibility:
    • SHGs can access loans through other Ministry of Rural Development schemes if needed.

Implementation Details:

  • Governance: Central level oversight by the Empowered Committee and state-level execution by Lead Fertilizer Companies (LFCs).
  • Ownership: Drones procured by LFCs will be owned by SHGs or their Cluster Level Federations (CLFs).
  • Monitoring: The scheme will be tracked and managed through the Drone Portal, ensuring transparency and accountability.

Kodo Millet

  • 03 Nov 2024

In News:

Kodo millet is a staple food for many tribal and economically weaker sections in India. It is one of the 'hardiest crops, drought tolerant with high yield potential and excellent storage properties,' according to researchers

Background on Kodo Millet:

  • Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), also known as Kodra or Varagu, is a hardy, drought-tolerant crop widely grown in India, especially in Madhya Pradesh.
  • It is a staple food for many tribal and economically weaker sections of India and is used to make various dishes like idli, dosa, and rotis.
  • Kodo millet is valued for its high yield, nutritional benefits (rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants), and storage properties.

Incident in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve:

  • 10 elephants from a herd of 13 died over three days in Madhya Pradesh’s Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve.
  • The cause of death was suspected to be mycotoxins associated with kodo millet, particularly Cyclopiazonic Acid (CPA), which is toxic to animals.

Historical Cases of Kodo Poisoning:

  • The first human cases of kodo poisoning were reported in 1922 in the Indian Medical Gazette.
  • Animals, including elephants, have also been affected by kodo millet consumption, with documented deaths as early as 1983.
  • Cyclopiazonic Acid (CPA), a mycotoxin, was identified as the cause of kodo poisoning in the 1980s.

Why Does Kodo Millet Become Poisonous?

  • Kodo millet is grown in dry and semi-arid regions and is vulnerable to fungal infections, particularly Ergot fungus, which produces CPA.
  • When the crop encounters rainfall during maturing and harvesting, fungal infection can lead to "poisoned kodo," known locally as 'Matawna Kodoo' or 'Matona Kodo'.
  • The mycotoxins in the infected millet are stable and resistant to standard food processing techniques.

Impact of Mycotoxins on Animals:

  • Symptoms of poisoning: Vomiting, giddiness, unconsciousness, rapid pulse, cold extremities, limb tremors.
  • Nervous and cardiovascular systems are primarily affected, causing liver dysfunction, heart damage, and gastrointestinal issues.
  • In severe cases, consumption of infected kodo millet can cause death due to cardiovascular collapse and organ failure.
  • Similar symptoms of depression and loss of mobility were observed in animal studies, including in mice.

Solution to Kodo Toxicity:

  • Biocontrol agents (organisms that fight harmful pathogens) can help reduce fungal growth and mycotoxin production in kodo millet.
  • Good agricultural practices: Sorting, proper storage in airtight containers, and avoiding moisture exposure during threshing can minimize contamination.
  • Post-harvest management: Removing infected grains is crucial to preventing the spread of the disease.

Detection of Mycotoxins in Kodo Millet:

  • Challenges: Mycotoxins are often undetectable by sight, and traditional methods like chromatography are time-consuming.
  • Rapid detection tools: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and biosensors offer faster, on-site methods for detecting mycotoxins in kodo millet.

Centre for Science and Environment

  • 03 Nov 2024

In News:

Centre for Science and Environment release a report on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for Plastic Packaging

Key Findings:

  • EPR Guidelines (2022) were a step towards enforcing the "polluter pays" principle, but the system faces significant issues in its implementation and registration processes.
  • Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) report, released on October 29, 2024, highlights gaps in the EPR system for plastic packaging and suggests corrective actions.

EPR Guidelines Overview:

  • Issued by: Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
  • Objective: Hold producers, importers, brand owners (PIBOs), and plastic waste processors (PWPs) responsible for managing plastic packaging waste.
  • Key Requirements:
    • PIBOs must register on a centralized portal and set targets for collection, recycling, and reuse of plastic packaging.
    • Registration involves compliance with targets on end-of-life recycling and recycled content usage.

Problems Identified in the Current EPR System:

  • Low Registration and Enrollment:
    • 41,577 registrations on the EPR portal, but a significant discrepancy in the type of stakeholders registered.
    • 83% of registered entities are importers, 11% are producers, and only 6% are brand owners.
    • Producers contribute 65% of the plastic packaging in the market but have low registration.
  • Absence of Key Polluters:
    • Manufacturers of virgin plastics are notably absent from the portal, despite being required to register.
  • Fraudulent Practices:
    • 700,000 fake certificates were generated by plastic recyclers, far exceeding the actual certificate generation capacity.
    • The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) found that such fraudulent activities are undermining the integrity of the system.
    • For example, end-of-life co-processing units (e.g., cement plants) claimed to have processed 335.4 million tonnes per annum of plastic waste, while their actual capacity is just 11.4 million tonnes per annum.
  • Underreporting and Mismanagement:
    • Despite 23.9 million tonnes of plastic packaging being introduced into the market, the CPCB’s estimation of plastic waste generation (4.1 MT annually) is underestimated.
  • Lack of Stakeholder Representation:
    • Urban local bodies and informal waste collectors—key contributors to plastic waste management—are not included in the EPR framework, which limits their incentives and support.

Recommendations for Improvement:

  • Incorporate the Informal Sector:
    • Recognize informal waste collectors and waste management agencies in the EPR framework to improve traceability and ensure better waste management.
  • Eliminate Fraudulent Practices:
    • Strict actions need to be taken against fraudulent recyclers and fake certificate issuers to restore credibility to the EPR system.
  • Establish Fair Pricing for EPR Certificates:
    • Undertake baseline cost studies to determine the true costs of plastic waste management, ensuring fair pricing for recycling certificates and preventing undervaluation.
  • Standardize Packaging:
    • Focus on product standardization to ensure that packaging materials are uniform and easily recyclable.
  • Strengthen Monitoring:
    • Improve oversight on the registration process and ensure that all polluters (producers, importers, brand owners) comply with the system’s guidelines.

EPR and Plastic Waste Management: Context and Importance

  • Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach where the responsibility of managing the entire lifecycle of plastic products (from production to disposal) lies with the producer.
  • It is an essential part of India’s Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016), which mandate the recycling and proper disposal of plastic packaging waste.

Key Elements of EPR:

  • Producer Accountability: Producers are responsible for the take-back, recycling, and final disposal of plastic packaging.
  • Waste Minimization: Encourages reducing waste at the source by promoting sustainable packaging designs.
  • Lifecycle Approach: Considers the entire lifecycle of the product, focusing on sustainability from production to disposal.
  • Polluter Pays Principle: Ensures that the cost of waste management is borne by those responsible for generating the waste.

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2024-2030

  • 03 Nov 2024

In News:

The updated NBSAP was released by India at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

Overview of the NBSAP (2024-30):

  • Title:Updated National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan: A Roadmap for Conservation of India’s Biodiversity.
  • Objective: To provide a comprehensive roadmap for biodiversity conservation, aligning with global frameworks like the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF).

Key Features of the Updated NBSAP:

  • Alignment with Global Frameworks:
    • The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) adopted in 2022 aims to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030.
    • India’s updated NBSAP aligns with KMGBF’s goals, focusing on biodiversity conservation, sustainable resource use, and ensuring fair benefit-sharing.
  • 23 National Biodiversity Targets:
    • The targets are focused on three key themes:
      • Reducing threats to biodiversity
      • Ensuring sustainable use of biodiversity
      • Enhancing tools for biodiversity implementation
  • Key Domains of Focus:
    • Area-based conservation: Protecting ecosystems and habitats.
    • Ecosystem resilience: Enhancing the ability of ecosystems to withstand environmental stressors.
    • Recovery and conservation of threatened species.
    • Conservation of agrobiodiversity: Ensuring the sustainability of agricultural biodiversity.
    • Sustainable management of biodiversity.
    • Enabling tools and solutions: Including financial and technical support for implementation.
  • Financial Plan and Expenditure:
    • Biodiversity Expenditure Review (BER) estimated an average annual expenditure of Rs 32,20,713 crore (FY 2017-2022) for biodiversity conservation.
    • Future funding requirements (FY 2024-2030) estimated at Rs 81,664.88 crore annually at the central government level.
    • Biodiversity Finance Plan suggests financing solutions, including public finance, corporate social responsibility (CSR), Ecological Fiscal Transfer (EFT), and Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) mechanisms.
  • Capacity Building:
    • The NBSAP stresses the need for capacity building across various levels—national, state, and local.
    • Focus on skills acquisition for biodiversity management and enhancing knowledge to implement conservation strategies.

Implementation Framework:

  • Multi-Level Governance:
    • At the national level, the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) will oversee implementation with involvement from 22 other ministries.
    • State-level: Involves State Biodiversity Boards and Union Territory Biodiversity Councils.
    • Local level: Community-driven efforts through Biodiversity Management Committees.
  • BIOFIN and Resource Mobilization:
    • India is recognized as a leading country in the implementation of the Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN).
    • Encouragement for private entrepreneurs, businesses, and international donors to invest in biodiversity through innovative financial instruments like:
      • Green Bonds
      • Green Funds
      • Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES)
  • Incentives for Financial Solutions:
    • India aims to explore funding from corporate social responsibility (CSR), ecological fiscal transfers, and access and benefit sharing mechanisms to meet the financial needs for biodiversity conservation.

Challenges and Strategies:

  • Challenges India Faces:
    • Habitat fragmentation
    • Pollution
    • Illegal wildlife trade
    • Adverse effects of climate change
  • Strategic Responses:
    • The updated NBSAP provides strategies to address these challenges, ensuring comprehensive conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

First in the World Challenge

  • 03 Nov 2024

In News:

ICMR announces ‘First in the World Challenge’ to encourage scientists to find innovative ideas to tackle health issues.

Key Highlights:

  • Objective:
    • Encourage bold, out-of-the-box ideas for solving difficult health problems.
    • Aim to foster novel and groundbreaking biomedical innovations (vaccines, drugs, diagnostics, interventions, etc.).
    • Target projects that are “first of their kind” and have never been tried or tested globally.
  • Key Features of the Initiative:
    • Focus on Groundbreaking Innovations:
      • Emphasis on high-risk, high-reward ideas with potential for significant global health impact.
      • Excludes proposals aiming for incremental knowledge or process innovation.
    • Scope of Research:
      • Breakthroughs in biomedical and health technologies such as:
        • Vaccines
        • Drugs/Therapeutics
        • Diagnostics
        • Interventions
  • Funding & Support:
    • Provides funding for projects at various stages, from proof-of-concept to prototype development and final product.
    • Support for projects that have the potential to lead to “first-of-its-kind” biomedical innovations.
  • Application Process:
    • Open to individual researchers or teams (from single or multiple institutions).
    • Teams must designate a Principal Investigator responsible for the project’s technical, administrative, and financial aspects.
  • Selection Criteria:
    • A selection committee will be formed with:
      • Experts, innovators, policymakers, and distinguished scientists with an outstanding research record.
      • Proposals evaluated based on originality, impact potential, and innovation.

About the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

  • History:Founded in 1911 as the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA), renamed ICMR in 1949.
  • Role & Mandate:
    • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
    • Formulates, coordinates, and promotes biomedical research in India.
    • Focus on improving public health and addressing national health challenges.
  • Vision:“Translating Research into Action for Improving the Health of the Population.”

Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)

  • 03 Nov 2024

In News:

The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change has constituted a team to enquire into the death of ten elephants in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve of Madhya Pradesh. The team is conducting an independent enquiry in the matter.

  • Incident Overview:
    • Ten elephants found dead in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, between October 29-31, 2024.
    • Preliminary cause of death suspected to be poisoning; final cause pending postmortem and toxicological analysis.
  • Government Actions:
    • Union Government:
      • The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) has set up a team to conduct an independent investigation into the deaths.
    • Madhya Pradesh Government:
      • Constituted a five-member State-level inquiry committee, headed by the Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (APCCF, Wildlife).
      • Committee includes members from civil society, scientists, and veterinarians.
      • The State Tiger Strike Force (STSF) is conducting field investigations, combing surrounding areas for further clues.
    • Other Involved Authorities:
      • The Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF) and Chief Wildlife Warden of Madhya Pradesh are directly supervising the inquiry in Bandhavgarh.
      • Senior officials from the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) have visited the site for discussions and investigation.

About Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB):

  • Mandate:
    • Combats organized wildlife crime through intelligence gathering and coordination with enforcement agencies.
    • Develops wildlife crime data and assists in prosecutions.
    • Provides capacity building for wildlife crime enforcement agencies.
  • Operations & Initiatives:
    • Conducts operations like SAVE KURMA, THUNDERBIRD, WILDNET, and more to counter wildlife crimes.
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
  • Headquarters: New Delhi.

PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan 2024

  • 02 Nov 2024

In News:

The National Achievement Survey (NAS), a nationwide survey meant to assess students’ learning progress, will be held on December 4 this year under a new name – PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan 2024. This year’s assessment involves a few changes from the last round in 2021.

Overview of PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan 2024:

  • New Name: The National Achievement Survey (NAS) is now rebranded as the PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan 2024.
  • Date: The survey will be held on December 4, 2024.
  • Purpose: To assess students’ learning achievements across India.
  • Organizing Bodies: Spearheaded by NCERT and CBSE.

What Does the Survey Assess?

  • Assessment Focus: Evaluates students’ learning outcomes in various subjects.
  • Survey Methodology: Uses multiple-choice questions to assess a sample of students.
  • Target Groups: Students from government, government-aided, and private schools across every district in India.

History of NAS and PARAKH:

  • NAS History: Conducted every three years since 2001 to capture learning progress.
  • Involvement of Classes:
    • 2001-2014: Included Classes 3, 5, and 8.
    • 2014-15: Class 10 was introduced.
    • 2017 and 2021: Covered Classes 3, 5, 8, and 10.
  • Report Cards: Provides national, state, and district-level performance data.

Changes in 2024 Survey (PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan):

  • Targeted Classes:
    • Class 3 (End of foundational stage)
    • Class 6 (End of preparatory stage)
    • Class 9 (End of middle stage)
  • Exclusion of Class 10: Unlike previous years, Class 10 students are not part of this year's assessment.
  • Subjects Assessed:
    • Class 3 & 6: Language, Mathematics, and The World Around Us (Concepts of Science, Social Science, and Environmental Education).
    • Class 9: Language, Mathematics, Science, and Social Science.

Alignment with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020:

  • NEP Structure: Aligns with the NEP 2020 framework, categorizing educational stages:
    • Class 1-2: Foundational stage
    • Class 3-5: Preparatory stage
    • Class 6-8: Middle stage
    • Class 9-12: Secondary stage
  • The shift to Class 6 and 9 for this year’s survey matches the NEP's stage-wise educational framework.

Key Differences in 2024 Assessment:

  • Survey Scale: In 2024, 75,565 schools and 22.9 lakh students from 782 districts will participate.
  • 2021 Assessment Data:
    • The 2021 survey revealed a drop in learning outcomes post-COVID-19.
    • Class 3 students showed a performance below the national average in all states.
    • Class 5: Only Punjab and Rajasthan had scores above the national average.

PARAKH's Role:

  • PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development) was established in 2023 as the National Assessment Centre to oversee such achievement surveys.
  • Mandate: One of PARAKH’s primary roles is to organize national surveys like the PARAKH RashtriyaSarvekshan.

Significance of the Survey:

  • Data Utilization: The survey helps in shaping educational policies based on real-time data on student learning levels.
  • Competency-Based Assessment: This year’s survey is focused on competency-based assessments, aligning with the goals of NEP 2020.
  • Policy and Planning: The data helps in designing interventions to address regional or subject-wise disparities in education quality.

Hwasong-19

  • 02 Nov 2024

In News:

  • North Korea recently announced the successful test-firing of its latest intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the ‘Hwasong-19’.
  • Claims by North Korea: The missile was described as ‘the world’s strongest strategic missile’ and a ‘perfected weapon system’ by North Korean state media.

Key Features of the Hwasong-19:

  • Solid-Fuel Propulsion: The Hwasong-19 reportedly uses solid-fuel propulsion, which enables quicker launches and greater secrecy. This contrasts with liquid-fuel missiles, which take longer to prepare and are more visible.
  • Enhanced Performance: The missile is said to have improved altitude and flight duration compared to previous North Korean ICBMs, marking significant progress in missile technology.
  • Size: The Hwasong-19 is estimated to be 28 meters long (92 feet), which is notably larger than many other ICBMs, including those from the U.S. and Russia, which are typically under 20 meters (66 feet).

Strategic Implications:

  • Reach and Targeting: The Hwasong-19 is believed to have a range of over 13,000 kilometers, which is sufficient to target the U.S. mainland, signaling a significant advancement in North Korea’s missile capabilities.
  • Nuclear Capability: While specific details on the missile’s payload remain undisclosed, the Hwasong-19 could potentially be equipped with a nuclear warhead, enhancing North Korea's strategic deterrence.

Impact on Regional and Global Security:

  • US-North Korea Tensions: The launch occurred against the backdrop of ongoing U.S.-North Korea tensions, particularly over North Korea’s nuclear and missile programs. The missile could potentially alter the regional security dynamics, especially in East Asia.

What is an ICBM?

  • ICBM Definition: An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a long-range missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads (or other payloads) across continents.
  • Range and Speed: ICBMs typically have a minimum range of 5,500 km (3,400 miles), with some capable of reaching up to 16,000 km or more, making them far faster and more capable than other ballistic missiles.
  • Launch Mechanism: ICBMs are launched from land or submarine platforms, traveling through space before re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere and targeting distant objectives.
  • Comparison with India's Agni-V: India’s Agni-V ICBM, which has a range of over 5,000 km, is often compared to North Korea’s missile systems.

Asset Recovery Interagency Network–Asia Pacific (ARIN-AP)

  • 02 Nov 2024

In News:

  • India, represented by the Directorate of Enforcement (ED), has joined the Steering Committee of the Asset Recovery Interagency Network-Asia Pacific (ARIN-AP).
  • Leadership Role: India will assume the presidency of ARIN-AP and host the Annual General Meeting (AGM) in 2026, providing a platform for global cooperation in asset recovery and tackling economic crimes.

ARIN-AP Overview:

  • Establishment: ARIN-AP is a multi-agency network formed to address the proceeds of crime across the Asia-Pacific region.
  • Network Goals: Its mission is to facilitate cross-border collaboration in the areas of asset tracing, freezing, and confiscation.
  • Membership: ARIN-AP includes 28 member jurisdictions and 9 observers, and operates as a key component of the Global CARIN Network (Camden Asset Recovery Inter-Agency Network).
  • Functioning: ARIN-AP operates through a network of contact points that enable intelligence exchange among member agencies, promoting effective communication and coordination for asset recovery.

Significance of ARIN-AP's Work:

  • Combating Economic Crimes: ARIN-AP enhances the efforts of law enforcement agencies in tracing and recovering assets linked to criminal activities, including both movable and immovable assets.
  • Informal Exchange of Intelligence: The network allows for the informal exchange of intelligence between agencies, which often accelerates the identification and recovery of proceeds of crime. This can later lead to formal actions through bilateral or multilateral agreements.
  • Global Impact: With over 100 jurisdictions in the broader CARIN Network, ARIN-AP plays a key role in global efforts to combat fugitive economic offenders and illicit financial flows.

India’s Contribution and Alignment with G-20 Priorities:

  • India’s Leadership: India’s presidency in ARIN-AP will enhance its leadership in asset recovery, facilitating closer cooperation with regional and international law enforcement agencies.
  • G-20 Alignment: This role aligns with India’s priorities under the G-20 framework, particularly focusing on the Nine-Point Agenda aimed at tackling fugitive economic offenders and improving asset recovery mechanisms.

Discovery of the First "Black Hole Triple" System

  • 02 Nov 2024

In News:

Scientists have discovered a "black hole triple" system, which is a rare configuration in space involving one black hole and two stars.

Overview of the Discovery:

  • Location: The system is located 8,000 light years away from Earth, in the constellation Cygnus.
  • Key Features:
    • A black hole at the center, currently consuming a star that is spiraling very close to it.
    • A second, more distant star that orbits the black hole every 70,000 years, and another star that orbits it every 6.5 days.

What is a Black Hole Triple System?

  • Black Hole and Two Stars: Unlike typical binary systems (comprising a black hole and one other object), this system contains a black hole surrounded by two stars, one nearby and one far away.
  • V404 Cygni: The central black hole in the system is the V404 Cygni, one of the oldest known black holes, roughly 9 times the mass of the Sun.

Significance of the Discovery:

  • Questions on Black Hole Formation: The discovery raises new questions about how black holes are formed. Traditionally, black holes are thought to form after the explosion of a massive star (supernova), but this system does not follow that model.
  • New Formation Theory: Researchers suggest the black hole may have formed via a "direct collapse" process, where a star collapses into a black hole without undergoing a supernova explosion. This is referred to as a "failed supernova".
    • In a failed supernova, the star's collapse happens too quickly for the explosive outer layers to be ejected, leading to the formation of a black hole without the typical violent explosion.

Implications for Other Binary Systems:

  • The black hole’s gradual consumption of one of its stars may imply that some binary black hole systems could have originally been triple systems, with one star eventually being consumed by the black hole.

Research and Collaboration:

  • Study: The discovery was made by researchers at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
  • Published in: The findings were published in Nature in October 2024.

Additional Context:

  • Distance: The system is about 8,000 light years away, which is vast but still observable with advanced telescopes.
  • Mystery of the "Failed Supernova": The concept of a failed supernova offers new insights into the life cycle of massive stars and their transformation into black holes.

ISRO's Analogue Space Mission in Ladakh

  • 02 Nov 2024

In News:

In a significant leap for the country’s space exploration aspirations, India has embarked on its first analogue space mission in Leh, a landmark step that will attempt to simulate life in an interplanetary habitat to tackle the challenges of a base station beyond Earth.

Mission Overview:

  • Objective: To simulate living conditions in an interplanetary habitat, addressing challenges astronauts may face during deep-space missions (e.g., Moon, Mars).
  • Goal: Study long-term isolation, habitat design, resource management, and psychological effects on astronauts.
  • Partners: ISRO’s Human Spaceflight Centre, AAKA Space Studio, University of Ladakh, IIT Bombay, Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council.

Rationale for Ladakh:

  • Geological Similarities: Ladakh’s terrain mirrors Martian and lunar surfaces, making it ideal for testing space technologies.
  • Climate: Cold, dry, high-altitude conditions simulate the extreme environments of space.
  • Focus Areas: Testing habitat construction, microbial studies, and survival strategies for long-duration space travel.

What are Analogue Space Missions?

  • Definition: Simulated space missions on Earth designed to replicate the conditions of space exploration.
  • Purpose:
    • Test technologies (e.g., life support, habitat design, in-situ resource utilization).
    • Study human behavior, psychological impacts of isolation, and operational readiness for extended space travel.
  • Relevance: Crucial for preparing astronauts for missions to the Moon, Mars, or asteroids.

Significance of Analogue Missions:

  • Technological Testing: Analogue missions help in evaluating systems for habitat design, life support, and health monitoring.
  • Human Factors: They provide insights into crew health, teamwork under pressure, and performance during isolation.
  • Psychological Studies: Address the impact of confinement, isolation, and communication delays on astronauts.
  • Training: Participants (analogue astronauts) are trained for real-world space missions by conducting scientific experiments and managing emergencies.

Global Examples of Analogue Missions:

  • NASA’s NEEMO: An underwater mission simulating microgravity conditions to train astronauts for space tasks.
  • SIRIUS Program (UAE): Focuses on the psychological impacts of long-duration space isolation, featuring international collaborations.
  • Arctic Mars Analogue Svalbard Expedition (AMASE): Uses the extreme Arctic environment of Svalbard to test Mars exploration technologies and procedures.

Relation to India’s Space Aspirations:

  • Gaganyaan Mission: ISRO’s human spaceflight mission aiming to send Indian astronauts into space.
  • Interplanetary Exploration: The analogue mission supports India’s broader goal of advancing human space exploration and technology development for Mars and beyond.

Melanistic Tigers

  • 01 Nov 2024

In News:

  • Odisha government relocated a tigress from Maharashtra’s Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve to Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha, to address inbreeding issues among the tiger population.
  • The tigress is part of a genetic diversification plan to remedy the increasing number of pseudo-melanistic tigers in the region.

Pseudo-melanistic Tigers:

  • Pseudo-melanistic tigers, often referred to as "black tigers," exhibit a darker coat with broader, more prominent stripes.
  • The mutation leads to the appearance of a mostly black fur, with occasional white-orange stripes.

Genetic Basis:

  • This coloration is due to a mutation in the Taqpep gene, which causes the widening and darkening of stripes on the tiger's coat.
  • The mutation is linked to genetic drift and inbreeding within the isolated Similipal population.

Historical Context:

  • These tigers were once considered mythical until the 1700s, with sightings only being documented in the 1990s and 2017-18.
  • The first confirmed genetic evidence of the black tiger appeared when a cub was born in captivity at Oklahoma City Zoo in the 1970s.

Distribution and Prevalence:

  • Pseudo-melanistic tigers are predominantly found in Similipal Tiger Reserve, with 27 out of 30 tigers in Odisha exhibiting the trait.
  • Other instances of such tigers exist in captivity, such as in Nandankanan Zoological Park (Bhubaneswar) and Arignar Anna Zoological Park (Chennai), both tracing ancestry to Similipal.

Genetic Studies:

  • A 2021 study by the National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) linked the Taqpep gene mutation to the unique appearance of these tigers.
  • The mutation causes a missense change in the gene, replacing Cytosine with Thymine (C1360T), altering the tiger’s coat pattern.

High Frequency of Mutation in Similipal:

  • Genetic analyses indicate a high frequency of the Taqpep gene mutation in Similipal tigers, with a 60% chance that a tiger born there will carry the mutated gene.
  • Inbreeding and genetic isolation have contributed to this phenomenon, as Similipal’s tiger population is geographically cut off from other populations.

PM rolls out Ayushman Bharat for Citizens aged 70 and above

  • 01 Nov 2024

In News:

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has expanded the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) to provide health coverage to citizens aged 70 years and above, regardless of their income or economic status. This move is aimed at addressing the healthcare challenges faced by India's elderly population, which has been growing rapidly.

Key Highlights of the Ayushman Bharat Expansion:

  • Health Coverage for Elderly:
    • Ayushman Vaya Vandana Card: This new health card offers Rs 5 lakh annually for individuals aged 70 and above. The coverage is shared within the family, so if there are multiple elderly beneficiaries in one household, the total cover will be split.
    • Scope: This initiative is designed to provide a safety net for elderly people, many of whom had previously been unable to access treatment due to high costs.
  • Significance of the Scheme:
    • India’s elderly population is rapidly growing, with the number of people over 60 expected to reach 319 million by 2050, up from 103 million in 2011.
    • The expansion of PM-JAY to include those aged 70+ is a critical step in making universal health coverage more inclusive as India’s population ages.
  • Eligibility and Registration:
    • Individuals aged 70 years and above must register on the PM-JAY portal or through the Ayushman app. Those who already have an Ayushman Bharat card must complete an eKYC process to receive the new card and coverage.
    • Exclusions: The scheme is not available in Delhi and West Bengal, as these states have not adopted the Ayushman Bharat scheme.
  • Financial Details:
    • The initial outlay for this expansion will be Rs 3,437 crore, covering the remainder of the current financial year and the next year.
    • Cover for Overlapping Health Schemes: Elderly individuals who are already covered under other government schemes (e.g., CGHS, Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme) will have the option to either continue with their current coverage or choose Ayushman Bharat. Those with ESIC or private insurance can access both Ayushman Bharat and their existing cover.
  • Coverage Scope:
    • The expansion is expected to benefit approximately 6 crore individuals across 4.5 crore families.
    • Existing Coverage: Around 1.78 crore elderly people are already covered under the scheme. Additional coverage will be provided to those not currently included in the scheme.
  • Interoperability with Other Schemes:
    • Those under the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS), or other similar schemes will need to choose between their current insurance and the Ayushman Bharat scheme.
    • However, individuals enrolled in Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) can have both their existing cover and the Ayushman Bharat coverage.
  • Rollout and Reach:
    • The scheme will be implemented across 33 states and Union Territories, except Delhi, Odisha, and West Bengal.
    • Over 29,600 hospitals, including more than 12,600 private facilities, are empanelled to provide treatment under PM-JAY.

Other Key Announcements:

  • U-WIN Portal: A pan-India digital platform for routine vaccinations, aimed at enhancing the efficiency of vaccination programs.
  • Critical Care Facilities: The Prime Minister also launched critical care infrastructure, including new facilities in AIIMS Bhubaneswar, Kalyani, and super-specialty units in Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)

  • 01 Nov 2024

In News:

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a cutting-edge remote sensing technology that uses laser pulses to measure distances and create detailed 3D maps of Earth's surface. This technology has recently played a crucial role in discovering a lost Mayan city hidden under the dense Mexican jungle.

What is LiDAR?

  • Definition: LiDAR is a remote sensing technology that uses pulsed laser light to measure distances and generate precise 3D models of Earth’s surface.
  • Components: The system includes a laser, a scanner, and a GPS receiver. It is usually mounted on an aircraft to map large areas of terrain.
  • Data Accuracy: LiDAR can create high-resolution 3D models with vertical accuracy up to 10 cm, making it highly precise for mapping ground elevation.

How LiDAR Works

  • Laser Emission: LiDAR sends out rapid laser pulses toward the ground.
  • Reflection: These pulses hit the Earth’s surface, reflecting off features like vegetation, buildings, and terrain.
  • Measurement: The time it takes for the laser light to travel to the ground and back is measured, allowing the system to calculate the distance between the sensor and the surface.
  • Point Cloud Data: The reflected light data is collected as a "point cloud", representing all the surfaces it hits, including trees, buildings, and other features.
  • Refinement: This point cloud can be processed into a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), stripping away vegetation and structures to reveal the “bare earth,” which highlights features like roads, buildings, and hidden settlements.

Why LiDAR is Useful for Archaeologists

  • Large-Scale Surveying: Traditional archaeological methods often involve labor-intensive fieldwork, such as walking over every square meter and manually cutting through thick vegetation. LiDAR, however, allows researchers to quickly survey vast areas of land, even through dense jungle, from the comfort of a lab.
  • Visibility Under Vegetation: LiDAR’s ability to penetrate dense foliage and reveal features beneath the surface is a game changer. Even thick tree canopies that obscure the ground are no match for the laser pulses, which can pass through gaps to illuminate hidden structures.

The Discovery of the Lost Mayan City

  • The City of Valeriana: Using publicly available LiDAR data from a forest monitoring project in 2013, archaeologist Luke Auld-Thomas discovered a lost Mayan city in Mexico’s Campeche region. The city, named Valeriana, had been hidden for centuries by the thick jungle.
  • City Features: The city has all the hallmarks of a Classic Maya political capital, including:
    • Multiple enclosed plazas
    • Broad causeways
    • Temple pyramids
    • A ball court
    • A reservoir formed by damming a seasonal watercourse
  • Historical Significance: Valeriana is believed to date back before 150 CE and may have been a key political and cultural center in the Maya civilization.

Applications of LiDAR Beyond Archaeology

  • Geography and Mapping: LiDAR is widely used to generate precise, three-dimensional data about the Earth’s surface, helping geographers and planners.
  • Environmental Monitoring: It is also used in forest monitoring, flood risk assessment, and environmental conservation.
  • Urban Planning and Engineering: Engineers use LiDAR for creating highly accurate topographical maps and planning infrastructure projects.

Anti-Counterfeiting Ink developed using Luminescent Nanomaterials

  • 01 Nov 2024

In News:

  • A novel anti-counterfeiting ink has been developed using luminescent nanomaterials, which significantly enhances security in currency, certificates, medicines, and branded goods.
  • The ink utilizes the luminescent properties of rare earth ions and bismuth, enabling excitation-dependent luminescence under different light sources, providing a robust solution to combat counterfeiting.

Key Features:

  • Multi-Wavelength Luminescence:
    • The ink exhibits distinct colors when exposed to various wavelengths of light:
      • Vibrant blue under 365 nm UV light
      • Pink under 395 nm UV light
      • Orange-red under 980 nm near-infrared (NIR) light
    • These varying color emissions make it difficult for counterfeiters to replicate, as traditional covert tags are visible only under UV light and can be easily duplicated.
  • Enhanced Durability:
    • The ink remains effective under a wide range of conditions, including varying light, temperature, and humidity, ensuring long-term usability without degradation.
  • Simple Application Method:
    • The luminescent nanomaterials are synthesized through a co-precipitation method at 120°C.
    • The resulting nanomaterials are then mixed into commercially available PVC ink using sonication, allowing for easy dispersion of nanoparticles.
    • The ink is applied using screen printing to create patterns and texts that exhibit distinct color changes under different lighting conditions.
  • Security Features:
    • The ink combines rare earth ions with bismuth emissions, boosting its encryption and decryption capabilities. This creates a high level of security for applications on high-value items.

Applications:

  • Currency and Certificates: Enhances the authenticity of financial instruments and official documents.
  • Branded Goods: Protects products from counterfeiting and fraud.
  • Medicines: Helps verify the authenticity of pharmaceutical products, preventing the distribution of fake medicines.

Benefits:

  • Verification: Both consumers and manufacturers can easily verify the authenticity of products, providing an accessible solution to counterfeiting.
  • Practical Solution: The ink offers a practical, reliable, and non-invasive method for detecting counterfeit products, addressing a global challenge in various industries.

MhadeiWildlife Sanctuary

  • 01 Nov 2024

In News:

An adult tigress and three cubs have been spotted in the Mhadei wildlife sanctuary in Goa marking the first time evidence of the species has been recorded in the forests bordering the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka since 2020.

Key Highlights:

Location and Geography:

  • It is located near Chorla Ghat, between North Goa and Belgavi, and borders Maharashtra and Karnataka.
  • The sanctuary is traversed by the Mhadei River, which meets the sea at Panaji, Goa.

Ecological Significance:

  • It is part of the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage site, and shares this ecosystem with Mollem National Park and other protected areas in Goa.
  • The sanctuary is integral to wildlife corridors connecting the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (Maharashtra) and Kali Tiger Reserve (Karnataka), critical for tiger conservation.

Flora and Fauna:

  • It is home to diverse wildlife, including the critically endangered Long-billed vultures that nest at Vazra Falls.
  • The region supports a variety of flora and fauna due to its biodiversity-rich Western Ghats ecosystem.

Conservation Status and Recommendations:

  • Goa is the only state in India to have its entire portion of the Western Ghats under state protection, with Mhadei WLS being a key area.
  • The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has recommended that Mhadei WLS be designated as a tiger reserve to enhance protection efforts.
  • The sanctuary is a potential candidate for inclusion under Project Tiger.
  • In 2020, a Royal Bengal tigress and her cubs were tragically poisoned due to human-animal conflict.

Mahadayi Water Dispute:

  • The Mahadayi (Madei, Mandovi) River is a source of dispute between Karnataka and Goa regarding water sharing.
  • Karnataka seeks to divert water from the river to the Malaprabha River basin for drinking water supply in several districts, through the Kalasa-Banduri Nala project.
  • The matter is currently being heard in the Supreme Court.