In News:

The Government of India is launching the Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Program (FTI-TTP) to streamline immigration at seven major airports.

Key Highlights:

• The initiative, inaugurated by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, aims to enhance the travel experience for Indian nationals and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders.
• This comes seven months after the programme was first introduced at Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport, New Delhi. The airports included in this initial phase are: Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Cochin and Ahmedabad

Objectives of FTI-TTP

• Provide seamless and secure immigration services.
• Reduce human intervention using automated e-gates.
• Align with the Viksit Bharat@2047 vision for modern infrastructure.

How the Programme Works

The FTI-TTP simplifies immigration with automated e-gates. Travellers must complete a one-time online registration to enroll. The process involves:

• Online Registration: Submit personal details and upload necessary documents via the official portal (https://ftittp.mha.gov.in).
• Biometric Submission: Fingerprints and facial images must be submitted at an airport or Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO).
• Immigration Clearance via E-Gates:
  • Passengers scan their boarding passes and passports at e-gates.
  • Biometrics are automatically verified.
  • Upon authentication, the e-gate opens, granting clearance.

Validity: Registration is valid for five years or until the registered passport expires, whichever comes first.

Who is Eligible?

The first phase of the FTI-TTP is open to:

• Indian nationals.
• OCI cardholders aged between 12 and 70 years.
• Children aged 12-18 can register using their parents’ email/phone number.
• ECR (Emigration Check Required) passport holders are not eligible.

Documents Required for Registration

• Passport-sized photograph (as per Indian passport specifications).
• Scanned copy of passport (front and back pages).
• Proof of current address.
• OCI card details (if applicable).

Key Points to Note

• Registration may take up to a month due to verification by field agencies.
• Applications with incorrect or outdated information may be rejected.
• In case of passport loss or expiry, travellers must reapply and submit fresh biometrics.
• Passports must have at least six months’ validity at the time of applying.
• For support, travellers can reach out via email at india.ftittp-boi@mha.gov.in.

Implementation Phases

The FTI-TTP will be implemented in two phases:

• Phase 1: Covers Indian citizens and OCI cardholders.
• Phase 2: Will extend to foreign travellers.
• The programme will be expanded to 21 major airports across the country.

Comparison with Similar Global Programmes

Several countries have implemented similar fast-track immigration systems:

United States: Global Entry

• Introduced in 2008.
• Offers self-service kiosks for pre-approved travellers.
• Requires background checks and in-person interviews.

United Kingdom: Registered Traveller Service

• Launched in 2015.
• Allows frequent visitors from select countries, including India, to use e-gates.
• Requires visa eligibility or multiple prior visits.

European Union: Smart Borders Initiative

• Implemented in 2016, with full deployment expected by 2024.
• Pre-registers biometric data for faster processing at Schengen Area borders.

Australia: SmartGate

• Started in 2007 for Australian and New Zealand passport holders.
• Uses automated kiosks for identity verification via passport scans and photos.

Saudi Arabia: Smart Travel System

• Launched in 2019.
• Uses automated e-gates for faster immigration clearance.
• Expanding as part of Vision 2030 to improve travel experience, particularly for Hajj pilgrims.

In News:

The Union government has approved the constitution of the Eighth Pay Commission, benefiting 50 lakh central government employees and 65 lakh pensioners, including serving and retired defence personnel. The decision, taken ahead of the Delhi Assembly elections, aims to address long-standing demands from trade unions and employee organizations.

Key Features of the 8th Pay Commission

• Early Constitution: Although the Seventh Pay Commission's term ends in 2026, the early establishment of the Eighth Pay Commission ensures timely recommendations and implementation.
• Composition: The commission will have a Chairperson and two members, typically led by a retired Supreme Court judge.
• Terms of Reference (ToR):
  • Revision of Pay: Recommend updates to salary structures and allowances.
  • Addressing Pay Disparities: Resolve wage differences across various cadres.
  • Market Parity: Align pay structures with industry standards.
  • Pension and Retirement Benefits: Improve pension schemes and adjust them for inflation.
  • Economic Impact Analysis: Assess how salary hikes contribute to economic growth.
  • Stakeholder Consultations: Engage with governments and other stakeholders before finalizing recommendations.

Economic Implications of the 8th Pay Commission

• Employee Well-being: Higher wages will enhance the quality of life for government employees.
• Boost to Consumption: Increased salaries are expected to stimulate demand and support economic expansion.
• Ripple Effect on PSUs & States: Many public sector undertakings and state governments follow the central pay commission’s recommendations, potentially leading to wider economic benefits.
• Fiscal Considerations: The implementation of the Seventh Pay Commission in 2016-17 led to an expenditure increase of ?1 lakh crore. A similar rise in 2026-27 could impact fiscal space for capital expenditures.

Challenges and Concerns

• Implementation Delays: Past commissions have taken two years to submit recommendations, which could push implementation beyond 2027.
• Living Wage & Pension Issues: Existing formulas for minimum wage and pension calculations may need revision to reflect rising healthcare, education, and digital access costs.
• Financial Burden on the Exchequer: A significant increase in revenue expenditure could limit the government’s ability to invest in infrastructure and development projects.

In News:

January is Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, and the focus on this month underscores the critical importance of preventing cervical cancer, a disease responsible for significant mortality among women in India. At the heart of this prevention is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which is recognized as the most effective measure to prevent cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Despite its potential, the HPV vaccine remains out of reach for many due to its high cost and the need for greater awareness.

HPV and its Impact in India

HPV is responsible for 99.7% of cervical cancers worldwide, making it one of the primary causes of cancer in women. In India, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women, accounting for about 6-29% of all cancers in women. As of GLOBOCAN 2020, India alone has 20% of the global burden of cervical cancer, with over 123,000 cases and a 9.1% mortality rate.

Additionally, HPV can lead to several other cancers, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and throat cancers, making its vaccination vital for overall cancer prevention.

The HPV Vaccine: A Game-Changer

The HPV vaccine is the most effective tool to prevent infections caused by the virus and reduce the incidence of associated cancers. The vaccine works by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that neutralize the virus before it can cause damage. There are different types of vaccines authorized in India, including:

• Gardasil (protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18)
• Cervarix (a bivalent vaccine targeting HPV 16 and 18)
• Cervavac (India's first HPV vaccine, developed by the Serum Institute of India)

The vaccine is recommended for both males and females between 9 and 26 years, with a special focus on children aged 12 to 13 years, as the vaccine is most effective when administered before exposure to the virus. It’s also suitable for people who are immunocompromised or HIV-infected.

Challenges to HPV Vaccination in India

Despite the obvious benefits, the uptake of the HPV vaccine in India faces several barriers:

• High Costs: The price of the vaccine remains prohibitively high. For example:
  • Gardasil 9 costs ?10,850 per dose.
  • Gardasil 4 is priced between ?2,000 to ?4,000 per dose.
  • Cervavac, the Indian-made vaccine, costs around ?2,000 per dose, which is more affordable but still out of reach for many.
• Awareness and Cultural Perceptions: There is a lack of awareness about HPV and its link to cervical cancer. Cultural factors, particularly around reproductive health, can also create reluctance to vaccinate, especially in rural or conservative areas.
• Limited Access: Currently, the vaccine is available through private practitioners and is not part of the National Immunisation Programme (NIP), limiting access to the broader population.

The Way Forward: National Immunisation and Awareness Campaigns

The National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI) has recommended that the HPV vaccine be included in India’s National Immunisation Programme (NIP). This would enable broader access and affordability, especially for girls aged 9–14 years and ensure that a routine vaccination schedule is implemented at the age of 9 years. Some states like Punjab and Sikkim have already taken steps to introduce the vaccine in their state-level immunization programs.

Additionally, a nationwide HPV vaccination campaign could raise awareness about the vaccine and its benefits, helping to overcome the challenges of cost, safety concerns, and cultural perceptions. Regular cervical cancer screenings (such as Pap smears and HPV tests) should also be encouraged to identify precancerous changes early.

In News:

The concept of ‘blood money’ has come under scrutiny recently, especially in the context of the death sentence awarded to Indian nurse Nimisha Priya from Kerala in Yemen. This case, where the focus is on monetary compensation paid to the victim’s family, has sparked renewed discussions on the practice of blood money.

What is ‘Blood Money’?

‘Blood money’ or diya is a term used in Islamic Sharia law and refers to a sum of money that the perpetrator of a crime must pay to the victim or the victim’s family, typically in cases of unintentional murder or homicide. The custom is designed to offer compensation to the family for the loss of income and alleviate their suffering, rather than placing a price on human life. This practice allows the victim’s family to forgive the accused and avoid retribution, called qisas, under the Sharia.

However, even when blood money is paid, the community or state retains the authority to impose a penalty or punishment, which could include imprisonment or other penalties, based on the seriousness of the crime.

How Does Blood Money Figure in Islamic Sharia Law?

In Islamic law, the amount of blood money varies based on several factors such as the victim’s gender, religion, and nationality. The following examples demonstrate the application of blood money in different Islamic countries:

• Saudi Arabia: In Saudi Arabia, blood money is part of traffic regulations, where the perpetrator must pay compensation to the heirs of victims who die in road accidents. While a Sharia court determines the amount of compensation, the police handle the determination of the guilty party. In workplace accidents, a special committee sets the amount. Saudi Arabia has considered reforming its laws to ensure equal compensation for men and women, Muslims and non-Muslims. However, efforts to amend the laws have not yet been fully implemented.
• Iran: In Iran, blood money differs based on the gender and religion of the victim. A woman’s compensation is typically set at half of that of a man’s. While the Supreme Court of Iran upheld a law to equalize compensation for all individuals in 2019, full implementation of the law has yet to be realized.
• Pakistan: Pakistan has incorporated provisions for diya and qisas in its legal system through the Criminal Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 1991, aligning its practices with those of Islamic law.
• Yemen: In Yemen, parties involved can negotiate compensation, with judicial oversight ensuring fairness.

India’s Stand on ‘Diya’ and Blood Money

India does not include the provision for blood money in its formal legal framework. However, a similar concept exists in the form of plea bargaining, which allows the accused to negotiate with the prosecution in exchange for a reduced sentence or charge. Plea bargaining involves the defendant pleading guilty to a lesser offense in return for a concession, either in terms of the charges or the sentence.

Plea Bargaining in India:

Introduced under the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005, plea bargaining was added to the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. While it bears some resemblance to blood money in that it allows for compensation to the victim, it has significant limitations:

• It can only be applied to crimes punishable by imprisonment of less than seven years.
• It is not applicable to heinous crimes such as murder or rape, or offenses involving women or children under 14.
• The accused must voluntarily agree to plead guilty, with no coercion involved.

While plea bargaining may include compensation under Section 265E of the Code, discussions continue to refine this provision to make it more inclusive, similar to the reforms seen in Islamic countries regarding blood money.

Historical Practices Similar to Blood Money

Throughout history, various cultures have had practices similar to blood money. These include:

• Brehon Law (Ireland): In the 7th century, Brehon law established the concept of Éraic (body price) and Log nEnech (honor price). These were compensation systems that allowed for the amicable resolution of crimes, avoiding capital punishment.
• Galanas (Wales): Galanas in Welsh law determined compensation based on the victim's social status, where a blood fine was required in cases of murder, unless the killing was justified.
• Wergeld (Germany): The Wergeld system in early medieval Germany required compensation for homicide or grave offenses, often in monetary terms.
• Other Medieval States: Several medieval states established a standard payment for the victims’ families in the event of homicide or serious crimes, much like blood money.

Cases of Indians Pardoned with Blood Money

India has witnessed instances where blood money has been invoked for Indian nationals facing death sentences abroad:

• Arjunan Athimuthu (Kuwait, 2019): Arjunan’s death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment after his family paid ?30 lakh in blood money.
• Abdul Rahim (Saudi Arabia): Abdul Rahim, convicted for the murder of a Saudi boy in 2006, was pardoned after ?34 crore in blood money was paid. However, he has not been released from prison yet.
• UAE Cases:
  • In 2017, 10 Indians were pardoned after paying 200,000 dirhams as blood money.

In 2009, 17 Indians on death row for the murder of a Pakistani national were pardoned after a blood money amount of nearly ?4 crore was paid.

In News:

Days before demitting office, the Joe Biden administration has released an expansive regulatory framework on the export of artificial intelligence (AI) hardware such as graphics processing units (GPUs), which could have far-reaching consequences for India’s AI ambitions.

Three-Tier Framework for AI Hardware Export Restrictions

• Tier 1: Closest US Allies
  • Countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, South Korea, UK, etc.
  • No restrictions on computing power deployment.
  • Minimal security requirements.
  • Impact: Free access to AI technology for these nations.
• Tier 2: Majority of Countries (Including India)
  • Countries: India, Brazil, South Africa, etc.
  • Restrictions: Limited to importing approximately 50,000 advanced AI chips (around $1 billion) through 2027.
  • Potential to Double Cap: If countries sign agreements to uphold strict security standards.
  • Impact on India:
    • Short-Term: Likely to fulfill current demand for 10,000 GPUs for the IndiaAI Mission.
    • Long-Term: Challenges in scaling AI infrastructure, with possible delays in large AI data centers and difficulty acquiring large-scale GPUs.
• Tier 3: Countries of Concern (Restricted Nations)
  • Countries: Russia, China, North Korea, Iran, etc.
  • No Access to US AI Technology: Nearly total prohibition of AI tech exports.

Special Provisions for India and China

• General Validated End User (GVEU) status for India and China:
  • India: Authorisation for civilian and military use, excluding nuclear applications.
  • China: Only civilian use permitted under similar conditions.

Why the US Imposed These Restrictions?

• National Security: Prevent adversaries (China, Iran, Russia) from acquiring advanced AI technologies.
• US Technological Leadership: To protect US AI leadership and prevent loss of competitive edge.
• Trusted Ecosystem: Build secure and trusted AI environments for allied nations.

Impact on India

• Short-Term:
  • IndiaAI Mission: Current procurement of 10,000 GPUs unlikely to be affected.
  • Subsidized GPUs: Available for startups, academia, and researchers.
• Long-Term Concerns:
  • Licensing Uncertainties: Possible delays in large-scale AI deployments and AI data centers.
  • Impact on Large Firms: Companies like Reliance and Yotta may face challenges scaling up AI compute infrastructure.
  • National AI Mission Challenges: Difficulty in acquiring enough GPUs for large-scale AI projects beyond 2027.
  • Strategic Leverage: US could use AI export restrictions to negotiate trade deals or tariff adjustments.

Nvidia’s Criticism of the AI Diffusion Rules

• Overreach and Bureaucratic: Nvidia criticized the 200+ page regulatory framework as excessive, secretive, and bureaucratic.
• Harming US Competitiveness: Claims that the rules would hinder US innovation and global leadership, weakening the competitiveness of the US semiconductor and software industries.
• Contrast with Trump’s Approach: Praises the earlier Trump administration for fostering AI growth through industry competition without compromising national security.

Enforcement of the Rules

• Regulatory Control: Managed by the US Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) under the Department of Commerce.
• Technology Access: Ensures AI chips and models do not reach adversaries or nations posing security risks.

Potential Impact on India’s AI Strategy

• AI Hardware Infrastructure: Challenges in large-scale AI hardware deployment.
• Competitive Disadvantage: Potential delays or downsizing of AI data centers could affect India’s competitiveness in AI technology.
• Strategic Partnerships: India may need to secure General National Validated End User authorizations to ensure uninterrupted access to advanced chips.
• AI Market Growth: India’s AI market projected to grow to $17 billion by 2027, with an annual growth rate of 25%-35%.

In News:

Odisha has become the 34th state to implement the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY). The National Health Authority (NHA) of the Union Ministry of Health signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Odisha to onboard the state under the scheme.

Key Highlights:

• The scheme will be implemented alongside the existing Gopabandhu Jan Arogya Yojana in Odisha.
• It provides health coverage of Rs. 5 lakh per family per annum, with an additional Rs. 5 lakh for women members.
• Approximately 1.03 crore families will be covered under the scheme.
• Shri JP Nadda, Union Health Minister, emphasized that the scheme is the world’s largest and fastest-growing health coverage initiative.
• Shri Mohan Charan Majhi, Chief Minister of Odisha, highlighted that people will now have access to cashless treatment in over 29,000 empaneled hospitals.

About Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY:

• Launched in 2018 under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoH&FW).
• Targets 12 crore families (~55 crore beneficiaries).
• Provides cashless hospital coverage for secondary and tertiary care.
• Fully funded by the government, with cost-sharing between the Centre and states.
• Covers nearly 2,000 medical procedures, including major surgeries.

Since its inception, over 8.19 crore hospital admissions have been recorded, with ?1.13 lakh crore spent on healthcare for marginalized sections.

In News:

Iran has announced plans to relocate its capital from Tehran to the Makran coastal region due to economic and environmental concerns.

Reasons Behind Relocation

• Overcrowding and Resource Constraints: Tehran, the capital for over 200 years since the Qajar dynasty (1794-1925), faces overpopulation, air pollution, water scarcity, and energy shortages.
• Strategic Importance of Makran: Located in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Makran’s proximity to the Gulf of Oman enhances its potential for economic development.
• Economic and Maritime Significance: Home to key ports like Chabahar, Makran is vital for Iran’s petroleum reserves and coastal trade.
• Geopolitical Considerations: The development of Makran as an international trade hub could strengthen Iran’s economic ties with Central Asia and the Indian Ocean region.

About Makran

• Geographical Overview: A semi-desert coastal plateau shared by Pakistan and Iran, bordered by the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman.
• Key Ports and Trade Routes: Gwadar (Pakistan) and Chabahar (Iran) serve as critical gateways to the Strait of Hormuz, a global oil supply route.

Alexander’s Invasion and Makran’s Historical Significance

Background of Alexander’s Invasion (327–325 BCE)

• Entry into India: Alexander, King of Macedonia (336-323 BCE), entered India via the Khyber Pass after conquering Kabul.
• Key Battles:
  • Battle of Hydaspes (Jhelum): Faced and defeated King Porus, later reinstating him as an ally.
  • Retreat at Hyphasis (Beas River): His army, exhausted and wary of the Nanda Empire’s strength, refused to march further east.

The Gedrosian Desert March

• Extreme Hardships: While retreating through the Makran Desert, Alexander lost a third of his army to dehydration, starvation, and exhaustion.
• Comparison with Cyrus the Great: Unlike Cyrus II, who failed to cross the desert, Alexander’s army endured the harsh terrain, albeit with heavy casualties.

Impact of Alexander’s Invasion on India

• Cultural and Trade Exchanges: Facilitated early Indo-Greek interactions and opened key trade routes linking South Asia and Europe.
• Greek Settlements: Established cities like Alexandria (Kabul) and Boukephala (Jhelum), influencing local governance and trade.
• Mauryan Expansion: Weakened regional rulers enabled Chandragupta Maurya to establish the Mauryan Empire.
• Influence on Art and Culture: Indo-Greek fusion led to the Gandhara School of Art, integrating Greek and Indian artistic traditions.

In News:

Israel and Hamas have agreed on a Gaza ceasefire and hostage release deal after 15 months of war.

Key Highlights:

Ceasefire Agreement Details:

• Location: The deal was brokered in Doha, Qatar.
• Approval Process: The deal must be approved by Israel’s Cabinet to take effect.
• Mediators: The agreement was negotiated by Qatar, Egypt, and the United States, with their involvement ensuring the implementation of the deal.

Phases of the Deal:

• First Phase (42 Days):
  • Release of 33 hostages by Hamas, including women, children, and elderly people.
  • Hostage Exchange: Hostages will be exchanged for Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails.
  • Gaza Ceasefire and Withdrawal: Israeli forces will gradually withdraw from Central Gaza and move to the borders.
  • Return of Displaced Palestinians: Displaced Palestinians will be allowed to return to Northern Gaza.
  • Humanitarian Aid: 600 humanitarian aid trucks will be allowed into Gaza daily.
• Second Phase:
  • Hostage Release: Negotiations will begin for the release of remaining hostages.
  • Full Israeli Troop Withdrawal: Israel will fully withdraw its forces.
• Third Phase:
  • Reconstruction of Gaza: Overseen by Egypt, Qatar, and the United Nations.
  • Reopening of Border Crossings: For movement in and out of Gaza.
  • Return of Hostage Bodies: Return of any bodies of hostages who died.

Background of the Israel-Hamas Conflict:

• Start: On October 7, 2023, Hamas launched an attack on Israel, called Operation Al-Aqsa Flood, causing significant casualties.
• Israeli Response: Israel launched Operation Iron Sword in retaliation.
• Casualties: The conflict resulted in 46,707 Palestinian deaths, mostly civilians, and 1,210 Israeli deaths.

About Gaza Strip:

• Location: A Palestinian enclave on the Mediterranean Sea, bordered by Israel and Egypt.
• Administration: The Gaza Strip is governed by Hamas since 2006.
• Movement Restrictions: Israel controls air space and shoreline, imposing restrictions. Egypt controls one border and also restricts movement.

Gaza Truce Deal:

• Nature: A proposed ceasefire to end the ongoing conflict.
• Primary Parties: Israel and Hamas.
• Supporting Nations: United States, Qatar, and Egypt.
• Significance:
  • Aims to stop fighting and address the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.
  • Potential to influence regional stability and Israeli politics.
  • Marks an important moment in U.S. diplomacy under the Biden administration.

In News:

The Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) of NITI Aayog, in partnership with New Shop (India’s largest 24/7 convenience retail chain), launched the initiative EmpowHER Biz – Sapno Ki Udaan under the Award to Reward (ATR) program. This program aims to empower women entrepreneurs by providing them with the skills, resources, and mentorship needed to succeed in the organized retail sector. The collaboration seeks to create a robust retail ecosystem that supports women in overcoming barriers such as societal biases, limited access to financing, and a lack of mentorship.

Key Features of the Initiative:

• Target Participants: The program will select 50 women aged 18-35 through an online application process. Women from Delhi NCR, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat will be considered.
• Top 20 Participants: The 20 best candidates will receive a 100% waiver on New Shop franchise fees, enabling them to operate their own retail businesses with reduced financial barriers.
• Program Objective: Equip women entrepreneurs with skills such as retail management, digital tools, financial literacy, and business development. Participants will also receive valuable mentorship to help them grow and scale their businesses.
• Focus on Retail: The initiative focuses on empowering women within the organized retail sector, creating a sustainable ecosystem that fosters growth and development for female entrepreneurs.

About Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP):

• Incubation & Transition: Established in 2018, WEP was incubated within NITI Aayog and transitioned into a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in 2022.
• Purpose: WEP aims to empower women entrepreneurs by addressing challenges like information asymmetry and providing essential support in key areas such as:
  • Access to Finance
  • Market Linkages
  • Training & Skilling
  • Mentoring & Networking
  • Compliance & Legal Assistance
  • Business Development Services
• Collaboration: WEP partners with over 30 public and private sector organizations to develop scalable and impactful programs. Since 2023, the Award to Reward initiative offers a framework for stakeholders to create impactful programs for women entrepreneurs.

About New Shop:

• Business Model: New Shop operates over 200 round-the-clock convenience retail stores in high-density areas, including highways and gas stations. The company plans to expand into airports, railway stations, and other mass transit hubs.
• Franchising Vision: By 2030, New Shop aims to empower over 10,000 entrepreneurs in India through its franchising model. The partnership with WEP seeks to help women entrepreneurs access this growth opportunity.

Program Outcomes:

• Mentorship & Training: Participants will be mentored and trained on key aspects such as retail management, business development, and digital tools.
• Franchise Opportunity: Top participants will gain access to New Shop’s franchising ecosystem, providing them a ready-made business opportunity with lower entry barriers.
• Financial Assistance: The program will also provide financial resources to the women, helping them build their businesses with greater ease.

In News:

The World Economic Forum's latest "Future of Jobs Report 2025" has highlighted significant trends and predictions for the global labor market by 2030.

Key Highlights:

Fastest Growing Jobs by 2030

The report identified the following jobs as the fastest-growing by 2030:

• Big Data Specialists
• FinTech Engineers
• AI and Machine Learning Specialists
• Software and Applications Developers
• Security Management Specialists
• Data Warehousing Specialists
• Autonomous and Electric Vehicle Specialists
• UI/UX Designers
• Delivery Drivers
• Internet of Things (IoT) Specialists

Job Disruption and Creation

• 22% of jobs globally will be disrupted by 2030 due to automation and technological advancements.
• 170 million new jobs are expected to be created, resulting in a net increase of 78 million jobs.
• Technological shifts, economic uncertainty, and demographic changes are expected to play significant roles in this transformation.

Skills in High Demand

• AI, Big Data, Cybersecurity: Skills related to artificial intelligence and big data are expected to see an 87% rise, while networks and cybersecurity skills are projected to increase by 70%.
• Creative Thinking, Flexibility: Skills like creative thinking, resilience, flexibility, and agility are also expected to see a significant rise, emphasizing the importance of soft skills in a technology-driven world.

Declining Jobs

The report lists the following positions as expected to decline by 2030:

• Postal Service Clerks
• Bank Tellers
• Data Entry Clerks
• Cashiers and Ticket Clerks
• Telemarketers
• Printing Workers
• Accounting and Bookkeeping Clerks

These roles are being replaced or transformed by automation and AI, which are reshaping traditional job functions.

Technological Advancements

• Digital Access: 60% of employers believe that expanding digital access will be the most transformative trend for businesses.
• AI and Robotics: Employers are investing heavily in AI, robotics, and energy technologies, creating a demand for skilled workers in these sectors.
• Energy Technologies: Jobs related to the green transition, including renewable energy and environmental engineering, will see an uptick as countries strive to meet climate goals.

Key Drivers of Change

• Technological Change: AI, machine learning, and automation will continue to reshape industries.
• Geoeconomic Fragmentation: Geopolitical tensions and economic shifts are prompting businesses to transform their models, leading to a greater demand for cybersecurity and security management roles.
• Aging Populations: The growing demand for healthcare services, especially in high-income economies, will result in more jobs in the care economy (e.g., nursing professionals, social workers).
• Green Transition: The global shift toward clean energy and environmental sustainability will create numerous opportunities for jobs in renewable energy and climate change mitigation.

Implications for India

• AI and Robotics Investment: Indian companies are leading the way in investing in AI, robotics, and autonomous systems.
• Growth Sectors: India’s rapidly developing tech sector will see a rising demand for AI, machine learning, and big data specialists.
• Disruptions in Traditional Jobs: Roles like postal clerks, cashiers, and data entry clerks in India are also expected to face significant reductions due to automation.

Challenges for Employment in India

• Skill Mismatch: There is a significant skill gap, with many workers lacking expertise in emerging fields like AI, cybersecurity, and data science.
• Digital Divide: Urban areas are adapting to new technologies faster than rural areas, which may widen employment disparities.
• Informal Sector: India’s large informal workforce faces challenges in transitioning to technology-driven jobs due to limited access to training and education.

Reskilling and Upskilling

• The WEF report emphasizes that 59% of the global workforce will need reskilling or upskilling by 2030 to remain competitive.
• Workers must adapt to new roles, especially in technology and the green transition, to meet the evolving demands of the job market.

In News:

The tracing of genetic ancestry remains a challenging task due to the statistical similarity among populations across geographical regions. However, recent advances in genetic analysis, particularly the development of the Twigstats tool, are significantly enhancing our ability to reconstruct genetic histories at a very high resolution.

Key Insights from Genetic Research:

• Ancient DNA (aDNA): Prehistoric human ceremonial burials, mass grave mounds, and war graves are rich sources of ancient genetic material, offering key insights into population dynamics. These samples help us understand past migrations, cultural transitions, and the genetic legacy of ancient groups.
• Challenges in Ancestry Tracing:
  • Populations often share many genetic similarities, complicating the task of tracing ancestry across regions.
  • Ancient DNA samples are typically of lower quality compared to modern samples, limiting the precision of past genetic studies.
  • The movement of genes across time and space, through processes like gene flow, adds complexity to the understanding of population ancestry.

Traditional Genetic Techniques:

• Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs): Used to identify natural genetic variations, SNP analysis has been central to reconstructing genetic histories. However, it is limited by its reliance on high-quality samples and struggles with closely related groups.
• Haplotypes and Genealogical Trees: By analyzing shared DNA segments (haplotypes) and rare variants, researchers gain a more comprehensive understanding of population structure and ancestry, which can reveal shifts in population over time.

The Emergence of Twigstats:

• What is Twigstats?
  • Twigstats is an advanced analytical tool that enhances the precision of ancestry analysis through time-stratified ancestry analysis, a method that allows for a more fine-grained look at genetic data.
  • It is designed to address the limitations of traditional methods by integrating SNPs, haplotypes, and rare genetic variants, providing a more holistic view of ancestry.
  • The tool is powered by statistical languages R and C++, which help researchers better manage and analyze complex genetic data.
• How It Works: Twigstats builds family trees by analyzing shared genetic mutations, identifying recent mutations that offer a clearer understanding of historical periods and events. It helps trace the evolution of populations and offers insights into their migrations, mixing, and cultural shifts.

Key Features and Impact of Twigstats:

• Time-Stratified Ancestry Analysis: Allows researchers to study how populations evolved over time, with a focus on specific historical periods.
• Enhanced Precision: Reduces statistical errors and enhances the precision of individual-level ancestry reconstruction.
• Higher-Resolution Mapping: Provides high-resolution genetic maps of migration patterns and admixture events across centuries.

Applications of Twigstats:

• Historical Case Studies: The tool has been used to study ancient genomes from Europe, particularly the Iron, Roman, and Viking Ages (500 BC to 1000 AD). It revealed the fine-scale genetic history of populations in regions like northern and central Europe, including the movement of Germanic and Scandinavian peoples.
  • Viking Age Insights: Researchers were able to trace the early presence of Scandinavian-like ancestry in regions such as Britain and the Baltic before the traditionally believed start of the Viking Age. This suggests earlier interactions and migrations from Scandinavia, which aligns with historical records of Anglo-Saxon and Viking movements.
  • Cultural Transitions: The analysis identified shifts in population genetics corresponding to cultural changes, such as the shift from the Corded Ware culture to the Bronze Age and the influence of the Wielbark culture.

Genetic Methods Used in the Study:

• Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs): Commonly used to trace ancestry but requires high-quality samples.
• Haplotypes and Rare Variants: Offer more nuanced insights into population movements by considering combinations of genetic markers inherited together.
• Genealogical Tree Inference: Applied to both ancient and modern genomes, it provides detailed demographic and ancestry information, supporting the reconstruction of high-resolution genetic histories.

Case Study: India’s Genetic History (2009 Study)

• Researchers used SNP analysis to trace the genetic history of India, revealing two major ancestral groups:
  • Ancestral North Indians (ANI): Genetically closer to Central Asian, European, and Middle Eastern populations.
  • Ancestral South Indians (ASI): A distinct genetic group, showcasing India’s diverse population structure.

In News:

• Trinidad and Tobago declared a state of emergency, in response to a surge in gang violence, which raised the annual death toll to the highest since 2013.

Trinidad and Tobago:

• Location: An island nation in the southern Caribbean, near Venezuela and Guyana.
• Capital: Port of Spain.
• Population: Approximately 1.5 million.
• Ethnic Composition: African (36.3%), Indian (35.4%), Mixed (22.8%), and others.
• Religions: Christianity (64%), Hinduism (18%), Islam (5%), and others.
• Independence: Gained from the UK on August 31, 1962, and became a republic in 1976.
• Member of: Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations.
• Major Rivers: Ortoire and Caroni.
• Geography:
  • Total Land Area: 5,128 sq. km (Trinidad: 4,768 sq. km, Tobago: 300 sq. km).
  • Climate: Tropical, with dry and rainy seasons.
  • Highest Point: Mount Aripo.
  • Natural Resource: Pitch Lake, the world’s largest asphalt reservoir.
  • Mountain Range: Northern Range, part of the Andes extension.

Economic and Cultural Significance

• Exports: Major exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, ammonia, and petrochemicals.
• Culture: Known for Carnival, Calypso music, Soca, and the Steelpan (the only musical instrument invented in the 20th century).
• Infrastructure:
  • Ports: Port of Spain, Point Lisas, Scarborough.
  • Airports: Piarco International Airport (Trinidad) and A.N.R. Robinson International Airport (Tobago).

Engagement with India

• Trinidad and Tobago became the first Caribbean country to adopt India’s UPI platform.
• Both countries granted each other Most Favored Nation (MFN) status in 1997.
• Bilateral trade reached USD 368.96 million in FY 2023-24.
• The Indian diaspora constitutes about 42% of the population.

Past Emergency Declarations:

• 2014: State of emergency declared in response to gang violence.
• 2021: Emergency declared for Covid-19 restrictions.
• 2011: Limited state of emergency for drug-related crimes.

In News:

IndiaAI, under the Digital India Corporation, has partnered with Microsoft to advance AI adoption in India for inclusive development and economic transformation. The collaboration focuses on skilling, innovation, AI safety, and responsible AI development, with a goal of fostering AI innovation across India, particularly in underserved rural and urban areas.

Key Highlights:

• Training 500,000 Individuals by 2026:
  • Target Audience: Students, educators, developers, government officials, and women entrepreneurs.
  • Goal: Empower these groups with foundational and advanced AI skills for economic opportunities and digital transformation.
• AI Catalysts (Centers of Excellence):
  • Establishment of AI hubs in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities to foster rural AI innovation.
  • Objective to equip 100,000 AI innovators and developers through hackathons, community building, and creating an AI marketplace.
• AI Productivity Labs:
  • Set up in 20 National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs) across 10 states.
  • Focus on training 20,000 educators and providing AI education to 100,000 students in 200 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs).
• Support for Startups:
  • Microsoft’s Founders Hub program will provide Azure credits, business resources, and mentorship to 1,000 AI startups in India, boosting innovation and growth in the Indian startup ecosystem.
• Development of Indic Language Models:
  • Work on creating foundational AI models with support for Indic languages to address India’s linguistic diversity and cultural needs.
• AI Safety Institute:
  • Focus on building frameworks, standards, and evaluation metrics for responsible AI development.
  • Support for the creation of an AI Safety Institute in India to promote ethical and safe AI practices.
• Infrastructure & Research:
  • Microsoft will also focus on enhancing cloud infrastructure and support for AI research through Microsoft Research India.
  • AI-driven solutions will be developed for critical sectors like healthcare, education, and agriculture.

Investment and Strategic Goals:

• $3 Billion Investment:
  • Microsoft has pledged $3 billion to expand AI and cloud infrastructure in India over the next 2 years. This investment will focus on:
    • Building scalable infrastructure for AI applications.
    • Enhancing cloud services and AI capabilities.
    • Establishing new data centers across India, supporting the AI-first agenda.
• AI Skill Development:
  • 10 million people will be trained over the next five years in AI skills, empowering the Indian workforce to adapt to AI technologies, driving job creation and economic growth.
• AI in India’s Economy:
  • India aims to become a global leader in AI, with AI-powered solutions contributing to diverse sectors like finance, e-commerce, and manufacturing.
  • Focus on economic growth through AI-powered industries and fostering entrepreneurship in underserved communities.

AI Technologies and Applications:

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) involves machines performing tasks that require human intelligence like decision-making, problem-solving, and learning from data.
  • Machine Learning (ML): AI systems improve through data without being explicitly programmed.
  • Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI systems understand and respond to human language.
  • Computer Vision: AI systems analyze and interpret visual information.
  • Robotics: AI powers automated tasks through robots in industries like manufacturing and healthcare.
• Cloud Infrastructure enables the scaling of AI systems:
  • Cloud Computing provides on-demand access to computing power, essential for AI tasks requiring large amounts of data and processing power.
  • Data Centers host AI models and data, and cloud services such as Microsoft Azure will support AI startups and businesses.

Expected Impact and Benefits:

• Inclusive AI Development: Focus on empowering women, students, and rural innovators to bridge the digital divide and promote economic empowerment.
• Startup Ecosystem: The collaboration will foster a robust AI startup ecosystem, promoting innovation and entrepreneurship through AI tools, Azure credits, and mentorship.
• Skill Development & Education: AI-driven skill training initiatives will prepare millions of individuals for the jobs of the future, particularly in the AI-driven economy, and support education reform.
• AI for Critical Sectors: Development of AI-enabled solutions to address challenges in sectors such as healthcare, education, and agriculture, driving social impact and economic growth.

In News:

AnemiaPhone, a technology developed by Cornell University researchers to accurately, quickly, and cheaply, assess iron deficiency, has been transferred to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for integration into its programmes for anaemia, women’s health, and maternal and child health throughout the country.

Key Highlights:

• Technology Features:
  • Portable, Rapid, and Affordable: AnemiaPhone is designed to detect iron deficiency efficiently at low cost.
  • Requires a fingerstick (small blood sample).
  • Results are available within minutes.
  • Wireless: Data uploaded to a clinical database via mobile, tablet, or computer.
  • Can be used by healthcare workers to assess iron deficiency on the spot and take action (guidance, triage, referral).
• Working Mechanism:
  • A drop of blood is placed on a test strip.
  • The reader processes the sample.
  • Data is uploaded for immediate diagnosis and action.
  • Test results assist in on-the-spot intervention by healthcare workers.

Anaemia and Iron Deficiency:

• Prevalence in India:
  • Iron deficiency is a leading cause of anaemia.
  • 50%-70% of pregnant women in India suffer from anaemia.
  • 59% of women and 47% of children (6-59 months) in India suffer from anaemia (NFHS data).
• Consequences of Anaemia:
  • Fatigue, dizziness, organ failure, complications in childbirth, and in severe cases, death.
  • Contributes to higher maternal and child mortality rates in India.
• Impact on Health in India:
  • India has one of the highest rates of anaemia in the world.
  • Iron deficiency is a significant contributor to maternal deaths.

ICMR's Role and Integration into National Programs:

• ICMR and AnemiaPhone:
  • The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has integrated AnemiaPhone into its Anaemia Mukt Bharat (Anaemia-Free India) program.
  • The program focuses on eliminating anaemia by 2025 through screening, diagnosis, and treatment in women and children, especially in remote areas.
• Transfer of Technology:
  • In November 2024, Cornell University transferred the technology to ICMR for free.
  • This collaboration aims to improve health outcomes by sharing innovative health technologies.

Advantages of AnemiaPhone:

• Cost-Effective and Portable:
  • Low-cost compared to traditional lab tests.
  • Portable and can be used in remote and underserved areas.
• Quick Diagnosis: Results are processed in minutes, allowing healthcare workers to act without delay.
• No Need for Expensive Labs:
  • Can be used at primary health centers or in door-to-door health surveys.
  • Facilitates healthcare in rural or difficult-to-reach areas.
• Wireless and Easy to Use: The device is user-friendly and does not require extensive training.

Impact on Healthcare System:

• Improvement in Accessibility:
  • Helps reduce the need for people to travel long distances for diagnosis, especially in rural areas.
  • Ensures early diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency and anaemia.
• Enhancing Maternal and Child Health: AnemiaPhone will contribute to reducing maternal and child mortality rates linked to anaemia.

Technology Testing and Development:

• Testing in India:
  • AnemiaPhone has been tested in India and has shown accurate results in diagnosing iron deficiency.
  • Single-use test strips help ensure accuracy and prevent contamination.

Global Health Context:

• Global Prevalence of Anaemia: More than 2 billion people worldwide suffer from anaemia, particularly pregnant women and young children.
• WHO’s Role: The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies anaemia as a major global health issue.

In News:

• On January 7, 2025, during the inaugural India-Malaysia Security Dialogue in New Delhi, both countries agreed to enhance cooperation in critical minerals and rare earth elements (REEs).
• The meeting was co-chaired by India's National Security Adviser, Ajit Doval, and Malaysia’s Director General of the National Security Council, Raja Dato Nushirwan Bin Zainal Abidin.
• The agreement follows the upgrade of bilateral relations to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership during Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim’s visit to India in August 2024.
• The dialogue also focused on other security aspects such as counter-terrorism, cyber security, and maritime security.

Importance of Critical Minerals and REEs:

• • Critical Minerals: These are essential for a variety of industries like IT, energy, and defense. They are integral to manufacturing electric vehicle batteries, solar cells, and advanced electronics.

• • Rare Earth Elements (REEs): Used in high-tech applications such as wind turbines, electric vehicle engines, and high-powered magnets. While their extraction is not rare, it is technically difficult due to their complex nature.

Strategic Relevance:

• • Global Demand: The global demand for critical minerals is rising, and both countries see it as a strategic necessity to ensure a stable supply of these materials.
  • Malaysia's Resources: Malaysia possesses significant deposits of non-rare radioactive earth ores, including essential REEs like Neodymium (Nd), Dysprosium (Dy), and Praseodymium (Pr). These elements are crucial in today’s technological innovations.
  • India’s Dependence on Imports: India, which currently imports a substantial portion of its critical minerals, aims to diversify its supply chain by collaborating with Malaysia.

Sustainability and Ecological Accountability:

• • Both countries recognize the environmental challenges of mining these critical resources. Malaysia aims to adopt responsible mining practices that minimize ecological harm.
  • India seeks to ensure a supply chain that aligns with sustainable development goals, balancing economic needs with environmental responsibilities.

Enhancing Supply Chain Resilience:

• • Diversification of Supply Chain: This partnership aims to reduce India’s dependency on a limited number of countries for critical minerals, enhancing resilience against global supply chain disruptions.
  • Collaboration in Extraction and Processing: Both nations are exploring joint ventures in the exploration, extraction, and processing of critical minerals to boost their technological and economic standing globally.

Future Prospects:

• • The institutionalization of this dialogue through annual meetings is expected to strengthen bilateral cooperation in the critical minerals sector.
  • Increased cooperation is likely to enhance economic growth for both countries, aligning them strategically in the global minerals market as demand for these resources continues to soar.

Broader Security Cooperation:

• • Beyond critical minerals, the India-Malaysia Security Dialogue explored enhanced collaboration in areas like counter-terrorism, cyber security, maritime security, and defense industries.
  • This broadening of security cooperation complements the strategic minerals partnership, further solidifying the bilateral ties between the two nations.

In News:

Centre urges states, UTs to ensure undertrial prisoner relief in jails.

Key Highlights:

• Objective: The MHA has urged states and Union Territories (UTs) to implement provisions of Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023 to provide relief to undertrial prisoners (UTPs) in jails. This initiative aims to address issues such as long detention and overcrowding in prisons.

Key Provisions of Section 479 of BNSS, 2023

• Purpose: To offer relief to undertrial prisoners by mandating their release on bail or bond under specific conditions.
• Key Provisions:
  • Subsection (1):
    • Release on Bail: UTPs who have served half the maximum sentence for their offense (except offenses punishable by death or life imprisonment) are eligible for release on bail.
    • Release on Bond for First-Time Offenders: First-time offenders, who have served one-third of the maximum sentence, are eligible for release on bond by the court.
  • Subsection (3):
    • Mandatory Application: It is the responsibility of the prison superintendent to apply to the concerned court for the release of eligible prisoners on bail or bond.
• Superintendent’s Role:
  • Prison superintendents are mandated to ensure timely applications for bail or bond are filed for eligible UTPs.

Implementation and Reporting

• MHA’s Advisory:
  • On January 1, the MHA issued a letter to the Chief Secretaries, Director Generals, and Inspectors General of prisons in all states and UTs to ensure compliance with the provisions of Section 479 of BNSS.
  • States and UTs were instructed to report the status of implementation in a prescribed format starting from January 1, 2025.
• Data to be Reported:
  • First-Time UTPs: Number of first-time UTPs who have served one-third of their maximum sentence.
  • Court Applications: Number of applications for bail filed by jail superintendents.
  • Release on Bail: Number of UTPs released on bond or bail after meeting the eligibility criteria.
  • Other UTPs: Number of UTPs who have completed half of their sentence, and the number of applications filed for their release.
• MHA’s Campaign:
  • Launched on Constitution Day (November 26), this campaign encouraged states and UTs to identify eligible prisoners and file their bail applications, thus helping to reduce overcrowding in prisons and mitigate long-term detention.

Background and Context

• Why Section 479?
  • Section 479 aims to reduce the prolonged detention of undertrials, some of whom may have already served significant portions of their maximum sentences. This will not only alleviate overcrowding in prisons but also expedite justice for prisoners who have spent extended periods in jail awaiting trial.
• Earlier MHA Initiatives:
  • Prior to this directive, the MHA had issued an advisory on October 16, 2024, encouraging states and UTs to implement Section 479. A special push was also made during Constitution Day to move applications for the release of eligible prisoners.
• Expected Outcome:
  • The measures are expected to significantly ease the challenges of overcrowded jails and provide timely relief to undertrials, especially first-time offenders. By enforcing these provisions, the government seeks to improve the judicial process for UTPs and contribute to a more effective and humane criminal justice system.

In News:

The 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) Convention will be held from January 8-10, 2025, in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Key Highlights:

• Theme 2025:
  • The theme is "Diaspora’s Contribution to a Viksit Bharat", highlighting the vital role of the Indian diaspora in India's development into a prosperous and developed nation.
• Exhibitions:
  • The convention will feature four major themed exhibitions:
    • Vishwaroop Ram – The Universal Legacy of Ramayana: Showcasing the Ramayana’s influence through traditional and contemporary art forms.
    • Diaspora’s Contribution to Technology and Viksit Bharat: Highlighting the global technological impact of the Indian diaspora.
    • Spread and Evolution of the Indian Diaspora: Focused on the migration of Indians from Mandvi (Gujarat) to Muscat (Oman).
    • Heritage and Culture of Odisha: A look into Odisha’s rich cultural traditions.
• Key Initiatives:
  • Pravasi Bharatiya Express: PM Modi will flag off this special tourist train for the diaspora, covering key religious and tourist sites in India under the Pravasi Teertha Darshan Yojana.
  • Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards (PBSA): Recognizing significant contributions by members of the Indian diaspora in various fields.

About Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD):

• Origins:
  • Celebrated on January 9 each year, marking Mahatma Gandhi's return to India from South Africa in 1915, symbolizing the contributions of migrants.
  • First held in 2003, the event became biennial in 2015.
• Objectives:
  • Recognizes the contributions of the Indian diaspora to India’s growth.
  • Fosters engagement between India and its global diaspora.
  • Strengthens India’s relations with host countries and promotes understanding of India’s culture and achievements.

Contributions of the Indian Diaspora to a Viksit Bharat:

• Economic Growth:
  • The diaspora plays a pivotal role through remittances, investments, and connecting Indian businesses to global markets.
  • Example: The development of a thorium-based fuel by a U.S.-based NRI is a significant step toward clean nuclear energy in India.
• Global Trade Linkages:
  • Facilitating partnerships, investments, and knowledge exchange to expand India’s trade base and global market presence.
• Supporting Innovation: Diaspora-driven collaborations in emerging markets boost India’s entry into high-growth sectors, enhancing the country's development prospects.
• Cultural Contributions: Indian diaspora members serve as cultural ambassadors, promoting Indian traditions, art, and heritage globally (e.g., Diwali recognized as a public holiday in several U.S. states).

Challenges Faced by the Indian Diaspora:

• Cultural Integration: Struggles with balancing cultural identity and integrating into host societies can lead to alienation.
• Political and Religious Issues: Increasing politicization and religious biases, especially against Hindus and Sikhs, in countries like the USA and Europe.
• Legal and Citizenship Issues: Complicated visa statuses, restrictive immigration laws, and issues like the H-1B visa challenge the diaspora, despite their significant contributions.
• Remittance Challenges: Economic instability, exchange rate fluctuations, and banking hurdles affect the regular flow of remittances to India, impacting families dependent on them.

Government Initiatives for the Diaspora:

• National Pension Scheme for NRIs
• Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) Card Scheme
• Pravasi Bhartiya Kendra
• Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF)

In News:

In its annual report, the Union Home Ministry has warned the public against getting trapped in organised 'pig-butchering scams'.

Key Highlights:

• What is it?
  • The Pig-Butchering Scam is a sophisticated form of cybercrime in which fraudsters deceive victims into investing in fake online trading platforms. The term "pig-butchering" is derived from the analogy of "fattening up" victims before stealing their money, much like preparing a pig for slaughter.
• How it works:
  • Initial Contact: Scammers typically reach out to victims through social media platforms, dating apps, or deceptive ads on websites like Google and Facebook.
  • Building Trust: Fraudsters create false friendships, using these connections to lure victims into investing in fake online trading apps. Cryptocurrency investments are often involved due to the ambiguity in the crypto market.
  • The Scam: Victims are shown fabricated profits to encourage further investment. However, when they try to withdraw their funds, the money is stolen, and they realize the trading platform was fake.
• Features of the Scam:
  • Use of fraudulent online trading platforms
  • Fabricated blockchain transactions, making fund recovery nearly impossible
  • Reliance on victims’ desire for quick financial gains
  • Linked to money laundering and cyber slavery in some cases
• Origin of the Scam:
  • The scam first appeared in China in 2016, where it was referred to as “sha zhu pan” (translated as "killing pig game").
  • It is a form of Ponzi scheme, wherein organized scammers exploit victims by using fake online identities and offering false investment opportunities.
• How Cybercriminals Lure Victims:
  • The scammer (host) contacts potential victims via social media, dating apps, or deceptive online advertisements.
  • They build trust with the victim, enticing them into exploring online investments and cryptocurrency trading, often capitalizing on the lack of clarity in the crypto space.
  • The victim is then persuaded to invest larger amounts in fake trades, believing they are making real profits.
• How the Scam is Executed:
  • The scammer uses fake online trading platforms to create the illusion of profit.
  • After building the victim’s confidence, the fraudster encourages larger investments.
  • When victims try to withdraw their funds, they realize their money is gone, often with blockchain transactions making it nearly impossible to trace or recover the funds.
• Statistics on Cybercrime in India:
  • In March 2024, the National Cybercrime Threat Analytical Unit recorded over 37,500 complaints related to cybercrime.
  • The highest number of complaints (42%) were associated with WhatsApp (14,746), followed by Telegram (7,651), Instagram (7,152), Facebook (7,051), and YouTube (1,135).
• Union Home Ministry’s Response:
  • The MHA has flagged pig-butchering scams as a global phenomenon that could involve large-scale money laundering and cyber slavery.
  • The Ministry is collaborating with Google for intelligence sharing to flag suspicious digital lending apps and other forms of fraud.
  • The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre is working on capacity building to combat such scams and improve the response to cybercrimes.

In News:

In a first, the Chhattisgarh state has introduced an innovative plan that connects the ecosystem services of its forests with the Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP).

Key Highlights:

Chhattisgarh's Green GDP Initiative:

• First State in India to link forest ecosystem services with Green GDP.
• Forests cover 44% of Chhattisgarh's land area, playing a vital role in climate change mitigation.
• Key forest products (tendu leaves, lac, honey, medicinal plants) contribute significantly to the rural economy.

Green GDP:

• Definition: An adjustment of traditional GDP that accounts for environmental costs like resource depletion and ecosystem degradation.
• Formula:
  • Green GDP = Net Domestic Product (NDP) − (Cost of Resource Depletion + Ecosystem Degradation)
  • NDP = GDP − Depreciation of Produced Assets.

Importance of Green GDP:

• Traditional GDP overlooks the environmental cost, treating activities like deforestation as economic gains.
• Green GDP adjusts for sustainability, ensuring long-term economic growth aligns with environmental preservation.

Global Context & Initiatives:

• SEEA (System of Environmental-Economic Accounting): Developed by the UN to track economic-environment relationships.
• WAVES: World Bank initiative integrating natural capital into national economic accounts.
• Bhutan’s GNH: Emphasizes ecological sustainability in development.

Benefits of Green GDP for Chhattisgarh:

• Promotes sustainable development by integrating economic and environmental goals.
• Climate Change Mitigation: Forests help absorb CO2, playing a key role in carbon sequestration.
• Biodiversity Conservation: Supports sustainable use of resources, preserving ecosystems.
• Cultural Integration: Acknowledges forests' cultural and spiritual importance to local tribal communities (e.g., sacred groves).

Key Features of the Initiative:

• Valuing Ecosystem Services: Includes clean air (CO? absorption), water conservation, and biodiversity.
• Eco-tourism Promotion: Developing jungle safaris and national parks, boosting local employment.
• Scientific Assessments: Employing experts to quantify forest contributions to the economy.

Challenges of Green GDP Framework:

• Valuation Complexity: Difficult to assign monetary value to non-market environmental benefits like biodiversity.
• Data Gaps: Lack of comprehensive data on environmental degradation and resource usage.
• Implementation: Requires significant changes in accounting systems and policymaking.
• Forest Definition: Plantations like oil palm may be counted as forests, misleading environmental assessments.
• Political Resistance: States may manipulate data to secure funding, prioritizing plantations over natural forests.
• Local Integration: Difficulties in involving local bodies like Panchayats due to literacy and awareness gaps.

Future of Green GDP:

• Sustainable Resource Use: Encourages responsible consumption and production, aligning with SDG 12.
• Climate Action: Contributes to the reduction of fossil fuel reliance and promotes renewable energy, aligning with SDG 13.
• Green Investments: Stimulates green technologies and industries, fostering sustainable economic growth (SDG 8).

In News:

Five years after the COVID pandemic, China is experiencing a surge in HMPV cases, particularly in children under 14 years of age

Key Highlights:

• What is HMPV?
  • A respiratory virus from the Pneumoviridae family, discovered in 2001.
  • Causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections, similar to the common cold or flu.
• Origin and Discovery:
  • Identified in the Netherlands in 2001 through genomic sequencing of respiratory samples.
• Risk Groups:
  • Children under 5 years, especially infants.
  • Elderly individuals (65+).
  • Immunocompromised persons and those with chronic respiratory conditions (e.g., asthma).
• Symptoms:
  • Common: Cough, runny nose, fever, sore throat.
  • Severe: Wheezing, shortness of breath, potentially leading to bronchitis or pneumonia.
• Incubation Period: 3-6 days.
• Transmission:
  • Spread via droplets from coughing or sneezing.
  • Close contact (e.g., handshakes, hugs).
  • Contaminated surfaces, touching face after contact.
• Treatment:
  • No specific antiviral treatment or vaccine available.
  • Symptom management: hydration, rest, OTC medications for fever and congestion.
  • Severe cases may require hospitalization (oxygen therapy, IV fluids).
• Diagnosis:
  • NAATs (Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests): Detect viral genetic material.
  • Antigen-based immunoassays: For severe cases or outbreaks.
• Complications:
  • Can lead to bronchiolitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, or COPD flare-ups.
  • Risk of ear infections (otitis media) in some cases.
• Prevention:
  • Hygiene: Regular handwashing, covering coughs/sneezes, maintaining personal hygiene.
  • Physical Distancing: Avoid close contact, wear masks in crowded settings.
  • Caution for Vulnerable Groups: Extra care for individuals with chronic respiratory conditions.

Global Situation:

• China: Experiencing a rise in HMPV cases, particularly among children under 14 years.
• India: No reported cases yet, but monitoring the situation closely.

Key Facts:

• HMPV is a winter virus commonly seen in colder months (winter and early spring).
• Estimated 10%-12% of respiratory illnesses in children are caused by HMPV.
• The virus is part of the Pneumoviridae family, alongside respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles, and mumps.

No specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for HMPV; antibiotics are ineffective.

In News:

The National Sports Awards 2024 were recently announced by the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports to celebrate excellence in Indian sports.

Key Highlights:

Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award

• This is India's highest sporting honor, renamed in 2021 after hockey legend Major Dhyan Chand.
• It’s awarded for exceptional performance in sports over a four-year period.
• 2024 Winners:
  • Gukesh D (Chess)
  • Harmanpreet Singh (Hockey)
  • Praveen Kumar (Para-Athletics)
  • Manu Bhaker (Shooting)
• The award includes a cash prize of Rs 25 lakh.

Arjuna Award

• Recognizes outstanding performance in sports over the previous four years and attributes like leadership, discipline, and sportsmanship.
• 2024 Winners: Various athletes across multiple disciplines received this honor.

Arjuna Award (Lifetime)

• Given to retired athletes who have not only excelled during their careers but also contributed to the promotion of sports post-retirement.
• 2024 Winners:
  • Shri Sucha Singh (Athletics)
  • Shri Murlikant Rajaram Petkar (Para-Swimming)

Dronacharya Award

• Given to coaches who have made a consistent and significant contribution by guiding sportspersons to excel at international events.
• The award includes a bronze statue of Dronacharya, a certificate, and a cash prize.

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy

• Awarded to the top-performing university in the Khelo India University Games.
• 2024 Winner: Chandigarh University.

Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar

• Recognizes individuals or organizations for their contribution to the promotion and development of sports.
• 2024 Winner: Physical Education Foundation of India.

These awards were selected by a committee led by Justice (Retd.) V. Ramasubramanian and include eminent sportspersons, journalists, and sports administrators. The winners will receive their awards from the President of India, marking a prestigious moment in Indian sports.

In News:

Recently, Donald Trump threatened to take back the Panama Canal, calling the transfer treaty “foolish”.

Why Trump Called the Panama Canal Transfer 'Foolish'?

• Transit Fees:
  • Trump expressed frustration over high transit fees imposed by the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) on U.S. vessels.
  • In 2023, due to droughts affecting Lakes Gatun and Alhajuela (which are crucial for canal operations), the ACP reduced crossing slots by 36%, leading to an increase in transit fees for ships.
• Chinese Presence:
  • Trump is also concerned about the growing Chinese influence in the Panama Canal region.
  • In 2017, Panama became the first Latin American country to sign a Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) agreement with China, increasing Chinese investments.
  • Hutchison Ports PPC, a subsidiary of a Hong Kong-based company, operates ports near the canal, raising concerns over China's influence on logistical operations and potential surveillance capabilities.

The Torrijos-Carter Treaties and Canal Transfer:

• Panama Canal Treaty (1977):
  • The treaty transferred control of the Panama Canal from the U.S. to Panama by December 31, 1999.
  • The U.S. would no longer control the canal, and Panama would assume full responsibility for its operation and defense.
• Permanent Neutrality Treaty (1977):
  • Declared the canal to be neutral and open to vessels of all nations.
  • U.S. Right to Defense: The U.S. retained the right to defend the neutrality of the canal and had priority passage in case of military emergencies.

Panama’s Response to Trump’s Criticisms:

• Defense of Transit Rates:
  • President José Raúl Mulino rejected Trump’s claims, defending the transit fees as being in line with international standards and based on a transparent procedure.
• Sovereignty:
  • Mulino emphasized Panama’s sovereignty over the canal, asserting that Panama’s control over the canal was non-negotiable. He categorically denied the presence of Chinese soldiers in the canal, stating that there would never be any.

China’s Response:

• China's Position:
  • China's Foreign Ministry responded by emphasizing that the Panama Canal is a neutral passageway, a vital infrastructure for Panama and the global trade system.
  • China affirmed its respect for Panama's sovereignty and denied any military presence in the canal area.

Implications and Future:

• Diplomatic Tensions:
  • The issue of transit fees and foreign influence, particularly China's presence in the region, is likely to remain a point of diplomatic negotiation.
  • Panama is expected to assert its sovereignty and seek international support to prevent any external interference in the canal’s operations.
• U.S. Influence:
  • The U.S. might attempt to renegotiate terms related to the Panama Canal's operations, especially concerning transit fees and military rights, although Panama remains firm on maintaining control.

Torrijos-Carter Treaties:

• Significance:
  • Panama Canal Treaty and Permanent Neutrality Treaty marked a major shift in U.S.-Latin America relations, ending U.S. control and restoring Panamanian sovereignty.
  • The treaties also ensured the neutrality of the canal while maintaining U.S. military access in emergencies.
• Impact:
  • The treaties were a symbol of Panama’s regained sovereignty and played a key role in stabilizing relations between the U.S. and Panama, as well as resolving tensions over control of the canal.

In News:

The Government of India has formed an 18-member panel, headed by Ramesh Chand, a member of NITI Aayog, to revise the base year of the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) to 2022-23 from the current base year of 2011-12. The panel will also work on a roadmap for transitioning from WPI to the Producer Price Index (PPI).

Key Highlights:

Role and Mandates of the Panel:

• Revised Commodity Basket: The panel will recommend a new commodity basket for both WPI and PPI, reflecting structural changes in the economy.
• Review of Price Collection System: The panel will evaluate the current system for price collection and propose improvements.
• Computational Methodology: It will determine the computational methodology for both WPI and PPI to ensure accuracy in tracking price changes.
• The panel has been tasked with submitting its final report to the Office of the Economic Adviser at the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIT) within 18 months.

Understanding WPI vs. PPI:

• WPI (Wholesale Price Index) tracks the price of goods at the wholesale stage (i.e., goods sold in bulk to businesses), and excludes the service sector.
  • Key Characteristics of WPI:
    • Does not consider consumer-facing prices.
    • Excludes services (about 55% of GDP).
    • Can have double-counting bias due to multiple transactions before the final sale.
    • Does not account for indirect taxes and may include export/import prices.
  • Use: WPI helps in tracking bulk price movements between businesses, but doesn't fully represent consumer price inflation.
• PPI (Producer Price Index) tracks prices at various stages of production, considering both goods and services, and measures the average change in prices received by domestic producers.
  • Key Characteristics of PPI:
    • Excludes indirect taxes (making it more accurate for price movement tracking).
    • Includes services, unlike WPI, giving a broader view of price trends across the economy.
    • More aligned with international standards (System of National Accounts).
    • Reflects prices before consumer consumption, providing a business-oriented perspective of price trends.

Why the Transition to PPI?

• The PPI is already used by major economies like the US, China, Germany, and Japan as it provides a more comprehensive measure of inflation from a producer’s perspective.
• It is expected to be a better indicator of inflationary trends in the overall economy, including both goods and services.

Challenges and Roadmap:

• The switch to PPI is complex, and the panel will need to ensure that the transition does not disrupt the current data collection and reporting systems. Both WPI and PPI will run concurrently until PPI stabilizes.

In News:

The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) report on groundwater quality reveals alarming levels of contamination in India's groundwater, with a focus on nitrate, fluoride, arsenic, and uranium. The report highlights the impact of agricultural practices, poor waste management, and urbanisation on water quality.

Key Highlights:

Nitrate Contamination:

• 440 districts in India report excessive nitrate levels in groundwater, with 20% of samples exceeding the permissible nitrate limit of 45 mg/L (WHO and BIS standards).
• High-risk regions: Rajasthan (49%), Karnataka (48%), and Tamil Nadu (37%) are the top states with high nitrate levels. Other affected states include Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.
• Causes: Nitrate contamination is mainly due to excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilizers, over-irrigation, and poor management of animal waste. Urbanisation and improper sewage systems exacerbate the problem.

Other Groundwater Contaminants:

• Fluoride contamination: A significant concern in Rajasthan, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
• Arsenic contamination: Elevated arsenic levels found in several states, especially in floodplains of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers (West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Manipur).
• Uranium contamination: 42% of uranium-contaminated samples are from Rajasthan, and 30% from Punjab. Chronic exposure to uranium leads to kidney damage.

Groundwater Extraction and Availability:

• 60.4% of groundwater is being extracted across India.
• 73% of groundwater blocks are classified as in the ‘safe’ zone, an improvement from 67.4% in 2022.

Monsoon Impact:

• Nitrate contamination increases post-monsoon, with 32.66% of samples exceeding safe limits during the rainy season.

Health Implications:

• High nitrate levels, particularly dangerous for infants, can cause blue baby syndrome (methemoglobinemia).
• Long-term exposure to contaminants like fluoride and arsenic can lead to fluorosis and increase the risk of cancers and skin lesions.

Sources of Contamination:

• Agricultural practices: Excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides, and improper irrigation.
• Waste disposal: Leaking septic systems, sewage, and hazardous waste sites contribute to contamination.
• Urbanisation: Increased wastewater and sewage, along with poor waste management, worsen the issue.

Measures to Address Contamination:

• Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) and Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY) aim to conserve and manage groundwater resources.
• National Aquifer Mapping and Management Program (NAQUIM) to assess and map aquifer systems.
• Pollution control programs: Under the Water (Prevention & Control) Act, 1974, and initiatives like sewage treatment plants and effluent treatment plants to manage wastewater.
• Public awareness: Campaigns like Swachh Bharat Mission and Catch the Rain educate communities on the importance of groundwater conservation.

Key Statistics:

• 56% of districts in India report groundwater nitrate levels exceeding the safe limit of 45 mg/L.
• Monsoon effects: Post-monsoon data shows a significant increase in contamination levels (32.66% vs. 30.77% pre-monsoon).

In News:

• The Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG) has issued the guidelines for the 28th National e-Governance Awards (NAeG) 2025.
• Nominations for the awards can be submitted online via the official portal: www.nceg.gov.in.

Key Highlights:

• Award Categories: Nominations for the awards can be submitted under the following six categories:
  • Government Process Re-engineering: Digital transformation through the use of technology to improve government processes.
  • Innovation by Use of AI and New Age Technologies: Fostering citizen-centric services via artificial intelligence and other modern technologies.
  • Best e-Gov Practices in Cyber Security: Recognizing excellence in e-Governance practices focused on cybersecurity.
  • Grassroot Level Initiatives: Initiatives at the Districts, ULBs (Urban Local Bodies), or Gram Panchayats that deepen service delivery.
  • Replication and Scaling Up of Successful Projects: Projects awarded in the past (such as NAeG or Prime Minister’s Awards) that have been successfully replicated or scaled.
  • Digital Transformation using Data Analytics: Projects that leverage data analytics on digital platforms for enhancing governance.
• Eligibility: The awards are open to Central Ministries/Departments, State Governments, District Collectors, Research Institutions, and other relevant entities.
• Award Details:
  • The NAeG 2025 will feature 16 awards:
    • 10 Gold Awards.
    • 6 Silver Awards.
• Incentives:
  • Gold Award winners will receive a Trophy, Certificate, and an incentive of Rs 10 lakh.
  • Silver Award winners will receive a Trophy, Certificate, and an incentive of Rs 5 lakh.
  • The incentive will be used for further implementation of the awarded projects or bridging resource gaps in public welfare.
• Objective: The goal of the National Awards for e-Governance is to recognize and promote excellence in the implementation of e-Governance initiatives and digital transformation efforts across India.

In News:

Quad Foreign Ministers reaffirmed their commitment to a free, open, and peaceful Indo-Pacific. Marked the 20th anniversary of Quad cooperation, originally formed to respond to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

Key Highlights:

• What is the Quad?
  • A strategic forum of the US, Japan, India, and Australia aimed at regional security and economic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region.
  • Founded on shared principles of democracy, human rights, rule of law, and countering China's influence.
• Origins:
  • Quad traces its origins to the 2004 Tsunami relief efforts.
  • Formed formally in 2007, but Australia withdrew in 2008 due to regional tensions. It rejoined in 2017 following strengthened US-Australia ties.
• Commitment to Regional Security:
  • Focus on countering China’s assertive behavior in the Indo-Pacific.
  • Ensuring maritime security, countering illegal fishing, promoting infrastructure, and advancing economic cooperation.
• Key Initiatives:
  • IPMDA: Real-time monitoring of maritime activities.
  • MAITRI: Capacity-building for maritime security.
  • Quad Fellowship: Funds graduate-level STEM education in member countries.
  • Open RAN: Promoting secure 5G infrastructure.
  • Cancer Moonshot: Focus on cervical cancer prevention.
• Military and Naval Cooperation:
  • Malabar Exercises: Joint naval drills between India, Japan, the US, and Australia.
• ASEAN and Regional Cooperation:
  • Emphasis on ASEAN's central role in the Indo-Pacific region.
  • Support for the Pacific Islands Forum and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA).
• Future Developments:
  • India to host the next Quad Summit in 2025.
  • Continued focus on sustainable regional development, scientific collaboration, and disaster relief efforts.
• Significance of the Quad for India:

• Strategic Importance:
  • Provides a platform to counter China's assertive policies, especially in the South China Sea and the "String of Pearls" strategy.
  • Aligns with India’s Act East Policy, enhancing ties with East and Southeast Asia.
• Maritime Security: Ensures freedom of navigation and counters illegal activities like piracy and illegal fishing in India’s maritime domain.
• Economic Opportunities:
  • Strengthens cooperation on infrastructure projects and trade initiatives, such as the Blue Dot Network.
  • Post-COVID, Quad may aid India in attracting manufacturing units shifting from China.
• Scientific and People-to-People Collaboration: Supports STEM education and enhances soft power diplomacy through academic and cultural exchanges.

In News:

• The B-READY report, launched by the World Bank in 2024, replaces the Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) index.
• Focus: It evaluates the global business environment to foster inclusive private sector growth, assessing 10 core topics covering a firm's lifecycle, such as business entry, taxation, labor, and international trade.

India’s Potential Challenges

• Business Entry: India faces multiple steps and incomplete digital integration, making it slower compared to benchmarks like Singapore, which achieves one-day registration at minimal cost.
• Labor Regulations: While India has introduced four labor codes, the implementation remains slow and inconsistent, affecting labor flexibility and compliance.
• International Trade: India struggles with customs delays, inconsistent enforcement, and high logistics costs, unlike countries like Germany and Singapore, which promote trade efficiently.
• Business Location: Regulatory delays and inconsistent approvals hinder the establishment of business facilities, affecting investment decisions.
• Public Services Gap: While regulations may be strong, there is often a gap in the provision of public services that support their effective implementation, leading to inefficiencies.

Key Strengths for India

• India is expected to score well in the areas of Quality of Regulations, Effectiveness of Public Services, and Operational Efficiency.
• The country shows promise in promoting digital adoption and aligning with global environmental sustainability practices, though gender-sensitive regulations need more emphasis.

Significance

• The B-READY report serves as an essential benchmark for assessing India's business environment, offering insights into regulatory reforms and operational efficiency.
• Key policy implications for India include the need to:
  • Streamline business operations by digitizing registration and regulatory approval processes.
  • Improve logistics and trade efficiency by reducing customs delays.
  • Address labor market inefficiencies through better implementation of labor codes.
  • Invest in public services and promote digital transformation for better compliance and operational ease.
  • Focus on sustainability and inclusivity, ensuring gender-sensitive policies and fostering green business practices.

Global Findings from the B-READY Report

• Economies with strong regulatory frameworks and digital tools (e.g., Rwanda, Georgia) show that even countries with varying income levels can achieve high scores.
• High-income countries like Estonia and Singapore still have room for improvement, especially in areas like taxation and dispute resolution.

Comparison of B-READY with Ease of Doing Business (EoDB)

• Scope: B-READY is broader, covering a firm’s lifecycle and social benefits, while EoDB focused mainly on regulatory burdens.
• Indicators: B-READY uses 1,200 indicators from expert consultations and firm-level surveys, offering more comprehensive insights compared to the EoDB's limited metrics.
• Focus on Public Services: Unlike EoDB, which provided limited attention to public services, B-READY explicitly evaluates public service efficiency and operational effectiveness.

Policy Recommendations

• Streamline Business Operations: Inspired by countries like Singapore, India should simplify business registration and reduce delays in customs and regulatory approvals.
• Strengthen Public Services: Focus on improving tax portals, utility access, and dispute resolution systems through digital tools.
• Promote Sustainability: Encourage environmentally sustainable business practices and adopt gender-sensitive regulations to ensure inclusive growth.
• Peer Learning and Global Collaboration: Encourage India to learn from best practices in countries like Singapore and Estonia for effective reforms.
• Tailored Reforms: India must design policies addressing unique local challenges while adhering to global standards.

In News:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently been renamed MASLD (Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease), reflecting a shift in understanding of the disease's root causes and its broader implications.

Why the Name Change?

• The primary reason for renaming NAFLD to MASLD is to highlight the metabolic dysfunction as the primary cause of the disease.
• Previously, the term NAFLD focused on the absence of alcohol consumption, which inadvertently shifted attention away from the true contributors, like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and abnormal cholesterol levels.
• The term MASLD eliminates the stigma associated with "non-alcoholic," which may have misled people into thinking alcohol consumption was the only factor, even though metabolic issues are the central cause.
• The term MASLD shifts the focus towards metabolic dysfunction, making it easier for healthcare professionals to understand, diagnose, and treat the condition more effectively.

The Connection to Metabolic Dysfunction

• MASLD is strongly associated with metabolic issues such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and high blood sugar. These metabolic problems are key contributors to liver fat accumulation.
• People with abdominal obesity are 2-3 times more likely to develop fatty liver disease. MASLD affects about 25% of the global population, and the rates increase significantly (up to 50-70%) in individuals with type 2 diabetes or obesity.
• By focusing on metabolic dysfunction, MASLD encourages addressing the root causes rather than just the symptoms, offering a more effective approach to treatment and prevention.

How is MASLD Diagnosed?

Advancements in non-invasive diagnostic methods have improved the ability to diagnose MASLD more easily and accurately, including:

• FibroScan: A non-invasive, painless test to measure liver fat and stiffness, replacing the need for liver biopsy.
• MRI and Ultrasound Techniques: Reliable methods for assessing liver fat and scarring.
• Blood Tests: Common tests like ALT, AST, and GGT assess liver function. Researchers are also exploring new markers like CK-18 fragments and the ELF score (Enhanced Liver Fibrosis) to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Implications for Patient Care

The renaming of NAFLD to MASLD has important implications for patient care:

• Targeted Treatments: By focusing on the metabolic roots, treatments such as weight loss, blood sugar management, and cholesterol control can be prioritized. These interventions help reduce the risk of long-term complications such as heart disease, liver failure, and cirrhosis.
• Earlier Diagnosis: MASLD encourages earlier recognition of the condition, which can lead to better management and improved long-term outcomes.

Prevention

Preventing MASLD involves avoiding foods that exacerbate liver fat buildup. Dr. Punit Singla, director at Marengo Asia Hospitals, emphasizes limiting or avoiding:

• Fast food, junk food, and processed foods
• Foods high in sugar, including red and processed meats