In News:

The Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan initiative, launched by Defence Minister coinciding with the 77th Army Day celebrations, is a collaborative effort between the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Tourism.

Key Highlights:

• This initiative is designed to promote battlefield and border tourism by providing citizens with access to historically significant battlefields and military sites.

Objectives

• Promote Battlefield and Border Tourism: Encourage citizens and tourists to explore India's military history.
• Enhance Awareness: Educate visitors about India’s historic battles and military valor.
• Socio-Economic Development: Boost infrastructure, connectivity, and local economies in border regions.

Features of Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan

• Virtual Tours and Interactive Content: The platform offers historical narratives, virtual tours, and interactive multimedia to provide a detailed account of each battlefield.
• Travel Planning Assistance: Visitors can access information regarding permits, travel routes, and accommodations.
• Integration with the Incredible India Campaign: The initiative is part of the government’s broader tourism strategy, ensuring widespread promotion.
• Collaborative Infrastructure Development: The Indian Army is working with local civil authorities to facilitate safe tourism without compromising operational preparedness.

Key Locations Covered

• Galwan Valley (Ladakh): Site of the 2020 India-China clash.
• Doklam: A tri-junction between India, Bhutan, and China.
• Line of Control (LoC) and Line of Actual Control (LAC) Sites:
  • Nathu La Pass (Sikkim): Significant in the 1967 Indo-China clashes.
  • Longewala (Rajasthan): Site of a key battle during the 1971 Indo-Pak war.
  • Other Sites: Locations of the 1962 war with China and various Indo-Pak conflicts.

Significance

• Historical and Patriotic Engagement: Provides citizens firsthand insights into the challenges faced by soldiers in remote, strategic locations.
• Tourism Development in Border Areas: Previously restricted areas now open for visitors, leading to economic benefits for local communities.
• National Security Awareness: Encourages greater appreciation of India's defense forces and their contributions.

Implementation

The first phase of the Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan project includes key battlefields and border sites across seven major regions. Future phases will expand coverage to additional historical military locations.

In News:

The Government of India is launching the Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Program (FTI-TTP) to streamline immigration at seven major airports.

Key Highlights:

• The initiative, inaugurated by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, aims to enhance the travel experience for Indian nationals and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders.
• This comes seven months after the programme was first introduced at Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport, New Delhi. The airports included in this initial phase are: Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Cochin and Ahmedabad

Objectives of FTI-TTP

• Provide seamless and secure immigration services.
• Reduce human intervention using automated e-gates.
• Align with the Viksit Bharat@2047 vision for modern infrastructure.

How the Programme Works

The FTI-TTP simplifies immigration with automated e-gates. Travellers must complete a one-time online registration to enroll. The process involves:

• Online Registration: Submit personal details and upload necessary documents via the official portal (https://ftittp.mha.gov.in).
• Biometric Submission: Fingerprints and facial images must be submitted at an airport or Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO).
• Immigration Clearance via E-Gates:
  • Passengers scan their boarding passes and passports at e-gates.
  • Biometrics are automatically verified.
  • Upon authentication, the e-gate opens, granting clearance.

Validity: Registration is valid for five years or until the registered passport expires, whichever comes first.

Who is Eligible?

The first phase of the FTI-TTP is open to:

• Indian nationals.
• OCI cardholders aged between 12 and 70 years.
• Children aged 12-18 can register using their parents’ email/phone number.
• ECR (Emigration Check Required) passport holders are not eligible.

Documents Required for Registration

• Passport-sized photograph (as per Indian passport specifications).
• Scanned copy of passport (front and back pages).
• Proof of current address.
• OCI card details (if applicable).

Key Points to Note

• Registration may take up to a month due to verification by field agencies.
• Applications with incorrect or outdated information may be rejected.
• In case of passport loss or expiry, travellers must reapply and submit fresh biometrics.
• Passports must have at least six months’ validity at the time of applying.
• For support, travellers can reach out via email at india.ftittp-boi@mha.gov.in.

Implementation Phases

The FTI-TTP will be implemented in two phases:

• Phase 1: Covers Indian citizens and OCI cardholders.
• Phase 2: Will extend to foreign travellers.
• The programme will be expanded to 21 major airports across the country.

Comparison with Similar Global Programmes

Several countries have implemented similar fast-track immigration systems:

United States: Global Entry

• Introduced in 2008.
• Offers self-service kiosks for pre-approved travellers.
• Requires background checks and in-person interviews.

United Kingdom: Registered Traveller Service

• Launched in 2015.
• Allows frequent visitors from select countries, including India, to use e-gates.
• Requires visa eligibility or multiple prior visits.

European Union: Smart Borders Initiative

• Implemented in 2016, with full deployment expected by 2024.
• Pre-registers biometric data for faster processing at Schengen Area borders.

Australia: SmartGate

• Started in 2007 for Australian and New Zealand passport holders.
• Uses automated kiosks for identity verification via passport scans and photos.

Saudi Arabia: Smart Travel System

• Launched in 2019.
• Uses automated e-gates for faster immigration clearance.
• Expanding as part of Vision 2030 to improve travel experience, particularly for Hajj pilgrims.

In News:

The QS World Future Skills Index 2025, released by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), evaluates countries' readiness to meet the evolving demands of the global job market. It assesses nations based on skill development, education, and economic transformation, highlighting their preparedness for emerging technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and sustainability.

India’s Performance in the Index:

• Overall Ranking: India is ranked 25th globally, categorizing it as a “Future Skills Contender.”
• Future of Work Category: India ranked 2nd, only behind the United States, reflecting its preparedness for AI, digital, and green jobs.
• Economic Transformation: India scored 58.3, the lowest among the top 30 countries, reflecting challenges in innovation and sustainability.
• Skills Fit: India received a score of 59.1, the weakest among the top 30 nations, indicating a gap between workforce skills and industry requirements.
• Academic Readiness: India’s education system is struggling to keep pace with employer demands, necessitating curriculum reforms and stronger academia-industry collaboration.

Key Findings from the Report:

Strengths:

• Digital Readiness: India has demonstrated strong capabilities in integrating digital talent into the workforce.
• Youth Advantage: A large, young population provides a demographic dividend for sustained economic growth.
• Startup Ecosystem: India’s startup culture and government initiatives support technological advancement and innovation.

Weaknesses:

• Higher Education-Industry Gap: Mismatch between education and employer requirements, particularly in AI, green skills, and entrepreneurship.
• Limited R&D Investment: India’s research and development spending is 0.6% of GDP, far below the global average of 2.7%.
• Low Innovation in Sustainability: India scored 15.6 out of 100, ranking poorly in future-oriented innovation for sustainability.

Challenges and Concerns:

• Skilled Workforce Shortage: The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) estimates a 29 million skilled workforce gap in critical sectors such as healthcare, semiconductor manufacturing, and AI.
• Low Employability Rates: Only 25% of management professionals, 20% of engineers, and 10% of graduates meet global employability standards.
• Higher Education Accessibility: Many students face difficulties in accessing quality tertiary education, particularly in skill-intensive fields.

Opportunities for Growth:

• Leverage Demographic Dividend: India can capitalize on its young workforce to dominate skill-based industries while other nations struggle with aging populations.
• Policy Support:
  • National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Focuses on modular education and reskilling initiatives.
  • ULLAS Program: Aims to expand lifelong learning and skill development.
• Technological Integration: Advancements in AI and digital learning can help modernize academic curricula and improve job readiness.

Recommendations for Improvement:

• Enhancing Academia-Industry Collaboration: Universities should prioritize problem-solving, entrepreneurship, and creativity to align education with employer needs.
• Increasing R&D Investment: Raising spending on research and development to promote innovation and sustainability.
• Expanding Access to Education: Bridging regional disparities in tertiary education through flexible and modular learning.
• Strengthening Policy Implementation: Ensuring effective execution of skilling programs to reduce the workforce-employability gap.

In News:

The Union government has approved the constitution of the Eighth Pay Commission, benefiting 50 lakh central government employees and 65 lakh pensioners, including serving and retired defence personnel. The decision, taken ahead of the Delhi Assembly elections, aims to address long-standing demands from trade unions and employee organizations.

Key Features of the 8th Pay Commission

• Early Constitution: Although the Seventh Pay Commission's term ends in 2026, the early establishment of the Eighth Pay Commission ensures timely recommendations and implementation.
• Composition: The commission will have a Chairperson and two members, typically led by a retired Supreme Court judge.
• Terms of Reference (ToR):
  • Revision of Pay: Recommend updates to salary structures and allowances.
  • Addressing Pay Disparities: Resolve wage differences across various cadres.
  • Market Parity: Align pay structures with industry standards.
  • Pension and Retirement Benefits: Improve pension schemes and adjust them for inflation.
  • Economic Impact Analysis: Assess how salary hikes contribute to economic growth.
  • Stakeholder Consultations: Engage with governments and other stakeholders before finalizing recommendations.

Economic Implications of the 8th Pay Commission

• Employee Well-being: Higher wages will enhance the quality of life for government employees.
• Boost to Consumption: Increased salaries are expected to stimulate demand and support economic expansion.
• Ripple Effect on PSUs & States: Many public sector undertakings and state governments follow the central pay commission’s recommendations, potentially leading to wider economic benefits.
• Fiscal Considerations: The implementation of the Seventh Pay Commission in 2016-17 led to an expenditure increase of ?1 lakh crore. A similar rise in 2026-27 could impact fiscal space for capital expenditures.

Challenges and Concerns

• Implementation Delays: Past commissions have taken two years to submit recommendations, which could push implementation beyond 2027.
• Living Wage & Pension Issues: Existing formulas for minimum wage and pension calculations may need revision to reflect rising healthcare, education, and digital access costs.
• Financial Burden on the Exchequer: A significant increase in revenue expenditure could limit the government’s ability to invest in infrastructure and development projects.

In News:

The World Bank has released its Global Economic Prospects (GEP) report for 2025, a flagship biannual publication analyzing trends and projections in the global economy, with a focus on emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs). The report highlights economic growth forecasts, trade dynamics, and the challenges and opportunities shaping the global economic landscape.

Global Economic Outlook

• The world economy is projected to expand at a steady yet subdued rate of 2.7% in both 2025 and 2026, maintaining the pace of 2024.
• Inflation, which peaked above 8% in recent years, is expected to stabilize at an average rate of 2.7% in 2025 and 2026, aligning with central bank targets.
• Despite growth, the global economy remains 0.4 percentage points below the 2010-2019 average, raising concerns about its ability to tackle poverty effectively.

Challenges and Risks

• Trade Restrictions: New trade restrictions imposed in 2024 were five times higher than the 2010-19 average, contributing to a slowdown in global trade and economic growth.
• Rising Protectionism: Increased fragmentation in global trade policies is limiting exports and hampering economic integration.
• Policy Uncertainty: Adverse policy shifts, sluggish progress in reducing inflation, and weaker performance in major economies pose downside risks to global recovery.
• Debt and Investment Concerns: Developing economies are experiencing sluggish investment growth and high debt levels, exacerbated by climate change-related costs.

Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs)

• EMDEs have significantly evolved since 2000, now contributing about 45% of global GDP, compared to 25% at the start of the century.
• The three largest EMDEs—India, China, and Brazil—have accounted for approximately 60% of annual global growth over the past two decades.
• Growth in low- and middle-income developing countries is expected at 4.1% in 2025 and 4% in 2026, with a notable slowdown compared to the early 2000s.
• Low-income countries are projected to rebound to 5.7% in 2025 and 5.9% in 2026, aided by easing conflicts in some regions.
• The world's poorest nations, with annual per capita incomes below USD 1,145, recorded growth of 3.6% in 2024, impacted by conflicts in regions like Gaza and Sudan, alongside lingering effects of COVID-19 and geopolitical tensions.

India-Specific Highlights

• Fastest-Growing Major Economy: India is expected to maintain its position as the world’s fastest-growing major economy, with a projected growth rate of 6.7% in both 2025 and 2026.
• Sectoral Growth: The services sector will remain robust, while manufacturing activity is expected to strengthen.
• Investment Growth: Supported by rising private investment, improved corporate balance sheets, and favorable financing conditions, investment growth in India is expected to remain steady.
• Key Growth Drivers:
  • Infrastructure development under the PM GatiShakti National Master Plan.
  • Innovation-driven initiatives like Startup India and the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme.
  • Expansion of the digital economy and financial inclusion efforts.
• Rural Demand and Consumption: Growth in rural demand and a recovery in farm production have bolstered consumer spending, although urban consumption remains affected by inflation and slow credit growth.

In News:

January is Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, and the focus on this month underscores the critical importance of preventing cervical cancer, a disease responsible for significant mortality among women in India. At the heart of this prevention is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which is recognized as the most effective measure to prevent cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Despite its potential, the HPV vaccine remains out of reach for many due to its high cost and the need for greater awareness.

HPV and its Impact in India

HPV is responsible for 99.7% of cervical cancers worldwide, making it one of the primary causes of cancer in women. In India, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women, accounting for about 6-29% of all cancers in women. As of GLOBOCAN 2020, India alone has 20% of the global burden of cervical cancer, with over 123,000 cases and a 9.1% mortality rate.

Additionally, HPV can lead to several other cancers, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and throat cancers, making its vaccination vital for overall cancer prevention.

The HPV Vaccine: A Game-Changer

The HPV vaccine is the most effective tool to prevent infections caused by the virus and reduce the incidence of associated cancers. The vaccine works by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that neutralize the virus before it can cause damage. There are different types of vaccines authorized in India, including:

• Gardasil (protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18)
• Cervarix (a bivalent vaccine targeting HPV 16 and 18)
• Cervavac (India's first HPV vaccine, developed by the Serum Institute of India)

The vaccine is recommended for both males and females between 9 and 26 years, with a special focus on children aged 12 to 13 years, as the vaccine is most effective when administered before exposure to the virus. It’s also suitable for people who are immunocompromised or HIV-infected.

Challenges to HPV Vaccination in India

Despite the obvious benefits, the uptake of the HPV vaccine in India faces several barriers:

• High Costs: The price of the vaccine remains prohibitively high. For example:
  • Gardasil 9 costs ?10,850 per dose.
  • Gardasil 4 is priced between ?2,000 to ?4,000 per dose.
  • Cervavac, the Indian-made vaccine, costs around ?2,000 per dose, which is more affordable but still out of reach for many.
• Awareness and Cultural Perceptions: There is a lack of awareness about HPV and its link to cervical cancer. Cultural factors, particularly around reproductive health, can also create reluctance to vaccinate, especially in rural or conservative areas.
• Limited Access: Currently, the vaccine is available through private practitioners and is not part of the National Immunisation Programme (NIP), limiting access to the broader population.

The Way Forward: National Immunisation and Awareness Campaigns

The National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI) has recommended that the HPV vaccine be included in India’s National Immunisation Programme (NIP). This would enable broader access and affordability, especially for girls aged 9–14 years and ensure that a routine vaccination schedule is implemented at the age of 9 years. Some states like Punjab and Sikkim have already taken steps to introduce the vaccine in their state-level immunization programs.

Additionally, a nationwide HPV vaccination campaign could raise awareness about the vaccine and its benefits, helping to overcome the challenges of cost, safety concerns, and cultural perceptions. Regular cervical cancer screenings (such as Pap smears and HPV tests) should also be encouraged to identify precancerous changes early.

In News:

The Union Cabinet, has approved the establishment of a Third Launch Pad (TLP) at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), located at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. This project marks a significant step in enhancing India’s space capabilities and will support the Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV) for ISRO’s evolving space exploration programs.

Key Features of the Third Launch Pad

The TLP will be built with an adaptable design, capable of supporting NGLV and LVM3 vehicles with semi-cryogenic propulsion. The launch pad will also serve as a standby for the Second Launch Pad (SLP) at Sriharikota. This addition will help ISRO meet its growing launch capacity needs, particularly for future human spaceflight missions and space exploration projects. It will facilitate higher launch frequencies, thus boosting the Indian space ecosystem.

Implementation Strategy and Timeline

The Third Launch Pad is planned to be developed within 48 months (4 years), with the total cost pegged at ?3984.86 Crore. The development will involve maximized industry participation and will utilize existing infrastructure at the launch complex. The project will also leverage ISRO’s experience gained from establishing the earlier launch pads.

The Importance of the Third Launch Pad

The TLP is designed to support the Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV), a key part of ISRO’s vision for space exploration. The facility will not only accommodate heavier vehicles but will also ensure standby capacity for the Second Launch Pad (SLP). Its strategic location at Sriharikota ensures several advantages:

• Proximity to the Equator: This offers a substantial increase in payload capacity due to the additional push provided by the Earth's rotation.
• Safety and Accessibility: The site is free from major international maritime or airline routes, ensuring a safe flight path.
• Geographical Advantage: The launch pad is situated on the eastern coast, enabling launches in an easterly direction, maximizing the benefits of Earth’s rotational speed.

Future Plans for Indian Space Exploration

The establishment of the Third Launch Pad is crucial for the expanded vision of India’s space program, particularly in line with the Amrit Kaal period. ISRO aims to achieve ambitious milestones, such as the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) by 2035 and an Indian Crewed Lunar Landing by 2040. The NGLV will play a pivotal role in these plans, with features like:

• A three-stage vehicle and reusable first stage.
• Semi-cryogenic propulsion, using refined kerosene and liquid oxygen, which will increase payload capacity by three times at 1.5 times the cost of current vehicles.

The Role of Sriharikota in India’s Space Program

Sriharikota, the hub of ISRO’s launch operations, has been integral to India’s space exploration. Currently, the Indian Space Transportation Systems rely on two operational launch pads:

• First Launch Pad (FLP): Established over 30 years ago for PSLV and SSLV missions, FLP continues to support Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) launches.
• Second Launch Pad (SLP): Built primarily for GSLV and LVM3 vehicles, SLP also serves as a standby for PSLV. Over its 20 years of operation, SLP has supported several national missions, including Chandrayaan-3, and is preparing for the Gaganyaan missions.

In News:

The concept of ‘blood money’ has come under scrutiny recently, especially in the context of the death sentence awarded to Indian nurse Nimisha Priya from Kerala in Yemen. This case, where the focus is on monetary compensation paid to the victim’s family, has sparked renewed discussions on the practice of blood money.

What is ‘Blood Money’?

‘Blood money’ or diya is a term used in Islamic Sharia law and refers to a sum of money that the perpetrator of a crime must pay to the victim or the victim’s family, typically in cases of unintentional murder or homicide. The custom is designed to offer compensation to the family for the loss of income and alleviate their suffering, rather than placing a price on human life. This practice allows the victim’s family to forgive the accused and avoid retribution, called qisas, under the Sharia.

However, even when blood money is paid, the community or state retains the authority to impose a penalty or punishment, which could include imprisonment or other penalties, based on the seriousness of the crime.

How Does Blood Money Figure in Islamic Sharia Law?

In Islamic law, the amount of blood money varies based on several factors such as the victim’s gender, religion, and nationality. The following examples demonstrate the application of blood money in different Islamic countries:

• Saudi Arabia: In Saudi Arabia, blood money is part of traffic regulations, where the perpetrator must pay compensation to the heirs of victims who die in road accidents. While a Sharia court determines the amount of compensation, the police handle the determination of the guilty party. In workplace accidents, a special committee sets the amount. Saudi Arabia has considered reforming its laws to ensure equal compensation for men and women, Muslims and non-Muslims. However, efforts to amend the laws have not yet been fully implemented.
• Iran: In Iran, blood money differs based on the gender and religion of the victim. A woman’s compensation is typically set at half of that of a man’s. While the Supreme Court of Iran upheld a law to equalize compensation for all individuals in 2019, full implementation of the law has yet to be realized.
• Pakistan: Pakistan has incorporated provisions for diya and qisas in its legal system through the Criminal Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 1991, aligning its practices with those of Islamic law.
• Yemen: In Yemen, parties involved can negotiate compensation, with judicial oversight ensuring fairness.

India’s Stand on ‘Diya’ and Blood Money

India does not include the provision for blood money in its formal legal framework. However, a similar concept exists in the form of plea bargaining, which allows the accused to negotiate with the prosecution in exchange for a reduced sentence or charge. Plea bargaining involves the defendant pleading guilty to a lesser offense in return for a concession, either in terms of the charges or the sentence.

Plea Bargaining in India:

Introduced under the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005, plea bargaining was added to the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. While it bears some resemblance to blood money in that it allows for compensation to the victim, it has significant limitations:

• It can only be applied to crimes punishable by imprisonment of less than seven years.
• It is not applicable to heinous crimes such as murder or rape, or offenses involving women or children under 14.
• The accused must voluntarily agree to plead guilty, with no coercion involved.

While plea bargaining may include compensation under Section 265E of the Code, discussions continue to refine this provision to make it more inclusive, similar to the reforms seen in Islamic countries regarding blood money.

Historical Practices Similar to Blood Money

Throughout history, various cultures have had practices similar to blood money. These include:

• Brehon Law (Ireland): In the 7th century, Brehon law established the concept of Éraic (body price) and Log nEnech (honor price). These were compensation systems that allowed for the amicable resolution of crimes, avoiding capital punishment.
• Galanas (Wales): Galanas in Welsh law determined compensation based on the victim's social status, where a blood fine was required in cases of murder, unless the killing was justified.
• Wergeld (Germany): The Wergeld system in early medieval Germany required compensation for homicide or grave offenses, often in monetary terms.
• Other Medieval States: Several medieval states established a standard payment for the victims’ families in the event of homicide or serious crimes, much like blood money.

Cases of Indians Pardoned with Blood Money

India has witnessed instances where blood money has been invoked for Indian nationals facing death sentences abroad:

• Arjunan Athimuthu (Kuwait, 2019): Arjunan’s death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment after his family paid ?30 lakh in blood money.
• Abdul Rahim (Saudi Arabia): Abdul Rahim, convicted for the murder of a Saudi boy in 2006, was pardoned after ?34 crore in blood money was paid. However, he has not been released from prison yet.
• UAE Cases:
  • In 2017, 10 Indians were pardoned after paying 200,000 dirhams as blood money.

In 2009, 17 Indians on death row for the murder of a Pakistani national were pardoned after a blood money amount of nearly ?4 crore was paid.

In News:

Days before demitting office, the Joe Biden administration has released an expansive regulatory framework on the export of artificial intelligence (AI) hardware such as graphics processing units (GPUs), which could have far-reaching consequences for India’s AI ambitions.

Three-Tier Framework for AI Hardware Export Restrictions

• Tier 1: Closest US Allies
  • Countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, South Korea, UK, etc.
  • No restrictions on computing power deployment.
  • Minimal security requirements.
  • Impact: Free access to AI technology for these nations.
• Tier 2: Majority of Countries (Including India)
  • Countries: India, Brazil, South Africa, etc.
  • Restrictions: Limited to importing approximately 50,000 advanced AI chips (around $1 billion) through 2027.
  • Potential to Double Cap: If countries sign agreements to uphold strict security standards.
  • Impact on India:
    • Short-Term: Likely to fulfill current demand for 10,000 GPUs for the IndiaAI Mission.
    • Long-Term: Challenges in scaling AI infrastructure, with possible delays in large AI data centers and difficulty acquiring large-scale GPUs.
• Tier 3: Countries of Concern (Restricted Nations)
  • Countries: Russia, China, North Korea, Iran, etc.
  • No Access to US AI Technology: Nearly total prohibition of AI tech exports.

Special Provisions for India and China

• General Validated End User (GVEU) status for India and China:
  • India: Authorisation for civilian and military use, excluding nuclear applications.
  • China: Only civilian use permitted under similar conditions.

Why the US Imposed These Restrictions?

• National Security: Prevent adversaries (China, Iran, Russia) from acquiring advanced AI technologies.
• US Technological Leadership: To protect US AI leadership and prevent loss of competitive edge.
• Trusted Ecosystem: Build secure and trusted AI environments for allied nations.

Impact on India

• Short-Term:
  • IndiaAI Mission: Current procurement of 10,000 GPUs unlikely to be affected.
  • Subsidized GPUs: Available for startups, academia, and researchers.
• Long-Term Concerns:
  • Licensing Uncertainties: Possible delays in large-scale AI deployments and AI data centers.
  • Impact on Large Firms: Companies like Reliance and Yotta may face challenges scaling up AI compute infrastructure.
  • National AI Mission Challenges: Difficulty in acquiring enough GPUs for large-scale AI projects beyond 2027.
  • Strategic Leverage: US could use AI export restrictions to negotiate trade deals or tariff adjustments.

Nvidia’s Criticism of the AI Diffusion Rules

• Overreach and Bureaucratic: Nvidia criticized the 200+ page regulatory framework as excessive, secretive, and bureaucratic.
• Harming US Competitiveness: Claims that the rules would hinder US innovation and global leadership, weakening the competitiveness of the US semiconductor and software industries.
• Contrast with Trump’s Approach: Praises the earlier Trump administration for fostering AI growth through industry competition without compromising national security.

Enforcement of the Rules

• Regulatory Control: Managed by the US Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) under the Department of Commerce.
• Technology Access: Ensures AI chips and models do not reach adversaries or nations posing security risks.

Potential Impact on India’s AI Strategy

• AI Hardware Infrastructure: Challenges in large-scale AI hardware deployment.
• Competitive Disadvantage: Potential delays or downsizing of AI data centers could affect India’s competitiveness in AI technology.
• Strategic Partnerships: India may need to secure General National Validated End User authorizations to ensure uninterrupted access to advanced chips.
• AI Market Growth: India’s AI market projected to grow to $17 billion by 2027, with an annual growth rate of 25%-35%.

In News:

On January 16, 2025, India marks nine years of Startup India, a transformative journey that began in 2016. Designated as National Startup Day, this occasion celebrates the nation’s strides in fostering a robust and inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Current Status (as of Jan 2025)

 Over 1.59 lakh startups recognized by DPIIT, making India the 3rd largest startup ecosystem globally.

• More than 100 unicorns (startups valued over $1 billion).
• Key hubs: Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Delhi-NCR; growing contribution from smaller cities.

Key Sectors

• Major sectors: Fintech, Edtech, Health-tech, E-commerce.
• Notable companies: Zomato, Nykaa, Ola exemplify India's shift from job seekers to job creators.

Key Milestones (2016–2025)

• Startups grew from around 500 in 2016 to 1.59 lakh in 2025.
• 73,151 startups with at least one-woman director as of 2024, showcasing rise in women entrepreneurship.
• Over 16.6 lakh jobs created by DPIIT-recognized startups by 2024.

Core Features of Startup India

• Ease of Doing Business: Simplified compliance, self-certification, and single-window clearances.
• Tax Benefits: Three-year tax exemptions for eligible startups.
• Funding Support: ?10,000 crore Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) supports early-stage funding.
• Sector-Specific Policies: Policies focusing on sectors like biotechnology, agriculture, and renewable energy.

Industry-wise Jobs Created

• IT Services: 2.04 lakh jobs.
• Healthcare & Lifesciences: 1.47 lakh jobs.
• Professional & Commercial Services: 94,000 jobs.
• Total direct jobs created: 16.6 lakh (as of Oct 2024).

Flagship Schemes

• Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS).
• Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS).
• Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) Scheme.

Other Key Initiatives

• Capacity Building & Handholding: Workshops for regional ecosystems, especially in non-metro cities.
• Outreach & Awareness: Initiatives to facilitate funding, incubation, and mentorship opportunities.
• Ecosystem Development: National-level events like Startup Mahakumbh to bring together key stakeholders.
• International Linkages: India’s G20 Presidency institutionalized Startup20 to enhance global collaborations.

BHASKAR Platform (Launched in Sept 2024)

• Objective: Centralize and streamline interactions within the entrepreneurial ecosystem.
• Key Features:
  • Networking: Connects startups, investors, mentors, and government bodies.
  • Resources: Provides quick access to essential tools and knowledge for scaling startups.
  • Global Outreach: Promotes India as a global innovation hub.

Startup Mahakumbh

• 2024 Edition: Hosted 1,300 exhibitors, 48,000 visitors, and 392 speakers, including unicorn founders and policymakers.
• 2025 Edition (3-5 April, New Delhi): Theme - “Startup India @ 2047 – Unfolding the Bharat Story.”

In News:

A Konkan secret, the flat-top sada is a freshwater paradise.

Key Highlights:

Geography of Sada:

• The Konkan region lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats.
• Sada refers to flat-topped hills, formed by centuries of erosion, and is a prominent feature in the Ratnagiri district.
• These areas are typically barren except during the monsoon season when they come alive with flora and fauna.

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services:

• A biodiversity survey between 2022-2024 recorded 459 plant species, with 105 being endemic to the Konkan region.
• The survey also identified 31 species of reptiles, 13 species of amphibians, 169 species of birds, and 41 species of mammals.
• These ecosystems play a vital role in water conservation. The lateritic soil layer atop the Sada acts as a catchment for rainwater, recharging the groundwater and providing freshwater to local communities year-round.

Traditional Land Use and Agriculture:

• Local Farming: During monsoons, the Sada is used by locals for growing traditional crops like rice and millets (e.g., nanchani), using sustainable farming practices without pesticides or chemical fertilizers.
• Water Management: The locals rely on open wells, springs, and perennial streams for freshwater, which are carefully maintained through cultural rituals and community hygiene practices.

Conservation and Cultural Importance:

• The region is home to geoglyphs, ancient artworks estimated to be 10,000 years old, adding to its cultural and historical significance.
• Waterbodies on the Sada serve as habitats for species like the Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata) and provide water for other wildlife, including leopards, jackals, hyenas, barking deer, and migratory birds.

Environmental Threats:

• Land-use Change: Increasing conversion of open land and croplands into orchards and residential areas, along with various developmental projects, threatens the region's biodiversity.
• Mining: Extraction of laterite stones for construction purposes is another environmental risk.
• Wasteland Classification: The region is often classified as a ‘wasteland’ in the Wasteland Atlas, further complicating conservation efforts.

In News:

Israel and Hamas have agreed on a Gaza ceasefire and hostage release deal after 15 months of war.

Key Highlights:

Ceasefire Agreement Details:

• Location: The deal was brokered in Doha, Qatar.
• Approval Process: The deal must be approved by Israel’s Cabinet to take effect.
• Mediators: The agreement was negotiated by Qatar, Egypt, and the United States, with their involvement ensuring the implementation of the deal.

Phases of the Deal:

• First Phase (42 Days):
  • Release of 33 hostages by Hamas, including women, children, and elderly people.
  • Hostage Exchange: Hostages will be exchanged for Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails.
  • Gaza Ceasefire and Withdrawal: Israeli forces will gradually withdraw from Central Gaza and move to the borders.
  • Return of Displaced Palestinians: Displaced Palestinians will be allowed to return to Northern Gaza.
  • Humanitarian Aid: 600 humanitarian aid trucks will be allowed into Gaza daily.
• Second Phase:
  • Hostage Release: Negotiations will begin for the release of remaining hostages.
  • Full Israeli Troop Withdrawal: Israel will fully withdraw its forces.
• Third Phase:
  • Reconstruction of Gaza: Overseen by Egypt, Qatar, and the United Nations.
  • Reopening of Border Crossings: For movement in and out of Gaza.
  • Return of Hostage Bodies: Return of any bodies of hostages who died.

Background of the Israel-Hamas Conflict:

• Start: On October 7, 2023, Hamas launched an attack on Israel, called Operation Al-Aqsa Flood, causing significant casualties.
• Israeli Response: Israel launched Operation Iron Sword in retaliation.
• Casualties: The conflict resulted in 46,707 Palestinian deaths, mostly civilians, and 1,210 Israeli deaths.

About Gaza Strip:

• Location: A Palestinian enclave on the Mediterranean Sea, bordered by Israel and Egypt.
• Administration: The Gaza Strip is governed by Hamas since 2006.
• Movement Restrictions: Israel controls air space and shoreline, imposing restrictions. Egypt controls one border and also restricts movement.

Gaza Truce Deal:

• Nature: A proposed ceasefire to end the ongoing conflict.
• Primary Parties: Israel and Hamas.
• Supporting Nations: United States, Qatar, and Egypt.
• Significance:
  • Aims to stop fighting and address the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.
  • Potential to influence regional stability and Israeli politics.
  • Marks an important moment in U.S. diplomacy under the Biden administration.

In News:

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted field evaluation trials of India's indigenous Anti-Tank Missile - Nag Mark 2 at the Pokhran Field Range in Rajasthan.

Overview of Nag Mk-2:

• Type: Third-generation, fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile (ATGM).
• Development: Indigenous development by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).
• Functionality: Designed to neutralize modern armored threats, including those with Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA), using advanced fire-and-forget technology.

Technological Features:

• Fire-and-Forget Technology: Operators lock onto targets before launch, allowing the missile to autonomously track and engage targets, ensuring precision strikes.
• Lock-on After Launch: The missile can lock onto the target post-launch, providing flexibility in complex battlefield environments.
• Advanced Guidance System: Equipped with Imaging Infrared (IIR) seekers for enhanced accuracy, both during the day and at night.

Performance and Range:

• Effective Range: The missile has a range of 7 to 10 kilometers, a significant improvement over its predecessor, Nag Mk-1, which had a range of only 4 kilometers.
• Test Trials: Successfully destroyed all targets at both maximum and minimum ranges during the field evaluation trials at Pokhran Field Range, Rajasthan.
• Attack Mode: Includes a top-attack capability to target the vulnerable upper surfaces of armored vehicles, enhancing its effectiveness.

Platform and Integration:

• Launch Platform: The missile is launched from the NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier) Version 2, a tank destroyer vehicle used by the Indian Army to launch anti-tank missiles.
• Versatility: Designed for integration with multiple platforms, enhancing operational flexibility in different combat scenarios.

Strategic and Operational Significance:

• Indigenous Defence Capability: Reduces India's dependence on foreign weapons systems, strengthening self-reliance in defense technology.
• Enhanced Battlefield Readiness: Provides the Indian Army with a cutting-edge weapon to counter modern armored vehicles, improving tactical advantages.
• Operational Effectiveness: The missile’s precision and ability to neutralize targets with minimal collateral damage make it an essential tool in modern warfare.
• Strategic Deterrence: Demonstrates India’s technological advancements in missile systems, signaling strength and deterrence to adversaries.

In News:

Union Minister of Commerce & Industry Shri Piyush Goyal launches Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform.

Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform:

• Objective: Strengthen India's cleantech value chains, especially in solar, wind, hydrogen, and battery storage sectors.
• Platform Features:
  • Aims to promote collaboration, co-innovation, and knowledge-sharing among Indian firms.
  • Focus on scaling up manufacturing, sharing ideas, technologies, and resources.
  • Acts as a financing platform for the cleantech sector.
  • Designed to position India as a global leader in sustainability and cleantech innovation.

India's Clean Energy Commitment:

• Target: 500 GW of clean energy capacity by 2030.
• India has been a front-runner in fulfilling its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement and UNFCCC.
• Early Achievement: India achieved its 2022 renewable energy target of 200 GW, 8 years ahead of schedule.
• Largest Interconnected Grid: India boasts the world’s largest interconnected power grid, enhancing its renewable energy distribution capacity.
• Gujarat is a pioneer in solar power adoption in India.

Union Minister Shri Piyush Goyal's Views:

• On Product-Linked Incentives (PLIs):
  • PLIs and subsidies are seen as short-term aids; long-term growth of the clean energy sector depends on it becoming self-sustaining.
  • Urged Indian firms to innovate and scale up manufacturing within the country.
• On Clean Energy and Sustainability:
  • Stressed the importance of innovation and collaboration to achieve sustainability goals.
  • India aims to attract international investors by creating a compelling business case for cleantech investments.
• 3S Approach (Speed, Scale, and Skill): Key to implementing India's renewable energy program, emphasizing rapid deployment, large-scale adoption, and skill development in the sector.

Bharat Climate Forum 2025:

• Event Objective: A platform for policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders to discuss climate action, clean energy, and India’s role in global climate goals.
• Key Focus Areas:
  • Aligning India’s clean energy initiatives with global climate goals (UNFCCC, Paris Agreement).
  • Emphasizing India’s early achievements in clean energy adoption.
  • Promoting sustainable development and clean energy solutions.

India's Performance in Renewable Energy:

• India’s progress has been commendable in meeting its climate targets and setting up clean energy capacity ahead of schedule.
• The government’s initiatives, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, have made solar power affordable and scalable through transparency in auctions, competitive bidding, and speed in project implementation.

In News:

World’s First Cryo-Born Baby Corals Successfully Settled on the Great Barrier Reef.

Introduction to Cryo-Born Corals

• Cryo-born corals are created using cryopreservation techniques, which involve freezing coral cells and tissues at very low temperatures.
• The process preserves coral cells by preventing the formation of ice crystals that would otherwise damage them.
• Cryopreservation involves adding cryoprotectants to remove water from cells, enabling their survival during freezing and thawing.

Significance of the Breakthrough

• Climate Change Resilience: The initiative aims to create heat-tolerant corals, which are crucial in combating the impact of rising ocean temperatures due to climate change.
• Selective Breeding Advantage: Cryopreservation allows for controlled breeding and bypasses the limitations of natural coral spawning, which occurs only once a year. This enables multiple reproduction cycles without disturbing wild populations.

The Process of Cryo-Born Coral Production

• Sperm Collection: During coral spawning events, sperm from various coral species is collected and frozen at -196°C using liquid nitrogen, halting metabolic processes.
• Coral Egg Fertilization: Cryopreserved sperm is used to fertilize fresh coral eggs, which are grown in a specialized research facility called the National Sea Simulator.
• Coral Cradles: After growth, the cryo-born corals are carefully transported and settled into specially designed "coral cradles" placed in the Great Barrier Reef, where their growth is monitored during their critical first year.

Importance of Cryo-Born Corals in Reef Restoration

• The primary aim is to introduce millions of heat-tolerant corals annually to restore reefs affected by climate change.
• The Taronga CryoDiversity Bank houses the world’s largest frozen coral sperm collection from 32 coral species, collected annually since 2011, providing a resource for future restoration efforts.

Coral Reefs: An Overview

• Corals are marine invertebrates from the class Anthozoa, phylum Cnidaria.
• Reefs are built by colonies of coral polyps that secrete limestone skeletons and rely on symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) for nutrition.
• Coral reefs are typically found in shallow, sunlit waters with a temperature range of 16-32°C and depths less than 50 meters.

Global and Indian Coral Conservation Efforts

• India:
  • The National Committee on Wetlands, Mangroves, and Coral Reefs (1986) advises on conservation measures.
  • The Environment (Protection) Act (1986) prohibits the use of coral and sand in construction.
  • Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) uses Biorock technology for coral restoration.
• Global Efforts:
  • CITES lists coral species in Appendix II, regulating coral trade.
  • The World Heritage Convention designates coral reefs as protected sites.

Global Impact and Future Directions

• The innovative work by Australian scientists opens the door for large-scale restoration efforts by allowing more controlled breeding and genetic diversity, making corals more resilient to climate change.
• This breakthrough could revolutionize coral restoration, scaling up efforts to introduce millions of resilient corals to reefs worldwide, building long-term resilience against climate change.

In News:

• The growth of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been remarkable in recent years. In 2018, a 340-million-parameter AI model was considered large, whereas models like ChatGPT now have 1.8 trillion parameters.
• As part of its ambition to make the digital economy worth USD 1 trillion by 2028, India is focusing on AI sovereignty and investing in semiconductors and AI technologies to achieve this goal.

What is Sovereign AI?

Definition

• Sovereign AI refers to a nation’s ability to develop, control, and deploy AI using its own resources, including infrastructure, data, workforce, and business networks.
• This involves not just developing AI models but also creating infrastructure and nurturing homegrown talent to lead AI advancements within the country.

Key Aspects of Sovereign AI

• National Control: Ensures AI technologies align with a country's laws, regulations, and ethical standards.
• Data Sovereignty: Emphasizes control of data within the country’s borders, protecting privacy, security, and national interests.
• AI in Governance: Generative AI is transforming industries, markets, and governance, with AI-powered tools assisting professionals and governments.
• Ethical Considerations: Countries define security protocols and ethical frameworks to govern the use of AI technologies.
• Strategic Autonomy: Reduces reliance on foreign technologies, encouraging domestic development in AI to achieve strategic independence.
• Economic Competitiveness: AI is crucial for industrial innovation. Without it, nations risk falling behind in the global economy.

Growth and Importance of AI

Evolution of AI Models

• In 2018, a 340-million-parameter model was considered a significant achievement.
• Today, ChatGPT uses 1.8 trillion parameters, and Google’s Gemini uses 1.5 trillion parameters. In comparison, China’s DeepSeek has a model with 240 billion parameters.
• Parameters are the internal variables of AI models, adjusted during training to improve their performance and accuracy.

Strategic Applications

• Sovereign AI plays a pivotal role in critical sectors such as:
  • Defense
  • Healthcare
  • Transportation
  • Governance
• It helps redefine industries, boost innovation, and streamline operations across various sectors.

India’s Position in Sovereign AI

AI Infrastructure Development

• Tata Group and Reliance are building AI infrastructure in India, including the development of Large Language Models (LLMs).
• India has allocated USD 1.2 billion for a sovereign AI project under the IndiaAI Mission, which includes creating an AI supercomputer with thousands of chips.

Government Initiatives

• The IndiaAI Mission is designed to boost India’s AI capabilities by building infrastructure, fostering talent, and supporting innovation within the country.

Global AI Compact

• A Global AI Compact has been proposed to ensure equitable access to AI technologies across nations.
• The compact advocates for sharing AI resources globally while promoting cooperation and addressing challenges associated with AI governance.

In News:

As wildfires continue to rage across Southern California, authorities are deploying pink fire retardant from aircraft to help combat the blazes. Despite its widespread use, concerns over its effectiveness and environmental risks have surfaced in recent years.

What is Pink Fire Retardant?

• Fire retardant is a chemical mixture designed to slow down or extinguish wildfires. The most commonly used product in the U.S. is Phos-Chek, a brand of retardant.
• Phos-Chek primarily contains ammonium phosphate-based slurry (salts like ammonium polyphosphate), which helps the retardant stay longer and resist evaporation, unlike water.

Purpose and Visibility

• Fire retardants are sprayed ahead of fires to coat vegetation, reducing oxygen and preventing flames from spreading.
• Color is added to the fire retardant, often bright pink, to improve visibility. This ensures firefighters can track its spread and create effective fire lines, helping protect lives and property.

Manufacturer

• Perimeter Solutions manufactures Phos-Chek, which is used for aerial fire suppression efforts.

Effectiveness of Pink Fire Retardant

Limited Effectiveness

• The use of fire retardants like Phos-Chek is not always effective across different wildfire conditions.
  • Aerial retardants depend on environmental conditions like terrain, slope, and weather for optimal effectiveness.
  • Researchers, including Forest Service scientists, suggest that retardant effectiveness is more limited under changing climate conditions.
  • Climate change is narrowing the window of opportunity for using aerial retardants, reducing their impact.

Uncertainty in Impact

• The effectiveness of fire retardants is hard to quantify. Multiple firefighting methods are used simultaneously, making it difficult to attribute wildfire suppression success solely to the retardant.

Environmental Concerns of Pink Fire Retardant

Toxicity and Pollution

• Phos-Chek contains toxic metals such as chromium and cadmium, both of which are harmful to humans and the environment.
  • Chromium and cadmium are linked to serious health issues, including cancer and liver/kidney diseases.
  • Aquatic life is particularly vulnerable to these toxins, as the chemicals can enter waterways, causing extensive damage to ecosystems.

Impact on Rivers and Streams

• The use of pink fire retardant has raised concerns regarding the contamination of rivers and streams.
  • A study by the University of Southern California (USC) in 2024 estimated that 850,000 pounds of toxic chemicals have been released into the environment since 2009 due to fire retardant use.

Growing Use and Pollution

• From 2009 to 2021, over 440 million gallons of retardant were applied across U.S. lands.
  • During this period, an estimated 400 tons of heavy metals were introduced into the environment, further exacerbating the pollution levels.

Financial and Practical Concerns

High Cost and Inefficiency

• The cost of deploying fire retardant is significant. Aerial firefighting operations require substantial resources, including planes, helicopters, and large quantities of retardant.
• Environmental experts argue that using fire retardant from planes is ineffective and expensive, especially in light of the growing environmental concerns.

In News:

• India has recently joined the United Nations Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD), marking a significant step in strengthening its role in global statistical frameworks.
• The inclusion is a result of India's recent membership in the United Nations Statistical Council (UNSC), signaling the nation's growing influence in global data governance.

Key Highlights

• India's Growing Influence: India’s entry into the UN-CEBD highlights its growing stature in the international statistical community, emphasizing its commitment to utilizing big data and data science for informed decision-making.
• Strategic Opportunity: This membership allows India to contribute to shaping global standards in leveraging big data for official statistical purposes, especially in tracking Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

What is UN-CEBD?

• UN-CEBD is a specialized body under the United Nations, formed in 2014 to explore the benefits and challenges of using big data and data science to strengthen global statistical systems.
• It was established under the United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC).
• Members: The committee consists of 31 member states (including India) and 16 international organizations.

Key Objectives

• Monitor SDGs: Use big data to track progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• Address Data Challenges: Overcome challenges in utilizing non-traditional data sources, such as satellite imagery, Internet of Things (IoT), and private sector data.
• Promote Big Data Use: Encourage practical applications of big data across borders while addressing associated challenges.

Governance and Functions

• Advisory Board: Provides strategic direction, convening four times a year.
• UN Bureau: Manages day-to-day operations.
• Key Functions:
  • Strategic Coordination: Vision and direction for utilizing big data in global official statistics.
  • Capacity Building: Enhance capabilities through training, technical assistance, and knowledge sharing.
  • Public Trust: Establish confidence in using big data for official statistics.

Big Data: Definition and Importance

What is Big Data?

• Big data refers to vast, complex datasets that cannot be processed by traditional data management systems.
• It enables enhanced decision-making and improved processes for policy formulation, product development, and governance.

India's Big Data Initiatives

• National Data & Analytics Platform (NDAP): Facilitates data-driven decision-making.
• Big Data Management Policy: Defines strategies for managing large datasets within government agencies.
• National Data Warehouse on Official Statistics: Centralizes official data for better access and analysis.

The 6Vs of Big Data

• Volume: Large amounts of data.
• Velocity: Speed of data generation and processing.
• Variety: Different types of data.
• Veracity: Accuracy of data.
• Value: Significance of the data.
• Variability: Fluctuations in data.

India’s Role in the UN-CEBD

Contribution to Global Standards

• India's initiatives such as the Data Innovation Lab and the use of satellite imagery and machine learning will be shared with other members, fostering global collaboration in statistical innovations.
• India will contribute to shaping international standards for the use of big data in monitoring SDGs.

Enhancing Statistical Processes

• Modernization of Data: India aims to modernize its statistical processes by incorporating IoT, satellite data, and private-sector data.
• Real-time Insights: Providing policymakers with timely and accurate data to address key socio-economic issues.
• Improving Estimates: Using big data to enhance the accuracy of official statistics, improving governance and policymaking.

Strategic Goals of India's Engagement

• Streamline Statistical Production: Innovation in data collection, processing, and analysis to reduce delays in data availability.
• Improve Decision-Making: Provide real-time, evidence-based insights to policymakers.
• Foster International Collaboration: Share India’s expertise and learn from global best practices to build future-ready statistical systems.

In News:

On January 12, 2025, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi participated in the Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue 2025, an event aimed at empowering India's youth and charting a roadmap for the nation's development. This occasion also coincided with the celebration of National Youth Day, marking the 163rd birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, a renowned spiritual leader and social reformer who strongly believed in the transformative potential of India's youth.

Significance of National Youth Day

• Purpose:
  • National Youth Day is celebrated to honor Swami Vivekananda's contributions, emphasizing the role of youth in nation-building.
  • It promotes empowerment, leadership, and innovation among the youth.
• Year of First Celebration: 1985
• Key Theme (2025): "Arise, Awake, and Realize the Power You Hold"

Key Highlights from the Dialogue

• Goal of the Dialogue:
  • Engaging youth in the decision-making process for a developed India by 2047.
  • Empowering youth through platforms like quizzes, essay competitions, and thematic presentations.
• Ten Key Themes Discussed:
  • Technology & Innovation
  • Sustainability
  • Women Empowerment
  • Manufacturing & Agriculture
  • Education and Skill Development

India’s Roadmap for 2047 (Viksit Bharat)

• Vision:
  • Economic Power: India is moving toward becoming the third-largest economy.
  • Strategic and Cultural Strength: India will have a robust economic, strategic, social, and cultural framework.
  • Youth's Role: Innovation in technology, digital economy, space, and manufacturing will drive India’s growth.
• Key Projects and Targets:
  • Target: Generating 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030.
  • Net Zero Emissions for Railways: Set for 2030.
  • Olympics: India aims to host the Olympics in the next decade.
  • Space Power: Plans for a space station by 2035.

Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Challenge

• Objective:
  • Engage youth in shaping ideas for a developed India.
  • The Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue is part of the Viksit Bharat Challenge.
• Stages of the Challenge:
  • Viksit Bharat Quiz: Participation by 30 lakh youth.
  • Essay Writing: Over 2 lakh essays on key developmental themes.
  • State Rounds: Rigorous in-person competition to identify the top young leaders.
• Participant Categories:
  • 1,500 from Viksit Bharat Challenge Track.
  • 1,000 from Traditional Track (cultural and science innovation).
  • 500 Pathbreakers (leaders in diverse sectors).

Achievements Under Government Benefiting Youth

• Educational Reforms:
  • Increase in IITs, IIITs, IIMs, and AIIMS.
  • Growth in the number of higher education institutions and their global rankings.
• Economic Growth:
  • India's economy has grown to nearly $4 trillion.
  • Infrastructure Investments: More than ?11 lakh crore allocated for infrastructure development.
• Employment Opportunities for Youth:
  • Mudra Loans: ?23 lakh crore distributed to youth entrepreneurs.
  • Startup Ecosystem: India is among the top three in global startups.
  • PM Gati Shakti Mission: Facilitating logistics and infrastructure development, creating employment opportunities.

Future Outlook

• Youth as the Future Leaders of India:
  • India’s Youth Power: Vital to achieving a developed nation by 2047.
  • The Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue is a platform for youth to voice their opinions and engage with policymakers.
• Role of Youth in India’s Transformation:
  • Collective Responsibility: Every citizen's effort is essential for national goals.
  • The vision of a Viksit Bharat hinges on the innovative contributions and ownership by young minds.

In News:

The Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) of NITI Aayog, in partnership with New Shop (India’s largest 24/7 convenience retail chain), launched the initiative EmpowHER Biz – Sapno Ki Udaan under the Award to Reward (ATR) program. This program aims to empower women entrepreneurs by providing them with the skills, resources, and mentorship needed to succeed in the organized retail sector. The collaboration seeks to create a robust retail ecosystem that supports women in overcoming barriers such as societal biases, limited access to financing, and a lack of mentorship.

Key Features of the Initiative:

• Target Participants: The program will select 50 women aged 18-35 through an online application process. Women from Delhi NCR, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat will be considered.
• Top 20 Participants: The 20 best candidates will receive a 100% waiver on New Shop franchise fees, enabling them to operate their own retail businesses with reduced financial barriers.
• Program Objective: Equip women entrepreneurs with skills such as retail management, digital tools, financial literacy, and business development. Participants will also receive valuable mentorship to help them grow and scale their businesses.
• Focus on Retail: The initiative focuses on empowering women within the organized retail sector, creating a sustainable ecosystem that fosters growth and development for female entrepreneurs.

About Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP):

• Incubation & Transition: Established in 2018, WEP was incubated within NITI Aayog and transitioned into a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in 2022.
• Purpose: WEP aims to empower women entrepreneurs by addressing challenges like information asymmetry and providing essential support in key areas such as:
  • Access to Finance
  • Market Linkages
  • Training & Skilling
  • Mentoring & Networking
  • Compliance & Legal Assistance
  • Business Development Services
• Collaboration: WEP partners with over 30 public and private sector organizations to develop scalable and impactful programs. Since 2023, the Award to Reward initiative offers a framework for stakeholders to create impactful programs for women entrepreneurs.

About New Shop:

• Business Model: New Shop operates over 200 round-the-clock convenience retail stores in high-density areas, including highways and gas stations. The company plans to expand into airports, railway stations, and other mass transit hubs.
• Franchising Vision: By 2030, New Shop aims to empower over 10,000 entrepreneurs in India through its franchising model. The partnership with WEP seeks to help women entrepreneurs access this growth opportunity.

Program Outcomes:

• Mentorship & Training: Participants will be mentored and trained on key aspects such as retail management, business development, and digital tools.
• Franchise Opportunity: Top participants will gain access to New Shop’s franchising ecosystem, providing them a ready-made business opportunity with lower entry barriers.
• Financial Assistance: The program will also provide financial resources to the women, helping them build their businesses with greater ease.

In News:

The World Economic Forum's latest "Future of Jobs Report 2025" has highlighted significant trends and predictions for the global labor market by 2030.

Key Highlights:

Fastest Growing Jobs by 2030

The report identified the following jobs as the fastest-growing by 2030:

• Big Data Specialists
• FinTech Engineers
• AI and Machine Learning Specialists
• Software and Applications Developers
• Security Management Specialists
• Data Warehousing Specialists
• Autonomous and Electric Vehicle Specialists
• UI/UX Designers
• Delivery Drivers
• Internet of Things (IoT) Specialists

Job Disruption and Creation

• 22% of jobs globally will be disrupted by 2030 due to automation and technological advancements.
• 170 million new jobs are expected to be created, resulting in a net increase of 78 million jobs.
• Technological shifts, economic uncertainty, and demographic changes are expected to play significant roles in this transformation.

Skills in High Demand

• AI, Big Data, Cybersecurity: Skills related to artificial intelligence and big data are expected to see an 87% rise, while networks and cybersecurity skills are projected to increase by 70%.
• Creative Thinking, Flexibility: Skills like creative thinking, resilience, flexibility, and agility are also expected to see a significant rise, emphasizing the importance of soft skills in a technology-driven world.

Declining Jobs

The report lists the following positions as expected to decline by 2030:

• Postal Service Clerks
• Bank Tellers
• Data Entry Clerks
• Cashiers and Ticket Clerks
• Telemarketers
• Printing Workers
• Accounting and Bookkeeping Clerks

These roles are being replaced or transformed by automation and AI, which are reshaping traditional job functions.

Technological Advancements

• Digital Access: 60% of employers believe that expanding digital access will be the most transformative trend for businesses.
• AI and Robotics: Employers are investing heavily in AI, robotics, and energy technologies, creating a demand for skilled workers in these sectors.
• Energy Technologies: Jobs related to the green transition, including renewable energy and environmental engineering, will see an uptick as countries strive to meet climate goals.

Key Drivers of Change

• Technological Change: AI, machine learning, and automation will continue to reshape industries.
• Geoeconomic Fragmentation: Geopolitical tensions and economic shifts are prompting businesses to transform their models, leading to a greater demand for cybersecurity and security management roles.
• Aging Populations: The growing demand for healthcare services, especially in high-income economies, will result in more jobs in the care economy (e.g., nursing professionals, social workers).
• Green Transition: The global shift toward clean energy and environmental sustainability will create numerous opportunities for jobs in renewable energy and climate change mitigation.

Implications for India

• AI and Robotics Investment: Indian companies are leading the way in investing in AI, robotics, and autonomous systems.
• Growth Sectors: India’s rapidly developing tech sector will see a rising demand for AI, machine learning, and big data specialists.
• Disruptions in Traditional Jobs: Roles like postal clerks, cashiers, and data entry clerks in India are also expected to face significant reductions due to automation.

Challenges for Employment in India

• Skill Mismatch: There is a significant skill gap, with many workers lacking expertise in emerging fields like AI, cybersecurity, and data science.
• Digital Divide: Urban areas are adapting to new technologies faster than rural areas, which may widen employment disparities.
• Informal Sector: India’s large informal workforce faces challenges in transitioning to technology-driven jobs due to limited access to training and education.

Reskilling and Upskilling

• The WEF report emphasizes that 59% of the global workforce will need reskilling or upskilling by 2030 to remain competitive.
• Workers must adapt to new roles, especially in technology and the green transition, to meet the evolving demands of the job market.

In News:

The Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet (GEAPP) signed a Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) agreement with the International Solar Alliance (ISA) to mobilize $100 million for funding high-impact solar energy projects. This collaboration is part of a wider effort to accelerate India's clean energy transition, bridge financing gaps, and enhance the country's energy systems. Along with this agreement, two other key initiatives were announced:

• DUET (Digitalization of Utilities for Energy Transition)
• ENTICE 2.0 (Energy Transitions Innovation Challenge)

These programs aim to address energy transition challenges by fostering scalable, cost-efficient solutions, digitalizing utilities, and supporting innovations for sustainable energy.

Key Features:

• Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF):
  • The MDTF aims to raise and deploy $100 million to finance impactful solar energy projects, with ISA driving the strategic direction.
  • GEAPP’s Project Management Unit will provide governance, fundraising, and technical expertise to ensure project success.
  • The collaboration emphasizes the importance of solar energy in achieving India's clean energy goals.
• DUET (Digitalization of Utilities for Energy Transition):
  • Focuses on transforming grid systems by digitalizing grid assets and integrating them with smart sensors.
  • Real-time data will help reduce transmission losses and facilitate Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) deployment, assisting in the integration of Distributed Renewable Energy (DRE) into the grid.
• ENTICE 2.0 (Energy Transitions Innovation Challenge):
  • A platform for identifying and scaling innovative solutions to accelerate the clean energy transition, especially within India's growing startup ecosystem.
  • Focuses on supporting investable opportunities for energy transition solutions, building on the earlier success of ENTICE 1.0.

Global Impact of GEAPP:

GEAPP, launched with an initial commitment of $464 million, has already funded 130 projects across 40 countries. These projects have impacted over 50 million people, helping reduce 43 million tons of CO2 emissions. The collaboration with ISA is expected to deepen GEAPP's efforts in mobilizing capital to foster clean energy access and tackle climate change.

India’s Clean Energy Transition:

India has already extended electricity access to over 800 million people, but about 2.5% of households still remain unelectrified. Distributed renewable energy, especially solar energy, will play a pivotal role in reaching these underserved populations. India aims for 47 GW of battery energy storage systems by 2032, which will support grid stability and energy access.

Additional Initiatives and Impact:

• Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS):
  • GEAPP has also supported India’s first commercial standalone BESS project, which will provide 24/7 power to over 12,000 low-income customers.
  • The project is set to lower electricity tariffs by 55%, benefiting economically disadvantaged communities.
• Strategic Alliances:
  • The partnership with ISA and the strategic initiatives like DUET and ENTICE 2.0 aim to further India’s climate and energy goals, bringing renewable energy solutions to underserved regions, and supporting the country's energy security.

Role of GEAPP and ISA:

• GEAPP works to mobilize financing, provide technical expertise, and ensure effective implementation of renewable energy projects globally.
• ISA focuses on solar energy solutions, and with this agreement, it seeks to enhance the solar energy capacity in its member countries, aligning with climate targets.

About GEAPP:

GEAPP is a multi-stakeholder alliance comprising governments, philanthropy, technology partners, and financial institutions. Its goal is to transition developing economies to clean energy while enhancing economic growth. It aims to:

• Reduce 4 gigatons of carbon emissions.
• Provide clean energy access to 1 billion people.
• Create 150 million new jobs globally.

In News:

The tracing of genetic ancestry remains a challenging task due to the statistical similarity among populations across geographical regions. However, recent advances in genetic analysis, particularly the development of the Twigstats tool, are significantly enhancing our ability to reconstruct genetic histories at a very high resolution.

Key Insights from Genetic Research:

• Ancient DNA (aDNA): Prehistoric human ceremonial burials, mass grave mounds, and war graves are rich sources of ancient genetic material, offering key insights into population dynamics. These samples help us understand past migrations, cultural transitions, and the genetic legacy of ancient groups.
• Challenges in Ancestry Tracing:
  • Populations often share many genetic similarities, complicating the task of tracing ancestry across regions.
  • Ancient DNA samples are typically of lower quality compared to modern samples, limiting the precision of past genetic studies.
  • The movement of genes across time and space, through processes like gene flow, adds complexity to the understanding of population ancestry.

Traditional Genetic Techniques:

• Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs): Used to identify natural genetic variations, SNP analysis has been central to reconstructing genetic histories. However, it is limited by its reliance on high-quality samples and struggles with closely related groups.
• Haplotypes and Genealogical Trees: By analyzing shared DNA segments (haplotypes) and rare variants, researchers gain a more comprehensive understanding of population structure and ancestry, which can reveal shifts in population over time.

The Emergence of Twigstats:

• What is Twigstats?
  • Twigstats is an advanced analytical tool that enhances the precision of ancestry analysis through time-stratified ancestry analysis, a method that allows for a more fine-grained look at genetic data.
  • It is designed to address the limitations of traditional methods by integrating SNPs, haplotypes, and rare genetic variants, providing a more holistic view of ancestry.
  • The tool is powered by statistical languages R and C++, which help researchers better manage and analyze complex genetic data.
• How It Works: Twigstats builds family trees by analyzing shared genetic mutations, identifying recent mutations that offer a clearer understanding of historical periods and events. It helps trace the evolution of populations and offers insights into their migrations, mixing, and cultural shifts.

Key Features and Impact of Twigstats:

• Time-Stratified Ancestry Analysis: Allows researchers to study how populations evolved over time, with a focus on specific historical periods.
• Enhanced Precision: Reduces statistical errors and enhances the precision of individual-level ancestry reconstruction.
• Higher-Resolution Mapping: Provides high-resolution genetic maps of migration patterns and admixture events across centuries.

Applications of Twigstats:

• Historical Case Studies: The tool has been used to study ancient genomes from Europe, particularly the Iron, Roman, and Viking Ages (500 BC to 1000 AD). It revealed the fine-scale genetic history of populations in regions like northern and central Europe, including the movement of Germanic and Scandinavian peoples.
  • Viking Age Insights: Researchers were able to trace the early presence of Scandinavian-like ancestry in regions such as Britain and the Baltic before the traditionally believed start of the Viking Age. This suggests earlier interactions and migrations from Scandinavia, which aligns with historical records of Anglo-Saxon and Viking movements.
  • Cultural Transitions: The analysis identified shifts in population genetics corresponding to cultural changes, such as the shift from the Corded Ware culture to the Bronze Age and the influence of the Wielbark culture.

Genetic Methods Used in the Study:

• Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs): Commonly used to trace ancestry but requires high-quality samples.
• Haplotypes and Rare Variants: Offer more nuanced insights into population movements by considering combinations of genetic markers inherited together.
• Genealogical Tree Inference: Applied to both ancient and modern genomes, it provides detailed demographic and ancestry information, supporting the reconstruction of high-resolution genetic histories.

Case Study: India’s Genetic History (2009 Study)

• Researchers used SNP analysis to trace the genetic history of India, revealing two major ancestral groups:
  • Ancestral North Indians (ANI): Genetically closer to Central Asian, European, and Middle Eastern populations.
  • Ancestral South Indians (ASI): A distinct genetic group, showcasing India’s diverse population structure.

In News:

The Union Minister, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying Shri Rajiv Ranjan Singh inaugurated and laid the foundation for 50 key projects worth Rs. 50 crores under Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) covering all North East Region States Except Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram.

Key Highlights:

• Initiative: India’s first Organic Fisheries Cluster, launched under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY). The cluster focuses on sustainable aquaculture, promoting the production of antibiotic, chemical, and pesticide-free organic fish.
• Target Markets: Eco-conscious domestic and global markets.

Sikkim's Role as India’s First Organic State:

• Sikkim's Organic Commitment: Sikkim is the first Indian state to embrace 100% organic farming, covering 75,000 hectares of land.
• Vision: The Organic Fisheries Cluster aligns with Sikkim’s broader goal of promoting organic, sustainable agricultural practices.

Objective of Organic Fisheries Cluster:

• To prevent pollution and protect aquatic ecosystems by using ecologically healthy practices.
• Promotes sustainable fish farming methods, reducing environmental damage.
• Focus on species like amur carp and other carp varieties, aligning with the state’s success in organic farming.

Support from NABARD:

• The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) will provide financial and technical assistance.
• Key support includes:
  • Infrastructure development.
  • Formation of Fisheries-based Farmer Producer Organizations (FFPOs).
  • Capacity building of local fishers and farmers.

PMMSY: A Comprehensive Fisheries Development Scheme:

• Investment: ?20,050 crore under PMMSY.
• Objective: To revolutionize India’s fisheries sector by promoting sustainable growth, enhancing fish production, and improving infrastructure.
• Implementation Period: FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25.
• Key Goals:
  • Boosting fish production and exports.
  • Enhancing welfare of fishers and farmers.
  • Promoting cluster-based development for better efficiency and competitiveness.

Cluster-Based Approach in Fisheries:

• Objective: To bring together geographically connected enterprises to enhance economies of scale.
• Impact: This approach improves financial viability, strengthens the fisheries value chain, and creates new business and livelihood opportunities.
• Types of Clusters: Includes Pearl, Seaweed, Ornamental Fisheries, Cold Water Fisheries, Organic Fisheries, and more.

Fisheries Focus in the North Eastern Region (NER):

• Fisheries Potential: The North Eastern Region (NER) has abundant freshwater resources and is a biodiversity hotspot.
• Growth: Inland fish production in the NER surged from 4.03 lakh tonnes (2014-15) to 6.41 lakh tonnes (2023-24), marking an impressive 5% annual growth.
• Investment in NER: Over ?2,114 crore invested through schemes like Blue Revolution and PMMSY.
• Key Projects:
  • 50 projects worth ?50 crore to boost the region’s fisheries infrastructure, generating over 4,500 jobs.
  • Projects include hatcheries, cold storage units, aquaculture parks, and fish kiosks.

India’s Global Fisheries Standing:

• India is the second-largest fish producer in the world, contributing 8% to global fish production.
• Top Rankings:
  • Second in aquaculture production.
  • Leading in shrimp production and exports.
  • Third in capture fisheries.

Government Commitments and Schemes:

• Total Investment: Since 2015, the government has committed ?38,572 crore to fisheries development through key schemes like:
  • Blue Revolution.
  • Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF).
  • PMMSY.
  • Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY).
• These initiatives aim to promote sustainable growth, create jobs, and enhance infrastructure in the fisheries sector.

Economic, Environmental, and Social Benefits:

• Economic Impact:
  • Higher incomes for fishers and farmers through better production and export.
  • Employment generation through infrastructure development.
• Environmental Impact: Reduced pollution and protection of aquatic ecosystems.
• Social Impact: Empowerment of local communities, fostering sustainable livelihoods.

In News:

UJALA scheme completes 10 years, saves ?19,153 crore annually

UJALA Scheme (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All)

• Launch Date: 5th January 2015 by PM Narendra Modi
• Objective:
  • To promote energy-efficient LED lighting across India
  • To reduce energy consumption, lower electricity bills, and decrease carbon emissions
• Implementing Body: Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), Ministry of Power
• Scheme Relevance: Aims to provide affordable LED bulbs, tube lights, and fans to every household
• Global Recognition: World’s largest zero-subsidy domestic lighting scheme

Key Features:

• Affordability: Subsidized LED bulbs (?70-80), reducing the cost of electricity for households
• Energy Efficiency: LEDs consume 90% less energy than incandescent bulbs, 50% less than CFLs
• Environmental Impact: Significant reduction in CO? emissions by avoiding millions of tonnes annually
• Market Transformation: Over 36.87 crore LED bulbs distributed, saving approximately ?19,153 crore on electricity bills each year
• Consumer Benefit:
  • On-Bill Financing: LED bulbs available for purchase through deferred payment via electricity bills
  • Targeted low-income communities through Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

Achievements:

• Energy Savings: 47.9 billion kWh annually
• Cost Savings: ?19,153 crore saved on electricity bills
• Carbon Emission Reduction: 38.7 million tonnes of CO? avoided per year
• Peak Demand Reduction: 9,586 MW reduction in peak electricity demand
• Street Lighting: Over 1.34 crore LED streetlights installed, saving 9,001 million units annually

Key Initiatives:

• GRAM UJALA Scheme (March 2021): Aimed at rural households, providing LED bulbs at ?10 each
• Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP): Aimed at reducing public lighting costs with energy-efficient streetlights
• Encouraging Domestic Manufacturing: Stimulated local LED production, aligning with the "Make in India" mission
• E-Procurement Transparency: Real-time procurement ensuring price reductions and maintaining quality

Impact on Environment:

• Energy Savings & Carbon Footprint: The scheme significantly reduced the carbon footprint by promoting energy-efficient appliances
• Reduction in Household Consumption: Consumers benefit from reduced energy consumption and lower utility bills

In News:

A recent breakthrough in agricultural research offers a promising solution to improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) in crops, particularly in rice and Arabidopsis, by reducing nitric oxide (NO) levels in plants. This innovative approach provides an environmentally sustainable way to enhance crop yields while minimizing the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, which have significant ecological and economic drawbacks.

Key Findings and Research Overview:

• Reducing NO Levels: The study, conducted by researchers at the National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), demonstrated that by reducing nitric oxide (NO) levels in plants, nitrogen uptake could be significantly improved. This leads to a better NUE, a crucial factor for enhancing crop yield sustainably.
• NUE and Its Importance: NUE refers to the efficiency with which plants use nitrogen for biomass production. Improving NUE allows for higher crop yields with less fertilizer input, reducing costs and minimizing nitrogen-related environmental pollution.
• Traditional Approaches and Their Limitations: Current techniques to improve NUE primarily rely on the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers. These methods, though effective, have several downsides:
  • They involve high operational costs for farmers.
  • Excessive fertilizer use contributes to the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and other pollutants.
  • The production of these fertilizers also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.

In contrast, the new study proposes a genetic and pharmacological manipulation of NO levels, offering a sustainable alternative to these traditional, resource-heavy methods.

Study Methodology:

The research team employed both genetic and pharmacological approaches to regulate NO levels in plants:

• Phytoglobin Overexpression: By overexpressing phytoglobin (a natural NO scavenger), the researchers increased the expression of high-affinity nitrate transporters (HATs) like NRT2.1 and NRT2.4. These transporters are essential for efficient nitrogen uptake.
• NO Donor and Scavenger Treatments: Plants were treated with NO donor (SNAP) and NO scavenger (cPTIO) to monitor the effects on NUE.
• Results: The treatment led to more efficient nitrogen uptake, especially under low NO conditions, by enhancing the expression of HATs. This method could increase plant growth and nitrogen utilization without relying on excessive fertilizer use.

Significance and Impact:

This research provides a pathway to enhance crop yield sustainably by addressing one of the most critical challenges in modern agriculture—reducing the reliance on nitrogen fertilizers. By modulating NO levels to regulate nitrogen uptake, this approach offers:

• Reduced need for synthetic fertilizers, lowering farmers' operational costs.
• Minimized environmental impact, including lower nitrogen oxide emissions and less nitrogen runoff.
• Improved nitrogen uptake efficiency, ensuring better crop yields, especially under conditions with limited nitrogen availability.

Broader Implications:

• Global Nitrogen Challenges:
  • The overuse of nitrogen fertilizers has been a major driver of nitrogen pollution, leading to issues like eutrophication, biodiversity loss, and climate change.
  • According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), excessive nitrogen use has worsened environmental conditions globally, while many regions, particularly in low-income countries, suffer from nitrogen depletion, which reduces crop productivity.
• Health and Environmental Risks:
  • Nitrogen pollution contributes to health issues like methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) and various long-term diseases.
  • Nitrogen compounds also play a role in greenhouse gas emissions, further exacerbating climate change.
• Future Directions for Sustainable Agriculture:
  • This study highlights the need for innovative nitrogen management strategies, integrating both biological and genetic approaches to optimize nitrogen use.
  • Research is underway to develop NO scavenging formulations and identify bacteria that could be used in soil to enhance NUE in plants.
• Policy Recommendations:
  • Governments should focus on reducing the environmental and health impacts of nitrogen fertilizer production and usage by promoting sustainable farming practices.
  • Encouraging biological nitrogen fixation through crops like soybeans and alfalfa, and investing in low-emission fertilizers, can help mitigate nitrogen pollution.

In News:

Dr. V. Narayanan has been appointed as the new Chairman of ISRO and Secretary of the Department of Space (DoS), effective from January 14, 2025, succeeding Dr. S. Somanath.

Background and Career of Dr. V. Narayanan:

Dr. Narayanan, currently the Director of Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) in Thiruvananthapuram, has been a key figure in ISRO since joining in 1984. With a focus on cryogenic propulsion, he has played an instrumental role in developing critical technologies for ISRO's launch vehicles. Notably, his work has contributed to India becoming the sixth country globally capable of building and operationalizing cryogenic engines.

Dr. Narayanan’s career highlights include:

• Cryogenic Technology: Leading the development of cryogenic engines for LVM3 (India's heaviest launch vehicle) and PSLV, which are central to missions like Chandrayaan and Gaganyaan.
• Chandrayaan-2 & Chandrayaan-3: As part of ISRO’s missions to the moon, his contributions were pivotal in rectifying the propulsion system issues post-Chandrayaan-2's hard landing, leading to the successful soft landing of Chandrayaan-3 in August 2023.
• Gaganyaan Mission: Overseeing the development of the propulsion systems for crew and service modules, critical for India’s ambitious human spaceflight program.

Dr. S. Somanath's Legacy:

Dr. S. Somanath, who served as ISRO Chairman and DoS Secretary spearheaded multiple landmark missions, including:

• Chandrayaan-3, Aditya-L1, and INSAT missions.
• The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV), Re-usable Launch Vehicle (RLV-LEX), and Gaganyaan abort missions.
• National Space Policy 2023 and fostering partnerships between ISRO and private ventures.

Dr. Somanath’s tenure significantly elevated India’s space capabilities, with Chandrayaan-3 marking a historic milestone in India’s lunar exploration.

Dr. Narayanan’s Role in Upcoming ISRO Missions:

As ISRO Chairman, Dr. Narayanan will oversee several ambitious space missions, including:

• NVS-02: The launch of India's navigation satellite as part of the IRNSS constellation.
• Unmanned Gaganyaan Mission: Leading the uncrewed G-1 flight, a precursor to India's first human spaceflight.
• Indo-US NISAR Satellite: A significant collaborative launch with NASA for earth observation.

Additionally, high-profile projects such as Chandrayaan-4, India’s own space station, and future missions to Mars and Venus are in the pipeline, although not all may occur during his tenure.

Vision for ISRO Under Dr. Narayanan:

Dr. Narayanan aims to expand India’s presence in space, targeting increased global market share, particularly in the space economy, which currently holds 2% of the global space sector. His leadership will focus on:

• Increasing Satellite Capacity: Expanding India’s satellite fleet, which currently stands at 53, to meet growing demands for communication, navigation, and earth observation.
• Private Sector Involvement: Leveraging space sector reforms and collaborating with private players to drive innovation and meet burgeoning satellite needs.
• Global Collaboration: Strengthening ties with other space agencies, as ISRO continues to build respect on the global stage.

Upcoming Space Missions and ISRO's Agenda for 2025:

Under Dr. Narayanan's leadership, ISRO has a packed agenda for 2025:

• GSLV Mk-II/IRNSS-1K Mission
• Gaganyaan G-1 Mission (uncrewed flight)
• Chandrayaan-4, Bharatiya Antariksha Station, and Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM) preparations.

Dr. Narayanan’s vision aligns with India's broader goals of becoming a dominant player in the global space economy, aspiring to increase its space market share from 2% to 10%.

In News:

In January 2025, Indonesia officially joined the BRICS group as its 10th member, signaling the expansion of this influential coalition of emerging economies. The addition of Indonesia, a Southeast Asian powerhouse, strengthens BRICS' global position and highlights the group's evolving dynamics.

BRICS Overview:

BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) is an informal intergovernmental group that fosters cooperation among major emerging economies. Initially coined as BRIC by economist Jim O'Neill in 2001, the group became BRICS in 2010 with the inclusion of South Africa. The bloc has grown steadily, with Indonesia now joining as its 10th member.

Recent Expansion:

• In 2023, invitations were extended to Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Argentina.
• By 2024, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and UAE had joined as permanent members.
• Indonesia's membership was finalized in 2025, following its presidential elections and government formation.

Key Objectives of BRICS:

• Economic Growth: Promote trade, investment, and infrastructure development.
• Global Governance Reform: Advocate for equitable representation in global institutions like the UN and IMF.
• Cultural Exchange: Strengthen people-to-people connections and cultural ties.
• South-South Cooperation: Foster collaboration among developing nations.

BRICS Structure and Mechanisms:

• New Development Bank (NDB): Established in 2014, the NDB finances sustainable development projects in BRICS countries.
• Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): A $100 billion safety net for financial crises.
• BRICS Academic Forum: Encourages academic collaboration across member states.

Global Influence and Economic Impact:

• Global Share: BRICS+ represents over 45% of the world’s population and 35% of global GDP (PPP-based).
• Strategic Position: The group acts as a counterbalance to the G7, challenging Western-dominated global financial systems.
• Financial Independence: BRICS aims to reduce dependence on the US dollar by facilitating local currency transactions and exploring a common currency.
• Technology Collaboration: Member countries, such as India and China, collaborate on digital payments and renewable energy technologies.

Indonesia’s Entry into BRICS:

Indonesia, the world’s fourth-most populous nation, strengthens BRICS’ representation in Southeast Asia. The country brings a robust economy and extensive trade networks, boosting the group's negotiating power. Indonesia’s membership was approved during the 2023 BRICS Summit and finalized in January 2025.

• Strategic Importance for Indonesia: The membership aligns with Indonesia's goals to enhance global cooperation, particularly with the Global South. It also reflects Indonesia's growing influence in international trade and geopolitics.

BRICS Challenges:

• Diverse Interests: Differences in economic priorities, such as India's ties with the US and Russia-China’s geopolitical rivalry, complicate consensus-building.
• Geopolitical Tensions: Disputes like the China-India border issue and Russia’s sanctions limit BRICS' ability to present a unified stance.
• Economic Sanctions and Internal Challenges: Countries like Russia face Western sanctions, while domestic issues in Brazil and South Africa divert attention from regional collaboration.

Significance of BRICS’ Expansion:

The expansion of BRICS marks a pivotal shift in global power dynamics, with a focus on South-South cooperation and equitable global governance. Indonesia’s membership further solidifies the group’s influence in Southeast Asia and adds to its efforts to challenge the dominance of Western-led financial institutions.

• Local Currency Use: The group promotes the use of local currencies for trade to reduce reliance on the US dollar.
• Global South Advocacy: BRICS champions the cause of developing nations, ensuring that emerging economies have a voice in global governance.

Recent and Upcoming BRICS Summits:

• 16th BRICS Summit (2024): Held in Kazan, Russia, with a focus on strengthening local currencies and promoting non-dollar transactions.
• 17th BRICS Summit (2025): Scheduled for July 2025 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, under the theme "Global South," with an emphasis on payment gateways to facilitate intra-BRICS trade.

In News:

The Flamingo Festival 2025 took place at Sullurpeta, in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh. It celebrates the arrival of migratory birds, with a focus on flamingos, to the region's key bird habitats, including Pulicat Lake and Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary.

Key Highlights:

• Birdwatching: Over 200 bird species, including flamingos, are expected to flock to the region during this festival.
• Locations: The event spans across five locations:
  • Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary
  • B.V. Palem (Pulicat Lake)
  • Atakanithippa
  • Sri City
  • Sullurpeta (site for cultural programs and stalls)
• Collaborations: In association with organizations like the Bombay Natural History Society.
• Focus on Local Community: Local residents of the eco-sensitive zone will be prioritized and supported.

Key Facts on Local Wildlife and Significance:

• Pulicat Lake:
  • Location: On the Andhra Pradesh-Tamil Nadu border, with 96% of the lake in Andhra Pradesh.
  • Significance: The second-largest brackish water lake in India (after Chilika Lake in Odisha).
  • Biodiversity: Critical habitat for migratory birds, including flamingos, and home to diverse flora and fauna.
  • Economic Importance: Supports local fisheries and provides livelihood to nearby communities.
• Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary:
  • Location: 20 km north of Pulicat Lake.
  • Ecological Role: Largest breeding site in Southeast Asia for spot-billed pelicans.
  • Biodiversity: 189 bird species, including painted storks and glossy ibises.
  • Flora and Fauna: Features Barringtonia swamp forests and southern dry evergreen scrub, critical for biodiversity conservation.
  • Symbiotic Relationship with Locals: Guano (bird droppings) from pelicans serves as a natural fertilizer for local agriculture, benefiting the farmers.