In News:

Egypt was officially declared ‘malaria-free’ by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Key Highlights:

• Egypt became the second country (after Cabo Verde) to be certified malaria-free in 2024.

• It is the fifth African country to achieve this milestone, joining Morocco, UAE, and Cabo Verde in the malaria-free list.
• WHO Certification Criteria:
  • A country is certified malaria-free if it can prove the Anopheles mosquito-borne malaria transmission chain has been broken for at least three years.
  • The country must also have the capacity to prevent the re-establishment of transmission.
• About Malaria:
  • Malaria is an acute febrile illness caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
  • It is a life-threatening disease primarily found in tropical countries.
  • Symptoms include fever, headache, and chills, which can be mild and difficult to diagnose.
  • Prevention mainly involves vector control interventions, and treatment involves early diagnosis and use of antimalarial drugs.

In News:

Russian state corporation Rostec has claimed that its Light Multipurpose Guided Rocket, also known as Izdeliye 305 or “Product 305,” has demonstrated remarkable resistance to jamming and interference on the battlefield in Ukraine.

Missile Overview

• Name: Izdeliye 305 (Product 305), also known as LMUR (Light Multipurpose Guided Rocket)
• Primary Use: Deployed by Russia’s Mi-28NM and Ka-52M attack helicopters.
• Function: Designed to target and destroy armored vehicles, fortifications, pillboxes, and watercraft with high precision.

Key Features

• Sniper-Like Accuracy: The missile is touted for its exceptional precision in targeting, making it one of Russia’s most successful guided weapons.
• Resistance to Jamming: The missile’s control channel has shown remarkable resistance to enemy electronic warfare (EW) systems, making it effective even in contested environments.
  • No instances of the missile's control channel being suppressed during the ongoing Ukraine conflict.
• Versatile Guidance Systems: The missile operates in several modes:
  • Fire-and-Forget: The missile locks onto the target before launch and operates autonomously post-launch.
  • Remote Control Mode: The operator guides the missile to the target after it locks onto coordinates and transmits live imagery to the operator’s screen.
  • Inertial + Homing Mode: The missile initially flies inertially toward target coordinates, then activates its homing system for final target guidance.
• High Explosive Warhead: Equipped with a 25-kg high-explosive fragmentation warhead, the LMUR is effective against a variety of targets.

Technical Specifications

• Weight: 105 kg (231 lbs)
• Range: Up to 9 miles, double the range of traditional Russian anti-tank missiles, providing the tactical advantage of engaging from beyond line-of-sight.
• Warhead: 25 kg high-explosive fragmentation for effective target destruction.
• Guidance: A combination of inertial navigation, satellite positioning, thermal imaging, and a two-way communication channel for real-time control.

Deployment and Use

• Helicopter Integration: Primarily used on Mi-28NM and Ka-52M attack helicopters, and also on the Mi-8MNP-2 for special operations.
• Combat Experience:
  • The missile was actively used in Ukraine where it played a key role in countering Ukraine’s NATO-backed counteroffensive operations.
  • It was previously tested in Syria against various targets, showcasing its capabilities before full operational deployment in 2022.

Significance in Ukraine Conflict

• Impact on Ukrainian Forces: The missile’s long range and resistance to EW have made it a critical component of Russia’s aerial operations, hampering Ukraine’s battlefield progress, particularly against heavily fortified positions and NATO-backed counteroffensive efforts.

Strategic Advantage: The missile’s ability to engage targets from a distance while evading jamming attempts gives it a significant edge in modern warfare.

In News:

The Hon’ble President of India Smt. Droupadi Murmu will confer the 5th National Water Awards 2023 on October 22nd 2024 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi. 

Organizing Body:

• Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti
• Department: Department of Water Resources, River Development, and Ganga Rejuvenation (DoWR, RD & GR)
• Purpose: To recognize and honor individuals, organizations, and bodies that have made significant contributions to water conservation and management.

Award Categories

1. Best State
2. Best District
3. Best Village Panchayat
4. Best Urban Local Body
5. Best School or College
6. Best Industry
7. Best Water User Association
8. Best Institution (other than school or college)
9. Best Civil Society Organization

Winners

• Best State:
  • 1st Prize: Odisha
  • 2nd Prize: Uttar Pradesh
  • 3rd Prize (joint): Gujarat & Puducherry
  • Other Awards: Winners in the remaining categories have been recognized, with citations, trophies, and cash prizes provided in certain categories.

Objectives of the National Water Awards

• Promote Water Conservation: Raise awareness about the importance of water and encourage effective water usage practices.
• Recognize Efforts: Celebrate the work of individuals, institutions, and organizations contributing to the government’s vision of a ‘Jal Samridh Bharat’ (Water-rich India).
• National Campaign: Under the guidance of Hon’ble Prime Minister, the Ministry of Jal Shakti has been working to spread awareness on water management and conservation through extensive national campaigns.

History and Background

• The National Water Awards (NWAs) were launched in 2018 by the DoWR, RD & GR to foster awareness and action on water-related issues.
• Awards were given for 2019, 2020, and 2022, but there were no awards in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The awards aim to inspire best practices in water usage, conservation, and management across India, involving government bodies, industries, communities, and civil society.

Significance

• The National Water Awards serve as a platform to recognize the innovative initiatives taken by various stakeholders in addressing water challenges.

The awards contribute to furthering the government’s mission of achieving sustainable water management practices across the nation.

In News:

• Chile and the United Kingdom have prepared a proposal to recognize fungi as an independent kingdom, termed "Funga", alongside flora (plants) and fauna (animals).
• This will be presented at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), to be held in Cali, Colombia in October 2024.
• Why Funga?
• Fungi (e.g., mushrooms, moulds, yeast, lichen) play crucial ecological roles, but have historically been overlooked in conservation strategies.
• Fungi contribute significantly to decomposition, forest regeneration, carbon sequestration, and the global nutrient cycle.
• The recognition aims to strengthen fungal conservation by integrating fungi into global legislation and policies.
• Ecological Importance of Fungi:
• Decomposition: Fungi break down organic matter, facilitating nutrient recycling in ecosystems.
• Symbiotic Relationships: Many fungi form crucial symbiotic relationships with plants (e.g., mycorrhizal associations) and animals.
• Climate Mitigation: Boreal forest fungi absorb large amounts of carbon through symbiosis with plants, playing a role in mitigating climate change.
• Pollution Remediation: Fungi can help clean polluted soils by breaking down toxins.
• Food Production: Fungi are essential for producing common foods like bread, cheese, wine, beer, and chocolate.
• Health: Fungi produce antibiotics (e.g., penicillin) and aid in mammalian digestion.
• Scientific Recognition:
• In August 2021, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recognized fungi as one of the three kingdoms of life, alongside plants and animals.
• The 3F initiative (Flora, Fauna, and Funga), led by Giuliana Furci, aims to promote the international recognition and protection of fungi.
• Diversity and Research Gaps:
• Only 8% of the estimated 2.2 to 3.8 million fungal species have been formally described.
• Approximately 2,000 new fungal species are discovered annually, indicating the vast underexplored diversity of fungi.
• Threats to Fungi:
• Fungi face significant threats from deforestation, climate change, pollution, overharvesting, and fungicide use.
• These threats disrupt the symbiotic relationships fungi share with plants and animals, leading to ecosystem instability.
• Nitrogen enrichment in soils and habitat loss further exacerbate these risks.

Key Facts About Fungi

• Biological Characteristics:
• Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with rigid cell walls made of chitin (distinct from the cellulose found in plant cell walls).
• They are heterotrophic, meaning they absorb nutrients from their environment through external digestion (secreting enzymes to break down organic material before absorption).
• Reproductive Strategies:
• Fungi reproduce both asexually (via spores) and sexually, ensuring their proliferation across ecosystems.
• Growth Form:
• Fungi grow primarily as mycelium, a network of hyphae (filamentous structures) that helps in nutrient absorption and environmental interaction.
• Symbiotic Relationships:
• Fungi form mycorrhizal relationships with plants, enhancing nutrient exchange, and lichen associations with algae, providing mutual benefits in extreme environments.

In News:

• The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed the Alinity m MPXV Assay under its Emergency Use Listing (EUL) procedure.
• The test, developed by Abbott Molecular Inc., will help expand diagnostic capacity in countries experiencing Mpox outbreaks, particularly in Africa.
• Importance of Early Diagnosis:
• Early diagnosis enables timely treatment and virus control.
• It is critical for improving Mpox surveillance, especially in areas with high transmission.

Current Mpox Situation

• Global Context:
  • Over 30,000 suspected cases reported in Africa in 2024.
• India has reported 30 cases since the WHO declared Mpox a global health emergency in August 2024.
• Testing Capacity:
• Limited testing capacity and delays in confirming cases have been a significant barrier to controlling the spread, especially in Africa.
• In India, 35 laboratories are currently equipped to test suspected Mpox cases.

Mpox Diagnostic Test Details

• Alinity m MPXV Assay:
• A real-time PCR test that detects monkeypox virus (MPXV) DNA from skin lesion swabs.
• Used by trained clinical laboratory personnel proficient in PCR techniques.
• Helps confirm suspected Mpox cases from pustular or vesicular rash samples.
• WHO's Role:
• The Emergency Use Listing (EUL) procedure accelerates the availability of life-saving products during public health emergencies.
• WHO aims to increase access to quality-assured diagnostics in regions most affected by Mpox.

About Mpox

• What is Mpox?
• Zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, part of the Orthopoxvirus genus (family Poxviridae).
• Closely related to smallpox, but generally less severe in humans.
• Transmission:
• Spread via physical contact with infected lesions, body fluids, or contaminated materials.
• Can also spread through animal bites, or activities like hunting, skinning, or eating infected animals.
• Two Clades:
• Clade I: Predominantly in Central and East Africa.
• Clade II: More common in West Africa; linked to the 2022 outbreak.
• Symptoms:
• Rashes, blisters, fever, sore throat, headache, muscle aches, back pain, swollen lymph nodes.
• Lesions typically scab over as they heal.
• Most people experience mild symptoms, but children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals are at greater risk.

Treatment and Prevention

• No Specific Cure:
• Supportive care (e.g., pain relief, hydration) is recommended.
• In some cases, antivirals like tecovirimat (developed for smallpox) may be used under exceptional circumstances.
• Vaccination:
• Three smallpox vaccines are recommended for at-risk individuals: MVA-BN, LC16, and OrthopoxVac.
• Mass vaccination is not recommended by WHO.

In News:

Recently, the Chief Justice of India unveiled the ‘new lady justice’ statue in the Supreme Court premises that replaced the ‘original lady justice’. The new statue is clothed in a saree, has shed the blindfold and holds scales on one hand and the Indian Constitution on the other.

Symbolism of the New Statue

• Design:
• Clad in a saree, symbolizing Indian tradition.
• No blindfold, with open eyes, conveying that justice "sees" all equally.
• Holds the Indian Constitution in one hand and scales of justice in the other.
• Significance:
• Aimed at decolonization of the judiciary, replacing colonial symbols with representations that reflect India's identity and values.
• The open eyes represent that justice is not blind, addressing social diversity, discrimination, and constitutional provisions for upliftment of underprivileged sections.
• The Constitution in place of a sword symbolizes its supremacy in India’s legal system.

Historical Context of Lady Justice

• Origin:
• Rooted in Roman mythology; Justitia, the goddess of justice, symbolized by scales, sword, and a blindfold.
• Blindfold added in the Renaissance as a satire on corrupt legal systems but later reinterpreted as a symbol of impartiality, representing justice without bias, irrespective of wealth, power, or social status.
• Scales: Balance in weighing both sides before judgment.
• Sword: Authority and power of law, to protect and punish.

Rationale for Change in India

• Colonial Legacy:
• The 'lady justice' symbol became prominent during British rule, reflecting colonial influence in India's legal system.
• Decolonial Intent:
• The shift from Western attire (robe) to a saree connects the statue to Indian traditions.
• Open eyes emphasize that Indian justice is not blind and addresses social inequalities directly.
• The Constitution's prominence underscores its role as the supreme guiding document in the Indian legal system.

Current Judicial System Challenges

• Pending Cases:
• Over 5 crore cases are pending across courts in India.
• Supreme Court recently dismissed a petition for a three-year timeline to resolve the backlog, citing the overwhelming volume of cases.
• Urgent Reforms Needed:
• Finalize the Memorandum of Procedure:
•  
• Still pending after 8 years; addresses transparency and accountability in judicial appointments.
• Representation in Judiciary:
  • • Backward classes, SCs, STs, and minorities are underrepresented in higher judiciary (less than 25%), and women are underrepresented (less than 15%).
    • Appointments should reflect India's social diversity.
• Vacancies in Courts:
• • High Courts operate at 60-70% strength, contributing to a massive case backlog of over 60 lakh cases.
  • Lower courts have 4.4 crore pending cases; vacancies must be filled by states promptly.
• Priority for Constitutional Cases:
• • Cases concerning the constitutional validity of laws and individual liberty should be prioritized by the judiciary.

Conclusion

• The new Lady Justice statue is not just a symbolic change but reflects a broader effort to realign India’s judiciary with its social and constitutional values.
• To ensure fair and prompt justice, there is an urgent need to address systemic delays, fill vacancies, and improve diversity in judicial appointments.
• Only then will the judiciary truly embody the principles of impartiality and justice, as represented by the new statue.

In News:

Recent research has highlighted significant shale gas generation potential in the eastern region of the South Karanpura coalfield, located in the Ramgarh district of Jharkhand, India. Evidence from microscopic palynomorphs and organic remains, combined with geochemical assessments, indicates that the eastern Sirka coalfield demonstrates a higher potential for hydrocarbon generation compared to the Giddi coalfield to the north.

Overview of the South Karanpura Coalfield

• Location and Size: The South Karanpura coalfield is situated along the Chingara fault and covers approximately 195 square kilometers, housing an estimated 5,757.85 million tonnes of coal reserves.
• Composition: This region is rich in coal, carbonaceous shale, and sandstone layers, making it well-established for its substantial coal deposits.
• Emerging Focus: With increasing energy demands and interest in hydrocarbon exploration, there is a growing emphasis on the potential for coal bed methane and shale gas generation in this area, aligning with national energy strategies for greener energy sources.

Research Methodology

Scientists from the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP) conducted a comprehensive study to evaluate hydrocarbon generation potential. The research involved:

• Sample Collection: Sediments were collected from coal, carbonaceous shale, and sandstone layers at the Sirka and Giddi C collieries in Hazaribagh district.
• Analysis Techniques: The study utilized palynological analysis of microscopic remains, alongside Rock-Eval pyrolysis to assess the potential of the rock samples. Key parameters analyzed included:
  • Palynofacies
  • Free hydrocarbons (S1)
  • Heavy hydrocarbons (S2)
  • Pyrolyzable carbon (PC)
  • Residual hydrocarbon (RC)

The collected samples, which date back to the Permian (Barakar) period, indicate favorable conditions for high hydrocarbon resource potential in the eastern South Karanpura coalfield.

Shale Gas Overview

Shale gas is an unconventional natural resource found at depths of 2,500 to 5,000 meters, deeper than conventional crude oil. Its extraction involves deep vertical drilling followed by horizontal drilling, with hydraulic fracturing (fracking) being the most common method used to access gas trapped in low-permeability rocks.

In News:

Scientists have identified a promising new target for cancer treatment by activating a DNA repair enzyme called TDP1. This approach suggests a combination therapy that could serve as a potential precision medicine for patients resistant to current treatments.

• Current Treatment Limitations:
  • Existing anticancer drugs (e.g., Camptothecin, Topotecan, Irinotecan) target Topoisomerase 1 (Top1), essential for DNA replication and transcription.
  • Cancer cells frequently develop resistance to these single-agent therapies, necessitating alternative treatment strategies.
• Research Insights:
  • Conducted by scientists at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata, under the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
  • The study focused on how cancer cells repair DNA during cell division and respond to chemotherapy targeting Top1.
• Key Findings:
  • The research, published in The EMBO Journal 2024, highlights two critical proteins:
    • Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)
    • Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1)
  • CDK1 regulates the DNA repair process, while TDP1 helps cancer cells survive by repairing drug-induced Top1 damage.
• Mechanism of Action:
  • TDP1 repairs Top1 that is trapped during the S phase of DNA replication.
  • The role of TDP1 during the mitotic phase was previously unknown; CDK1 phosphorylates TDP1, enhancing its repair capabilities.
  • Phosphorylation is crucial for efficient DNA repair, allowing cancer cells to withstand Top1-targeted chemotherapy.
• Potential for Combination Therapy:
  • Targeting both CDK1 and TDP1 could help overcome drug resistance and improve treatment efficacy.
  • Suggested use of CDK1 inhibitors (e.g., avotaciclib, alvocidib) alongside Top1 inhibitors may disrupt DNA repair and halt the cell cycle, increasing cancer cell mortality.
• Research Implications:
  • Phosphorylation of TDP1 by CDK1 is essential for managing DNA damage in cancer cells.
  • Inhibiting CDK1 may induce chromosome instability, effectively targeting cancer cells.
  • The combination of CDK1 and Top1 inhibitors aims to enhance cancer treatment effectiveness.
• Future Directions:
  • Identifying CDK1 and TDP1 as potential targets paves the way for developing new cancer therapies that inhibit DNA repair mechanisms.
  • Further studies using animal models are ongoing to validate this innovative approach for precision medicine in treating resistant cancers.

In News:

NABARD has published the findings from its second All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (NAFIS) for 2021-22, which offers primary data based on a survey of 1 lakh rural households, covering various economic and financial indicators in the post-COVID period. 

Survey Overview:

• Inaugural survey conducted for 2016-17, results released in August 2018.
• Aims to analyze changes in rural economic conditions since 2016-17.
• Included all 28 states and Union Territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh.

Insights from NAFIS 2021-22

• Increase in Average Monthly Income:
  • Average monthly income rose by 57.6% from Rs. 8,059 (2016-17) to Rs. 12,698 (2021-22).
  • Nominal CAGR of 9.5%, with annual nominal GDP growth at 9%.
  • Agricultural households earned Rs. 13,661; non-agricultural households earned Rs. 11,438.
  • Salaried employment contributed 37% to total income; cultivation contributed one-third for agricultural households.
• Rise in Average Monthly Expenditure:
  • Average monthly expenditure increased from Rs. 6,646 (2016-17) to Rs. 11,262 (2021-22).
  • Agricultural households reported higher consumption (Rs. 11,710) compared to non-agricultural households (Rs. 10,675).
  • Expenditure exceeded Rs. 17,000 in states like Goa and Jammu & Kashmir.
• Increase in Financial Savings:
  • Annual average financial savings grew to Rs. 13,209 in 2021-22 from Rs. 9,104 in 2016-17.
  • 66% of households saved in 2021-22, up from 50.6% in 2016-17.
  • 71% of agricultural households reported savings, compared to 58% of non-agricultural households.
  • States like Uttarakhand (93%) and Uttar Pradesh (84%) had high saving rates, while Goa (29%) and Kerala (35%) had lower rates.
• Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Coverage:
  • 44% of agricultural households possessed a valid KCC.
  • Among larger landholders and those with recent agricultural loans, 77% reported having a KCC.
• Insurance Coverage:
  • Households with at least one insured member increased from 25.5% (2016-17) to 80.3% (2021-22).
  • Vehicle insurance was most common (55%), followed by life insurance (24%).
• Pension Coverage:
  • Households with at least one member receiving any form of pension rose from 18.9% to 23.5%.
  • 54% of households with members over 60 years old reported receiving a pension.
• Financial Literacy:
  • Good financial literacy increased by 17 percentage points, from 33.9% to 51.3%.
  • Sound financial behavior improved from 56.4% to 72.8%.

Conclusion

• The NAFIS 2021-22 highlights significant advancements in rural financial inclusion since 2016-17.
• Improvements in income, savings, insurance coverage, and financial literacy are notable.
• Government welfare schemes (e.g., PM Kisan, MGNREGS) have positively impacted rural lives.
• Continued support and investment in rural development are essential for economic empowerment and financial security in India's rural population.

In News:

The Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) reached a milestone on August 30, 2024 with India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Mauritius signing a Charter and a memorandum of understanding, for the establishment of the CSC secretariat.

Key Facts:

Background of CSC:

• Originally called the NSA Trilateral on Maritime Security, the CSC was established in 2011 among India, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. The initiative aimed to bolster maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region.

Membership:

• The founding members include India, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Mauritius joined in 2022, and Bangladesh became a member in 2024. Seychelles participates as an observer state.

Goals of CSC:

The CSC aims to foster cooperation in five main areas:

• Maritime safety and security
• Counterterrorism and prevention of radicalization
• Combating trafficking and transnational organized crime
• Cybersecurity and safeguarding critical infrastructure
• Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief

Defence Exercises:

• In November 2021, India, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives held Exercise Dosti XV in the Maldives, marking their first joint military exercise in the Arabian Sea under the CSC framework.

In News:

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2024 was awarded to South Korean author Han Kang “for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life.”

Key Details:

About South Korean author Han Kang

• Literary Style: Known for her physical empathy and metaphorical style; addresses extreme life stories.
• Career Beginnings:
  • Started in 1993 with poetry in Literature and Society.
  • Prose debut in 1995 with Love of Yeosu.
• Major Work:
  • The Vegetarian (2007; English translation 2015).
  • Explores violent consequences of protagonist Yeong-hye's refusal to conform to societal norms regarding food.
• Background:
  • Born in 1970 in Gwangju, South Korea; later moved to Seoul.
  • Comes from a literary family; father is a noted novelist.
  • Engaged in art and music, influencing her writing.
• Significance: First South Korean writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Previous Nobel Laureate

• 2023 Awardee: Jon Olav Fosse, Norwegian author.
• Contribution: Recognized for "innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable."

Overview of the Nobel Prize

• Definition: Prestigious awards in six fields for those who have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.
• Fields: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.
• Peace Prize: Awarded for advancing international fellowship and promoting peace.
• Establishment: Founded by Alfred Nobel in his will dated 27 November 1895.
• Nobel's Background:
  • Born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Noted for inventing dynamite; had interests in peace, poetry, and drama.
  • Died in 1896; allocated his fortune for the prizes.
• First Award: Presented on 10 December 1901.

Prize Money

• Current award amount: $1.1 million per prize.

Note:

Rabindranath Tagore:

• Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for his profound literary contributions.
• Notable works include Manasi, Gitanjali, and Chitra.

In News:

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) maintained its benchmark interest rate at 6.5% for the 10th consecutive monetary policy review since April 2023. The policy stance was shifted to “neutral,” indicating potential for a future rate cut.

Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) Overview

• The decision to keep interest rates unchanged was supported by a majority of five out of six members of the MPC, which convened for three days starting October 7.
• The change in policy stance from “withdrawal of accommodation” to “neutral” was unanimously agreed upon.

Focus Areas

• The MPC emphasized the need for a durable alignment of inflation with targets while supporting economic growth.
• Macroeconomic parameters for inflation and growth were described as well balanced.

Inflation Insights

• A moderation in headline inflation is expected to reverse in September, likely remaining elevated due to adverse base effects.
• Retail inflation was below the central bank’s median target of 4% in July and August.

Growth Projections

• The RBI maintained its 7.2% GDP growth projection and a 4.5% average inflation estimate for 2024-25, with risks evenly balanced.
• Second-quarter inflation projection was revised down to 4.1% from 4.4%, while a rise to 4.8% is expected for the October to December quarter.

Domestic Growth and Investment

• Domestic growth remains robust, with private consumption and investment growing together.
• This growth has provided the RBI with the capacity to prioritize inflation control to achieve the 4% target.

Risks to Inflation

The Governor highlighted that unexpected weather events and escalating geopolitical conflicts pose significant upside risks to inflation.

In News:

The Union Cabinet has approved the development of NMHC in Lothal, Gujarat, under the Sagarmala programme.

• Purpose and Vision  Aimed at showcasing India’s 4,500-year-old maritime heritage using an edutainment approach with modern technology.

Employment Generation

•  Expected to create approximately 22,000 jobs: 15,000 direct and 7,000 indirect.

Project Phases

• Phase 1A
• Features a museum with 6 galleries, including:
• A large Indian Navy & Coast Guard gallery with external naval artifacts.
•  Replica of Lothal township surrounded by an open aquatic gallery.
•  A jetty walkway.
• Phase 1B
• Expansion includes:
• 8 additional galleries.
•  The world's tallest Light House Museum.
•  Bagicha complex with facilities for 1,500 cars, a food hall, and a medical center.
• Phase 2
• Development of Coastal States Pavilions by respective states and union territories.
• Hospitality zone featuring maritime-themed eco-resorts and museuotels.
• Recreation of ancient Lothal City and establishment of a Maritime Institute with hostel.
• Creation of four theme-based parks:
• Maritime & Naval Theme Park
• Climate Change Theme Park
• Monuments Park
• Adventure & Amusement Park

Governance and Management

• Governing Council
• Chaired by the Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways, overseeing project implementation and operation.
• Separate Society
• A dedicated society will manage future phases, governed under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.

Benefits and Funding

• Beneficiaries
• Local communities, tourists, researchers, government bodies, educational institutions, cultural organizations, conservation groups, and businesses.
• Funding
• Construction of the Light House Museum in Phase 1B will be financed by the Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships (DGLL).

Sagarmala Programme

• Objective
• A flagship initiative aiming to transform India’s maritime sector by enhancing logistics performance and fostering port-led development and coastal community upliftment.
•  Background
• Approved in March 2015, the programme focuses on utilizing India’s extensive coastline and waterways for economic growth.

In News:

• Shelved Census Report: The Environment Ministry has delayed the release of the elephant census report, “Status of Elephant in India 2022-23,” due to a lag in the Northeast census, with publication on hold until at least June 2025.
• Population Decline: Preliminary data from the report indicates significant drops in elephant populations across several regions:
  • Southern West Bengal: 84% decline
  • Jharkhand: 64% decline
  • Odisha: 54% decline
  • Kerala: 51% decline
• Developmental Threats: The report cites “mushrooming developmental projects,” including unregulated mining and infrastructure development, as major threats to elephant populations.
• Methodological Concerns: The Environment Ministry noted that refined counting methods could explain some discrepancies, suggesting new data may not be directly comparable to previous censuses conducted every five years since the 1990s.
• Old Counting Methods:
  • Pre-2002: Elephants were counted using the “total direct count” method, which involved simple head counts but lacked scientific rigor for larger populations.
  • 2002: Introduction of the “indirect dung count” method, where dung samples were used to estimate density based on decay rates.
  • Sample Block Counts: Modified methods involved surveying limited areas (5 sq km) to improve detection accuracy.
• Elephants vs. Tigers: In 2021, a harmonized approach for estimating elephant and tiger populations was proposed, utilizing a similar block and co-variate methodology for both species.
• Genetic Mark-Recapture: The 2022-23 elephant census employed a genetic mark-recapture model using dung samples to identify individual elephants.
• Impact of Delay: Experts argue that withholding the available data hinders conservation efforts and governance. Delays could exacerbate the plight of elephant populations, particularly in regions facing specific threats, such as mining in Odisha.

Key Findings of the Unreleased Report:

• Overall Decline: The overall elephant population has decreased by 20% since 2017, with some areas reporting reductions of up to 41%.
• Regional Impact:
  • Southern West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha have seen losses of nearly 1,700 elephants.
  • The Western Ghats region indicates an 18% decline.
• Northeast Region: The census for this area relies on extrapolated data from 2017, with approximately one-third of India's elephants located there.
• Contributing Factors: Habitat fragmentation, poaching, and human-elephant conflicts due to developmental activities are major threats.
• Conservation Recommendations: Strategies to strengthen elephant corridors, restore habitats, and enhance community involvement in conservation are vital.
• Challenges in the Northeast: Urban development, mining, and agriculture significantly threaten elephant movement and survival, underscoring the need for targeted conservation strategies.
• Conservation Status of Elephants in India:
  • Leading States: Karnataka, Assam, and Kerala have the highest elephant populations.
  • Conservation Status: Elephants are classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and are protected under multiple international conventions.
• Threats to Elephants:
  • Habitat Loss: Rapid human population growth is diminishing elephant habitats.
  • Fragmentation: Habitat disruption from construction and development projects is prevalent.
  • Unlawful Killing: Human-elephant conflict often leads to retaliatory killings.
  • Poaching: Targeting of male elephants for tusks continues to threaten genetic diversity.
• Conservation Measures:
  • Financial support under various government schemes for habitat conservation and human-elephant conflict resolution.
  • Establishment of 33 Elephant Reserves across 14 states.
  • Collaborative efforts with railways and power departments to mitigate risks.
  • Regular elephant census every five years by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) for monitoring populations.

In News:

The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, approved seven schemes to improve farmers’ lives and increase their incomes at a total outlay of Rs 14,235.30 Crore.

1. Digital Agriculture Mission: based on the structure of Digital Public Infrastructure, Digital Agriculture Mission will use technology for improving farmers’ lives. The Mission has a total outlay of Rs 2,817 crores. It comprises two foundational pillars

1. Agri Stack

1. Farmers registry
2. Village land maps registry
3. Crop Sown Registry

2. Krishi Decision Support System

1. Geospatial data
2. Drought/flood monitoring
3. Weather/satellite data
4. Groundwater/water availability data
5. Modelling for crop yield and insurance

 The Mission has provision for 

• Soil profile
• Digital crop estimation
• Digital yield modelling
• Connect for crop loan
• Modern technologies like AI and Big Data
• Connect with buyers
• Bring new knowledge on mobile phones

2. Crop science for food and nutritional security: with a total outlay of Rs 3,979 crore. The initiative will prepare farmers for climate resilience and provide for food security by 2047. It has following pillars:

1. Research and education
2. Plant genetic resource management
3. Genetic improvement for food and fodder crop
4. Pulse and oilseed crop improvement
5. Improvement of commercial crops
6. Research on insects, microbes, pollinators etc.

3. Strengthening Agricultural Education, Management and Social Sciences: with a total outlay of Rs 2,291 Crore the measure will prepare agriculture students and researchers for current challenges and comprises the following

1. Under Indian Council of Agri Research
2. Modernising agri research and education
3. In line with New Education Policy 2020
4. Use latest technology … Digital DPI, AI, big data, remote, etc
5. Include natural farming and climate resilience

4. Sustainable livestock health and production: with a total outlay of Rs 1,702 crore, the decision aims to Increase farmers income from livestock and dairy. It comprises the following

1. Animal health management and veterinary education
2. Dairy production and technology development
3. Animal genetic resource management, production and improvement
4. Animal nutrition and small ruminant production and development

5. Sustainable development of Horticulture: with a total outlay of Rs 1129.30 crore the measure is aimed at increasing farmers’ income from horticulture plants. It comprises the following

1. Tropical, sub-tropical and temperate horticulture crops
2. Root, tuber, bulbous and arid crops
3. Vegetable, floriculture, and mushroom crops
4.  Plantation, spices, medicinal, and aromatic plants

6. Strengthening of Krishi Vigyan Kendra with an outlay of Rs 1,202 crore

7. Natural Resource Management with an outlay of Rs 1,115 crore

In News:

• The 8th edition of India Water Week (IWW) 2024 was held from September 17-20, 2024, at the Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi.
• Organized by the Ministry of Jal Shakti, this prestigious international event has established itself as a key platform for collaboration in water resource management.
• With participation from global water experts, government leaders, and private-sector representatives, the event aimed to address the critical challenges of water management, foster innovation, and promote sustainable water practices.

Theme and Focus

The theme for India Water Week 2024 was "Partnerships and Cooperation for Inclusive Water Development and Management." This theme underscored the importance of cross-sectoral and international collaboration to address the 21st-century's growing water challenges and the need for integrated efforts in water conservation, management, and equitable access to water resources.

India Water Week: An International Forum

• Since its inception in 2012, India Water Week has grown into a pivotal event in global water diplomacy, offering a platform for dialogue, innovation, and knowledge sharing.
• Each edition focuses on a specific water-related issue, providing policymakers, experts, and industry leaders the opportunity to present solutions and explore cooperative strategies.

 International WASH Conference

• A key highlight of IWW 2024 was the International WASH Conference, organized by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS), Ministry of Jal Shakti.
• This conference focused on global collaboration in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH), aiming to address pressing sanitation challenges and promote hygiene standards.
• The conference was held between 17th-19th September 2024, in New Delhi. This three-day gathering, centered on the theme ‘Sustaining Rural Water Supply’, offered a platform for knowledge exchange, showcasing innovations, and sharing best practices aimed at addressing global WASH challenges, with a special focus on achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). 

Key Takeaways from India Water Week 2024

The India Water Week 2024 concluded with several important takeaways:

• Collaboration and Cooperation: Water security can only be achieved through partnerships across sectors and borders.
• Innovation in Water Management: Startups and technological innovations are key to addressing the future challenges of water resource management.
• Community Participation: Local communities play a crucial role in water conservation efforts, and their involvement is vital to achieving sustainable development.
• Policy Recommendations: The event produced several policy recommendations for sustainable water governance, addressing challenges in climate resilience, infrastructure development, and groundwater management.

Conclusion

India Water Week 2024 was a landmark event that brought together a diverse group of stakeholders to address the complexities of water management in the 21st century. The event paved the way for a more sustainable and inclusive approach to water development through partnership, cooperation, and innovation, ensuring equitable access to water resources for all.

In News:

Recently, the Prime Minister of India launched three Param Rudra Supercomputing Systems and a High-Performance Computing (HPC) system for weather and climate research via a virtual event.

PARAM Rudra Supercomputers

• Development: Indigenously developed under the National Supercomputing Mission.
• Deployment Locations:
  • Delhi: Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC) focuses on material science and atomic physics.
  • Pune: Giant Metre Radio Telescope (GMRT) will explore Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) and other astronomical phenomena.
  • Kolkata: S N Bose Centre drives advanced research in physics, cosmology, and earth sciences.

High-Performance Computing (HPC) System

• Purpose: Tailored for weather and climate research.
• Location:
  • Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune.
  • National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF), Noida.
• System Names: 'Arka' and 'Arunika', reflecting their solar connection.

Significance of the HPC System

• Enhanced Predictive Capabilities:
  • High-resolution models improve accuracy and lead time for: Tropical cyclones, Heavy precipitation, Thunderstorms, Hailstorms, Heat waves, Droughts and Other critical weather phenomena

National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)

• Launch and Goals
  • Launched in 2015 to position India among world-class computing power nations.
  • Aims to connect national academic and R&D institutions with a network of over 70 high-performance computing (HPC) facilities.
• Implementation
  • Managed by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY), Government of India.
  • Estimated cost: Rs 4,500 crore over 7 years.
  • Supports initiatives like 'Digital India' and 'Make in India'.
• Current Status
  • India ranks 74th globally in supercomputing, with only 9 supercomputers out of more than 500 worldwide.
  • The mission addresses the growing computing demands of the scientific community and aligns with international technology trends.
• Infrastructure and Networking
  • Envisions a supercomputing grid with over 70 HPC facilities networked via the National Knowledge Network (NKN).
  • NKN connects academic institutions and R&D labs through a high-speed network.

In News:

India is set to launch its first mission to Venus in March 2028, following the recent approval from the Union Cabinet. This mission, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), marks India’s second interplanetary endeavor after the successful Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013.

Importance of Studying Venus

• Earth's Twin: Venus is often referred to as Earth’s twin due to its similar mass, density, and size. Understanding Venus can provide insights into Earth’s own evolution.
• Extreme Conditions: The planet has a surface temperature around 462°C and an atmospheric pressure similar to that found deep under Earth’s oceans. Its atmosphere consists primarily of 96.5% carbon dioxide and features clouds of sulfuric acid.
• Historical Water Presence: Venus may have had water in the past, leading scientists to explore how it transitioned to its current hostile environment, likely due to a runaway greenhouse effect.

Mission Overview

• Launch Timeline: The mission will utilize a strategic launch window when Earth and Venus are closest, occurring every 19 months. It was initially planned for 2023 but is now set for 2028.
• Payload: The mission will carry around 100 kg of scientific instruments, including 17 Indian and 7 international experiments.
• Journey to Venus: After exiting Earth's orbit, the spacecraft will take about 140 days to reach Venus.

Aero-Braking Technique

• First-time Use: This mission will employ aero-braking, a technique to adjust the spacecraft’s orbit by skimming through Venus's atmosphere, creating drag that reduces altitude.
• Target Orbit: The satellite will initially be in a highly elliptical orbit of 500 km x 60,000 km and will be gradually lowered to an orbit of either 300 x 300 km or 200 x 600 km over about six months.

Scientific Payloads

• Synthetic Aperture Radar: For imaging the surface of Venus.
• Thermal Camera: To study temperature variations.
• Interplanetary Dust Analysis: Investigating dust particle flow.
• High-Energy Particle Studies: Examining particles entering the atmosphere and their ionization effects.
• Atmospheric Composition Study: Assessing the structure, variability, and thermal state of Venus’s atmosphere.

Which countries are trying to study Venus?

• There have been several missions to Venus in the past by the United States, the erstwhile USSR, Japan, and a collaborative mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) with Japan.
• The US has planned at least two more missions to Venus in the future — DaVinci in 2029 and Veritas in 2031 — and the ESA has planned the EnVision mission for 2030.

In News:

Recently, the Union Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal joined a virtual meeting of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) alongside representatives from 13 other partner countries. This meeting marked the third gathering focused on the framework's key pillars: Supply Chain Resilience, Clean Economy, and Fair Economy.

Key Agreements and Future Steps

1. Entry into Force of Agreements:
   • The IPEF partners celebrated the upcoming implementation of the Clean Economy Agreement and the Fair Economy Agreement on October 11 and October 12, 2024, respectively. These agreements aim to enhance economic cooperation and deliver tangible benefits to member nations.
2. Supply Chain Resilience:
   • The ministers discussed the progress in operationalizing the Supply Chain Agreement, emphasizing collaborative efforts to create more competitive and resilient supply chains. Key actions include:
     • The formation of action plan teams for critical sectors like semiconductors, critical minerals, and chemicals, addressing vulnerabilities revealed during the COVID-19 pandemic.
     • India's election as Vice Chair of the Supply Chain Council, which aims to streamline communication and cooperation among member countries.
3. Clean Economy Initiatives:
   • The Clean Economy Agreement focuses on energy security, climate resilience, and reducing fossil fuel dependence. Ministers acknowledged the advancement of eight Cooperative Work Programs (CWPs) addressing topics such as hydrogen and carbon markets.
   • The first IPEF Investor Forum, held in Singapore, facilitated discussions on investment opportunities in climate-friendly technologies.
4. Fair Economy Measures:
   • The Fair Economy Agreement aims to bolster anti-corruption measures and improve tax administration efficiency. Upcoming workshops will address foreign bribery laws and public procurement oversight.
   • India highlighted its own anti-corruption measures and commitment to transparency under Prime Minister Modi's leadership.

About IPEF

Launched on May 23, 2022, in Tokyo, IPEF includes 14 countries: Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and the USA. The framework seeks to enhance economic engagement, stability, and prosperity across the Indo-Pacific region through its four key pillars: Trade, Supply Chain Resilience, Clean Economy, and Fair Economy.

In the News

The Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry has authorized the SPICED scheme (Sustainability in Spice Sector through Progressive, Innovative, and Collaborative Interventions for Export Development), which will run until 2025-26.

Overview

This initiative aims to expand the cultivation area and enhance the productivity of both small and large cardamom. It will also focus on improving the quality of spices for export through advancements in post-harvest processes and promoting value-added spice exports.

Key Objectives:

• Increase cardamom production and boost export potential.
• Improve post-harvest quality to meet export standards and ensure compliance with safety and quality regulations.

India holds the position of the largest producer, consumer, and exporter of spices globally.

Cardamom

Cardamom is sourced from the seeds of the Elettaria cardamomum plant (commonly known as green or true cardamom) and is a member of the ginger family. It is known for its unique, robust flavor that combines both spicy and sweet notes. There are two primary varieties: Small Cardamom and Large Cardamom.

Small Cardamom:

• Origin: Native to the evergreen forests of South India's Western Ghats.
• Major Producers: Primarily grown in Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
• Growing Conditions: Thrives in loamy soil with thick shade, requires temperatures between 10°C and 35°C, and needs 1500 to 4000 mm of annual rainfall.

Large Cardamom:

• Distribution: Mainly cultivated in the Sub-Himalayan regions of Northeast India, Nepal, and Bhutan.
• Major Producers: Key production areas include Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and the Darjeeling district of West Bengal.
• Growing Conditions: Prefers high altitudes (600 to 2000 meters), with average rainfall of 3000-3500 mm, and temperatures ranging from 6°C to 30°C. Well-drained, loamy soils rich in organic matter are ideal.

About the Spices Board of India

Established in 1987 under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the Spices Board of India serves as the apex organization for the promotion and export of a diverse array of spices, including black pepper, both small and large cardamom, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon, cumin, and fenugreek. The Board was formed by merging the Cardamom Board (1968) and the Spices Export Promotion Council (1960). Its headquarters is located in Kochi, Kerala.

Mission Overview:

• Launched on October 1, 2021, as the second phase of the Swachh Bharat Mission.
• Aims for "Garbage-Free Status" in all urban areas by 2026.
• Focuses on 100% source segregation, door-to-door waste collection, and scientific waste management.

Legacy Waste Issues:

• Legacy waste consists of improperly collected and stored solid waste, often found in landfills and abandoned sites.
• Approximately 15,000 acres of prime land are buried under nearly 16 crore tonnes of legacy waste in India.
• The mission seeks to convert legacy dumpsites into green zones and establish scientific landfills to manage untreated waste.

Current Progress:

• Of 2,424 identified dumpsites (each with over 1,000 tonnes of waste), only 470 have been fully remediated (16% reclaimed).
• 1,224 sites are under ongoing remediation, while 730 remain untouched.
• Out of 28,460 acres of affected land, 4,552 acres have been reclaimed, with 23,908 acres still to be addressed.

State Performance:

• Tamil Nadu: 837 acres reclaimed (42% of its total dumpsite area).
• Gujarat: Leads in percentage, reclaiming 75% of its landfill area (698 out of 938 acres).

Financial Aspects:

• Central assistance of ?3,226 crore has been approved for remediation efforts.
• States and Union Territories must provide a matching share to access these funds.

Challenges:

• Legacy waste management involves complexities such as radiological characterization, leachate management, and fire control.
• Current municipal solid waste generation in India is around 150,000 tonnes per day.

Historical Context:

• The original Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM-U 1.0) launched on October 2, 2014, focused on making urban areas Open Defecation Free (ODF).

In News:

Massive Greenland landslide sent seismic waves around earth for 9 days. One year ago, roughly 25 million cubic metres of ice and rock splashed into the Dickson Fjord in Greenland and displaced the water enough to give rise to a 200-metre high mega-tsunami; in this way, a melting glacier led to a planet-wide tremor, and researchers warn that it may not be the last

Seismic Observations

• Detection: Unusual seismic signals recorded by stations worldwide, characterized by a single frequency, unlike typical earthquake vibrations.
• Classification: Initially termed a "USO" (unidentified seismic object) due to its atypical properties.
• Duration: Waves persisted for nine days, unlike typical aftershock patterns.

Investigation Efforts

• Collaboration: Involved over 68 researchers from 40 universities across 15 countries.
• Data Sources: Combined seismic data, satellite imagery, water level monitors, and a classified bathymetric map from the Danish Navy.
• Conclusion: The seismic waves resulted from a massive landslide caused by the collapse of Hvide Støvhorn peak, which triggered a series of events leading to the tsunami.

Mega-Tsunami and Seiche

• Tsunami Details:
  • Created by the avalanche crashing into the fjord, displacing water significantly.
  • Resulted in waves that reflected off fjord walls, reaching heights of nearly 110 meters due to the fjord's unique shape.
• Seiche Phenomenon:
  • Oscillations in the fjord persisted for over nine days, reflecting the energy from the landslide.
  • Maximum amplitude of the seiche recorded at 7.4 meters, with a frequency of 11.45 MHz.

Climate Context

• Global Warming Impact: Thinning glaciers contributed to instability in the region, making such landslides more likely.
• Future Predictions: Researchers warn of increased frequency and scale of similar events as climate change continues to affect Arctic and subarctic regions.

Key Takeaways

• The Greenland landslide serves as a reminder of the unpredictable consequences of climate change, including massive geological events.
• The incident highlights the interconnectedness of natural systems and the potential for localized events to have global repercussions.

In News:

The Army has inducted 100 robotic mules, known as Multi-Utility Legged Equipment (MULE), under the fourth tranche of emergency procurements (EP).

• Purpose: These robotic mules are designed for surveillance and transporting light loads across challenging terrains, especially in high-altitude areas.
• Specifications:
  • Endurance: Capable of operating for up to three years.
  • Temperature Range: Functions effectively in extreme temperatures from -40°C to +55°C.
  • Payload Capacity: Can carry up to 15 kg.
  • Mobility: Can climb stairs, steep hills, and traverse obstacles; waterproof and able to cross rivers.
  • Sensing Abilities: Equipped with electro-optics and infrared capabilities for object recognition.
  • Control Mechanisms: Operable via an easy-to-use remote control, Wi-Fi, or Long-Term Evolution (LTE) connections.
  • Mission Programming: Can be programmed for specific missions using waypoints or pre-recorded tasks.
  • Combat Integration: Capable of integration with small arms for military applications.
• Logistics Drones: Logistics drones are currently undergoing trials to enhance support and movement in forward areas, particularly in high-altitude conditions.
• High-Altitude Habitat Evaluation: A new tent designed for extreme cold environments (operating at temperatures down to -40°C) is under evaluation. This tent, called Peak Pods, is intended for use in sub-zero conditions.
• Evaluation Locations: The tent has been tested in three high-altitude sites:
  • Leh (11,500 feet)
  • Daulat Beg Oldie (16,700 feet)
  • Durbuk (12,500 feet)
• Significance: These advancements reflect the Army's focus on technological innovations to enhance operational capabilities in high-altitude areas, especially following the 2020 stand-off with China in Eastern Ladakh.
• Funding and Timelines: The EP process allows contracts up to ?300 crore, with a requirement for delivery within one year.

In News:

Recently nominated for UNESCO’s World Heritage Site status, Gingee Fort is part of the Maratha Military Landscapes of India, which encompasses 12 historical sites, primarily located in Maharashtra, with Gingee being the sole representative from Tamil Nadu. The nomination highlights the fort’s historical importance, unique military architecture, and its integral role in Maratha military history.

Significance of Gingee Fort

Gingee Fort, often referred to as the "Troy of the East," stands as a crucial historical monument in Tamil Nadu. Perched atop three prominent hillocks—Rajagiri, Krishnagiri, and Chandragiri—it has served as a significant stronghold for numerous empires throughout Indian history, including the Vijayanagar Nayaks, Marathas, Mughals, French, and British. This fortification exemplifies India’s rich and diverse historical legacy.

Unique Features

The fort complex spans 11 acres and boasts an array of significant structures, including:

• Kalyana Mahal: An eight-storey royal residence.
• Durbar Hall: A ceremonial hall for gatherings.
• Stepped Well and Cannon: Examples of advanced engineering and military use.
• Clock Tower and Armory: Reflecting its historical military significance.
• Elephant Tank and Stables: Indicating its use for royal elephants.
• Temples and Mosques: Including the Venkataramana Temple with intricate carvings and the Sadathtulla Mosque.

Additionally, the fort features advanced water supply systems from various historical periods, ensuring adequate resources for its inhabitants.

Historical Timeline

The origins of Gingee Fort trace back to 1200 CE when built by Ananta Kon of the Konar Dynasty. The fort underwent significant renovations under the Vijayanagar Empire. Key historical events include:

• 1677: Captured by Chhatrapati Shivaji, it remained under Maratha control until 1698.
• 1698: Came under Mughal possession, later ruled by the Nawabs of Arcot and briefly by the French.
• 1750-1770: Occupied by the French before falling to the British.

This timeline reflects the fort's strategic and cultural significance across different dynasties.

Nomination Process for UNESCO

The process for securing UNESCO World Heritage Site status involves rigorous evaluation. Experts from UNESCO and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) assess the site's historical significance, conservation state, and management strategies. A visit to Gingee Fort is scheduled as part of this evaluation, with a recommendation expected for the 2025 World Heritage designation.

Preparation of the Nomination Dossier

The Development and Research Organisation for Nature, Arts and Heritage (DRONAH) prepared the nomination dossier, aligning with UNESCO’s operational guidelines. This comprehensive document details the fort's historical context, conservation status, and management strategies, aimed at demonstrating its outstanding value for humanity.

Overview of the Ruling

• Date: Recent ruling by the Supreme Court of India.
• Context: Determined that viewing, downloading, storing, or distributing material involving child sexual exploitation constitutes a criminal offense under the POCSO Act and the Information Technology Act.
• Appeal Background: Decision overturned a Madras High Court ruling that deemed private viewing of such material non-criminal.

Terminology and Legislative Recommendations

• Terminology Change: Supreme Court advocates replacing “child pornography” with “Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material” (CSEAM) to avoid trivialization of the crime.
• Amendment Call: Court urged Parliament to amend the POCSO Act and advised promulgating an ordinance for immediate effect.

Key Highlights of the Ruling

• Redefinition of Terminology: Emphasizes that "pornography" may imply consensual acts, misrepresenting the nature of child exploitation.
• Expansion of Section 15 of the POCSO Act:
  • Possession Without Reporting: Individuals must delete or report any stored CSEAM; failure results in penalties.
  • Intent to Transmit: Possessing CSEAM with intent to share, barring reporting, is punishable.
  • Commercial Possession: Storing CSEAM for commercial purposes faces the strictest penalties.
• Concept of Inchoate Offenses: Classifies offenses related to CSEAM as preparatory actions towards further crimes.
• Redefinition of Possession:
  • Includes "constructive possession," where individuals can be liable without direct physical possession.
  • Watching CSEAM online without downloading can still be deemed possession.
• Educational Reforms:
  • Court urged for comprehensive sex education to counter stigma and misconceptions.
  • Curriculum should cover consent, healthy relationships, and respect for diversity.
• Awareness of the POCSO Act: Central and state governments are mandated to promote awareness, supported by the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR).
• Formation of Expert Committee: To develop programs for health and sex education while increasing POCSO awareness among children.
• Victim Support and Awareness: Emphasized the need for psychological support, counseling, and educational assistance for victims.

Status of Crimes Against Children

• Increasing Incidents: India leads in online child sexual abuse imagery, with 25,000 uploads reported from April to August 2024.
• Geographical Distribution: Major uploads identified in Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
• Rising Cases: From 331 cases in 2017 to 781 in 2018, with 1,171 cases of inappropriate content dissemination reported in 2022.

Overview of the POCSO Act

• Purpose: Addresses sexual exploitation and abuse of children, defining a child as anyone under 18.
• Features:
  • Gender-Neutral: Recognizes that both genders can be victims.
  • Victim Confidentiality: Mandates protection of victims’ identities.
  • Mandatory Reporting: Requires reporting of suspected abuse.

Gaps in Implementation

• Support Persons: Lack of designated support persons for victims; 96% of cases showed inadequate support during legal processes.
• POCSO Courts: Only 408 designated courts across 28 states as of 2022, leading to access issues.
• Special Prosecutors: Shortage of trained public prosecutors for POCSO cases.

Conclusion

• Call for Collaboration: Emphasizes the need for a coordinated approach involving educators, healthcare providers, and law enforcement to combat child sexual exploitation.
• Societal Responsibility: A shift in societal attitudes is essential for preventing victimization and ensuring recovery for victims.

In News:

The Quad Cancer Moonshot Initiative is a significant collaborative effort among the Quad countries—India, the United States, Australia, and Japan—aimed at combating cancer through innovative strategies. The initiative focuses on key areas such as preventing and detecting cancer, improving treatment, and alleviating the disease's impact on patients and families.

Key Highlights of the Quad Cancer Moonshot Initiative:

• Focus Areas:
  • Cervical Cancer Screening: Enhancing access to screening programs.
  • HPV Vaccination: Increasing vaccination rates against HPV, which is the leading cause of cervical cancer.
  • Patient Treatment: Improving treatment protocols and accessibility for cancer patients.
• India’s Contributions:
  • Financial Commitment: India has pledged $10 million to support the WHO’s Global Initiative on Digital Health, aimed at enhancing digital health technologies for cancer care in the Indo-Pacific region.
  • Material Support: India will provide cervical cancer screening kits, detection tools, and HPV vaccines valued at $7.5 million to bolster healthcare initiatives in the region.
  • AI-based Protocols: Development of AI-driven treatment protocols to improve care delivery for cancer patients.
  • Capacity Building: India aims to enhance radiotherapy services and overall cancer prevention strategies in the Indo-Pacific.

This initiative represents a strong commitment to fostering international collaboration in healthcare, particularly in the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer. By empowering communities with accessible tools and resources, the Quad countries aim to significantly reduce the burden of cancer in the region.

In News:

An order issued by the District Magistrate directed the owners of air guns to deposit their hunting weapons at the offices of respective village authorities.

Amur Falcons: An Overview

Scientific Classification:

• Common Name: Amur Falcon
• Scientific Name: Falco amurensis
• Family: Falconidae

Physical Characteristics:

• Size: Small raptors, approximately 28-30 cm in length.
• Distinctive Features: Dark plumage with white wing linings; reddish-orange eyes and feet.

Migration Patterns:

• Breeding Grounds: Southeastern Russia and northern China.
• Migratory Route: They leave their breeding areas in autumn, traveling south to round the Himalayas, stopping in Nagaland, and then heading towards the Western Ghats before crossing the Indian Ocean to reach South Africa.
• Distance: These falcons undertake an incredible journey of around 22,000 kilometers annually, making them one of the most remarkable long-distance migrants among raptors.

Diet:

• Primarily insectivorous, they also consume small vertebrates when available.

Conservation Status:

• IUCN Status: Least Concern
• Legal Protection:
  • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule IV
  • Convention on Migratory Species (CMS): Appendix II

Recent Conservation Efforts:

• Ban in Manipur: The Tamenglong district administration has imposed a ban on hunting, catching, killing, and selling Amur falcons in preparation for their migratory arrival.
• Tagging Program: In 2016, radio transmitters were used to monitor their migration routes.
• Awareness Initiatives: An annual ‘Amur Falcon Festival’ in Tamenglong district promotes awareness and celebrates these migratory birds.

Threats:

• Amur falcons face various threats including habitat loss, hunting, and illegal trapping.

Cultural Significance:

• Locally known as ‘Kahuaipuina’ in Manipur and ‘Molulem’ in Nagaland, these birds hold ecological and cultural significance, particularly in regions that serve as critical stopover points during migration.

Summary

The Amur falcon is a small but remarkable migratory raptor known for its long-distance travels from its breeding grounds in Asia to Africa. Conservation efforts in India, particularly in the Tamenglong district of Manipur, aim to protect these birds from hunting and habitat loss, ensuring their continued survival and highlighting their importance in the ecosystem.

In News:

Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in the United States, where he will participate in the fourth Quad Leaders Summit in Wilmington, Delaware.

What is the Quad Grouping?

The Quad, or Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, is an informal strategic alliance comprising India, the United States, Japan, and Australia. Originally formed in response to the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, the Quad aims to foster collaboration in various areas, but its primary focus has become countering the influence of China in the Indo-Pacific region.

Historical Background

• 2004: The Quad began as a response to the Indian Ocean tsunami, facilitating disaster relief.
• 2007: Japanese PM Shinzo Abe formalized the alliance.
• 2017: Amid rising Chinese assertiveness, the Quad was revitalized, expanding its objectives beyond maritime security.

Structure and Characteristics

• The Quad is not a formal organization; it lacks a secretariat or permanent decision-making body like the EU or UN.
• It focuses on strengthening bilateral and multilateral ties among member nations.
• Unlike NATO, the Quad does not include collective defense provisions but conducts joint military exercises to demonstrate unity.

Key Developments

• In 2020, the Malabar naval exercises expanded to include Australia, marking the first joint military exercises of the Quad since its resurgence.
• The first in-person summit took place in Washington, D.C. in 2021.

Objectives of the Quad

The Quad has outlined several primary objectives:

1. Maritime Security: Ensuring safe and open sea routes in the Indo-Pacific.
2. Climate Change: Addressing environmental challenges collaboratively.
3. Investment Ecosystem: Creating opportunities for economic investment in the region.
4. Technological Innovation: Promoting advancements and cooperation in technology.
5. Public Health: Collaborating on initiatives like vaccine diplomacy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Expansion and Future Directions

The Quad members have discussed expanding the partnership to include countries like South Korea, New Zealand, and Vietnam. In a joint statement, they reaffirmed their commitment to a free, open, resilient, and inclusive Indo-Pacific governed by international law.

Challenges and Opposition

China views the Quad as an effort to encircle and contain its influence. Beijing has criticized the grouping, labeling it as a strategy that incites discord among Asian nations.

In News:

Recently, both the Indian men's and women's chess teams achieved remarkable success by winning gold medals at the Chess Olympiad in Budapest.

• In the final round of the 45th Chess Olympiad, the Indian men's team triumphed over Slovenia with a score of 3.5-0.5.
• At the same time, the Indian women's team showcased their skills by defeating Azerbaijan with the same score of 3.5-0.5.
• With this victory, India joins an elite group, as only China and the former Soviet Union had previously managed to win both men's and women's gold medals in the same Chess Olympiad edition.
  • The Indian men's team had previously claimed bronze medals in 2014 and 2022.
  • Meanwhile, the Indian women's team secured a bronze medal in the 2022 tournament held in Chennai.

About the Chess Olympiad:

• This prestigious event occurs every two years and features national teams from around the globe. It is organized by FIDE, which also selects the host nation.
• The inaugural Olympiad, which was unofficial, took place in 1924.

Introduction

The centenary of the announcement of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) by Sir John Marshall on September 20, 1924, marks a significant milestone in archaeological history. This civilization, known for its advanced urban planning, encompasses over 2,000 sites across India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

Historical Context

Discovery of the Indus Civilization

• John Marshall's Role: As the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Marshall played a pivotal role in the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjodaro.
• Initial Findings: The civilization was revealed through meticulous work over two decades, beginning with Marshall's initial interest in the antiquities of India.

The Process of Discovery

The Concept of 'The Slow Hunch'

• Definition: Inspired by Steven Johnson's idea of 'the slow hunch,' this concept highlights how insights develop over time, similar to Joseph Priestley's early experiments with oxygen.
• Application to Marshall: Marshall's initial curiosity about the antiquity of India was nurtured through years of observations and explorations, culminating in the excavation of Harappa in 1921.

Key Individuals Involved

• Daya Ram Sahni: Conducted the first excavations at Harappa, uncovering evidence of an ancient culture.
• Rakhaldas Banerji: Excavated Mohenjodaro in 1922, leading to significant discoveries that indicated a widespread civilization.

Institutional Challenges

Limitations within ASI

• Lack of Collaboration: The ASI lacked a platform for archaeologists to share insights, impeding a collaborative approach to discoveries.
• Marshall's Focus: His dedication to ongoing projects, particularly at Taxila, resulted in delays in recognizing the significance of findings at Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

Announcing the Discovery

Marshall's Publication

• Impactful Presentation: In September 1924, Marshall's article vividly described the architectural and cultural features of the Indus Civilization, captivating readers.
• Scholarly Reception: The discovery sparked immediate scholarly interest, leading to further inquiries into the civilization's connections with ancient Mesopotamia.

Characteristics of the Harappan Civilization

Overview

• Timeframe: Flourished around 2500 BCE, classified as a Bronze-age civilization.
• Major Sites: Notable locations include Harappa, Mohenjodaro, and Lothal.

Key Features

• Urban Planning: Cities featured grid layouts, advanced drainage systems, and distinct public and private spaces.
• Agriculture and Economy: The economy thrived on agriculture, trade, and crafts, with evidence of cotton production and extensive trade networks.

Religious Practices

• Deities and Symbols: Terracotta figurines and seals indicate worship of fertility deities and animal figures, suggesting a rich spiritual life.

Reasons for Decline

Theories of Collapse

• Environmental Changes: Shifts in rainfall and tectonic activity may have disrupted agriculture and led to resource scarcity.
• Invasion Theories: While some suggest Indo-European invasions, evidence of cultural continuity challenges this narrative.

Recent Initiatives

Preservation and Promotion

• National Maritime Heritage Complex: Development at Lothal aims to highlight maritime history and attract tourism.
• UNESCO Recognition: Dholavira was added to the World Heritage list in 2021, showcasing the importance of IVC sites.

In News:

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), in partnership with the Indian Army's Southern Command and the Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Authority (TNSDMA), recently conducted "EXERCISE AIKYA" in Chennai. This two-day Integrated Symposium and Table Top Exercise (TTEx) aimed to bolster disaster preparedness and response among key stakeholders across Peninsular India.

Key Highlights:

• Objective: "Aikya," meaning "Oneness" in Tamil, sought to unify India’s disaster management community by enhancing collaboration and preparedness.
• Participants: The exercise involved representatives from:
  • Six southern states/UTs: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Puducherry.
  • Central ministries related to disaster management.
  • State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs).
  • Armed forces, including the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force.
  • Response agencies such as the NDRF, Indian Coast Guard, CRPF, CISF, and Railways.
  • Early warning agencies including the IMD, NRSC, INCOIS, CWC, and FSI.
  • Research institutions like NIDM, NIOT, IIT Madras, and DAE, with Prof. CVR Murty of IIT Madras serving as the Exercise Mentor.
• Focus Areas: The exercise simulated various emergency situations, covering:
  • Tsunamis, landslides, floods, cyclones, industrial incidents, and forest fires.
  • Recent disaster events in Tamil Nadu, Wayanad, and Andhra Pradesh.
• Discussions: Participants engaged in discussions about:
  • Leveraging technology and AI for disaster management.
  • Economic impacts of disasters.
  • Vulnerabilities specific to the Peninsular region.
  • Strategies for improving response times.

Future Plans

"EXERCISE AIKYA" marks a crucial step towards strengthening India’s disaster management framework. The NDMA and the Southern Command plan to conduct similar exercises with other military commands and institutions, including the Army War College and Naval War College, to further enhance national disaster preparedness and response capabilities.

In news:

NASA is preparing to launch the Europa Clipper mission, which aims to investigate Jupiter's icy moon, Europa.

Key Details:

• Objective: This mission will place a spacecraft in orbit around Jupiter to conduct a thorough study of Europa, focusing on its potential habitability.
• Significance: Europa Clipper will be NASA's first mission specifically designed to explore an ocean world beyond Earth. Europa is believed to have a subsurface ocean beneath its icy surface, which raises the possibility of supporting life.
• Spacecraft Specifications:
  • The spacecraft measures 100 feet (30.5 meters) from end to end and 58 feet (17.6 meters) across, making it the largest NASA spacecraft ever built for a planetary mission.
• Mission Plan:
  • Europa Clipper will orbit Jupiter and conduct 49 close flybys of Europa to gather critical data regarding its environment and potential habitability.
• Instrumentation:
  • Equipped with nine scientific instruments and a gravity experiment that leverages its telecommunications system, the spacecraft will maximize data collection by operating all instruments simultaneously during each flyby. This approach will allow scientists to compile comprehensive data layers, creating an in-depth understanding of Europa.
• Power Source:
  • The spacecraft is outfitted with large solar arrays to harness sunlight for its energy needs while operating in the challenging environment of the Jupiter system.

Solar Array

A solar array is a collection of solar panels interconnected to generate electrical power. When combined with other components like an inverter and battery, it forms a complete solar energy system.

In News:

• India has achieved Tier 1 status in the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2024, published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), with an impressive score of 98.49 out of 100.

Role-Modeling Country: This accomplishment places India among ‘role-modeling’ countries, reflecting a strong commitment to cybersecurity practices globally.

Assessment Criteria: The GCI 2024 evaluates national efforts based on five pillars:

• 1. Legal Measures
  2. Technical Measures
  3. Organizational Measures
  4. Capacity Development
  5. Cooperation
• Evaluation Methodology: The index utilized a comprehensive questionnaire comprising 83 questions, which cover 20 indicators, 64 sub-indicators, and 28 micro-indicators, ensuring a thorough assessment of each country's cybersecurity landscape.
• Tier Classification: The GCI 2024 report categorized 46 countries in Tier 1, the highest tier, indicating a strong commitment across all five cybersecurity pillars. Most countries fall into lower tiers, either “establishing” (Tier 3) or “evolving” (Tier 4) their cybersecurity frameworks.

Key Achievements

• Global Standing: India ranks at the top level of global cybersecurity rankings, showcasing its dedication to enhancing cyber resilience and securing its digital infrastructure.
• Government Initiatives:
  • Robust Frameworks: Establishment of comprehensive frameworks for cybersecurity and cybercrime laws.
  • Sectoral Support: Implementation of Sectoral Computer Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) that provide technical support and incident reporting across various industries.
  • Educational Integration: Cybersecurity has been integrated into primary and secondary education curricula to foster informed digital citizens.
  • Public Awareness: Targeted campaigns have promoted secure online practices across multiple sectors, including private industry and academia.
  • Skill Development and Innovation: The government has provided incentives and grants to enhance skill development and promote research within the cybersecurity sector.
  • International Collaborations: India has engaged in numerous bilateral and multilateral partnerships to strengthen its capacity-building and information-sharing efforts.

About the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

• Overview: Established in 1865, the ITU is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies, becoming a UN agency in 1947.
• Membership: ITU has 193 member countries and over 1,000 associated organizations, including companies and universities.
• Functions: ITU coordinates global radio spectrum allocation, sets technical standards for telecommunication, and works to improve ICT access in underserved communities.
• India's Involvement: India has been an active ITU member since 1869 and a regular participant in the ITU Council since 1952.

In News:

India formally joined the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on April 9, 2023, during the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger.

• Objective: The IBCA aims to conserve the world's seven big cat species: tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, cheetah, jaguar, and puma, focusing on their protection and natural habitats.
• Founding Members: India joins Nicaragua, Eswatini, and Somalia as founding members of the IBCA, which will collaborate with 24 countries and nine organizations.
• Headquarters: The IBCA will be headquartered in India, facilitating efforts to protect big cats and their ecosystems.

Purpose and Goals of IBCA

• Conservation Focus: The alliance addresses common challenges in the protection of the seven big cats, promoting sustainable resource use and tackling climate change.
• Collaboration and Support: The IBCA will provide a platform for member nations to share knowledge, expertise, and support recovery efforts in potential habitats.
• Mobilization of Resources: The alliance aims to mobilize financial and technical resources for effective conservation strategies based on global experiences.

Background and Evolution

• Inception: PM Modi proposed an international initiative against poaching and illegal wildlife trade in 2019, advocating for collaboration among tiger range countries.
• Extension of Project Tiger: The IBCA serves as an extension of India's long-standing commitment to wildlife protection, initially exemplified by the launch of Project Tiger in 1973.

Big Cat Species Overview

1. Tiger (Endangered)
   • Population: Approx. 3,167 in India, accounting for over 75% of the global population.
   • Threats: Habitat loss, poaching, and climate change impacting their territory.
2. Lion (Vulnerable)
   • Population: Estimated 700 in India.
   • Threats: Habitat reduction and targeted poaching.
3. Leopard (Near Threatened)
   • Population: Around 13,000 in India, with approximately 250,000 globally.
   • Threats: Habitat loss and human-wildlife conflict.
4. Snow Leopard (Vulnerable)
   • Population: 400-700 in India, with global estimates of 4,000-6,500.
   • Threats: Poaching, habitat loss, and human disturbances.
5. Cheetah (Vulnerable)
   • Population: Declined to less than 7,000 globally; declared extinct in India in 1952.
   • Threats: Habitat loss, climate change, and illegal trafficking.
6. Jaguar (Near Threatened)
   • Population: Approximately 173,000 globally, primarily in South America.
   • Threats: Deforestation, illegal hunting, and habitat fragmentation.
7. Puma (Near Threatened)
   • Population: Estimated 50,000, experiencing a decline.
   • Threats: Habitat loss and human-wildlife conflict.

Future Initiatives

• Translocation Efforts: Following successful cheetah translocations from Namibia and South Africa, India plans to explore similar initiatives for other big cats.
• Global Cooperation: The IBCA will strengthen conservation efforts by working with a broader network of range countries to combat poaching and promote habitat preservation.

In News:

The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved the Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan. This mission aims to enhance the socio-economic conditions of tribal communities by saturating more than 63,000 tribal-majority villages and aspirational districts with a total budget of ?79,156 crore.

Budget Breakdown

• Total Outlay: ?79,156 crore
  • Central Share: ?56,333 crore
  • State Share: ?22,823 crore

Target Beneficiaries

The initiative is expected to benefit over 5 crore tribal people across 549 districts and 2,740 blocks in 30 States/UTs.

Context

• India's Scheduled Tribe (ST) population stands at 10.45 crore, according to the 2011 Census, with more than 705 tribal communities often residing in remote areas. This mission builds upon the successes of the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN), launched on November 15, 2023.

Mission Objectives

• The mission aims to address critical gaps in social infrastructure, health, education, and livelihood through a comprehensive approach involving 25 interventions across 17 ministries.

Key Goals and Interventions

Goal 1: Developing Enabling Infrastructure

• Housing: Provision of pucca houses under the PMAY (Gramin) for eligible households, along with access to tapped water and electricity.
• Village Infrastructure: Improvement of all-weather road connectivity, mobile connectivity, and educational and health infrastructure.

Goal 2: Promotion of Economic Empowerment

• Skill Development: Enhanced training and self-employment opportunities for ST youth through initiatives like the Skill India Mission and support for tribal marketing.

Goal 3: Universal Access to Good Education

• Education Initiatives: Increase the gross enrollment ratio in schools and higher education, along with setting up tribal hostels for students.

Goal 4: Healthy Lives and Dignified Ageing

• Health Access: Provision of quality health facilities, aiming to meet national standards in maternal and child health indicators through mobile medical units.

Innovative Schemes

• Tribal Home Stay Initiative: Promotion of 1,000 homestays in tribal areas to boost tourism and provide alternate livelihoods. Each household can receive up to ?5 lakh for construction and ?3 lakh for renovations.
• Sustainable Livelihood for FRA Holders: Focus on 22 lakh FRA patta holders, enhancing their rights and providing livelihood support through various government schemes.
• Improving Educational Infrastructure: Upgrading tribal residential schools and hostels to improve local educational resources and retention rates.
• Sickle Cell Disease Management: Establishing Centers of Competence for affordable diagnostic services and prenatal care in regions where the disease is prevalent.
• Tribal Multipurpose Marketing Centres (TMMCs): Setting up 100 TMMCs to improve marketing of tribal products and facilitate better prices for producers.

In News:

The Union cabinet has recently approved the "One Nation, One Election" proposal, facilitating the conduct of simultaneous elections in India. This initiative follows a report submitted in March by a high-level committee chaired by former President Ram Nath Kovind, which unanimously recommended synchronizing Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections, along with local body polls, within 100 days.

What are Simultaneous Polls?

Simultaneous polls aim to align the timing of Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections across all states, thereby reducing the frequency of elections. Historically, simultaneous elections were held during the first four general election cycles (1952, 1957, 1962, and 1967), but this practice ended in 1959 after the dismissal of the Kerala government. Since then, due to premature dissolutions of various Assemblies, elections have been staggered. Currently, only four states—Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh, and Sikkim—hold simultaneous elections with the Lok Sabha.

Arguments For and Against

Proponents argue that simultaneous elections can significantly reduce election-related costs, which amounted to approximately ?3,870 crore during the 2014 general elections. They also highlight that the Model Code of Conduct triggers twice in a five-year cycle, leading to extended periods of governance downtime.

Opponents caution that this approach may favor larger political parties with national reach, potentially sidelining smaller regional parties. A 2015 study found that the likelihood of a party winning both Lok Sabha and Assembly elections when held simultaneously is 77%, dropping to 61% if elections are spaced six months apart.

Implementation Process

The committee proposed a two-step implementation:

1. Simultaneous Elections: Conduct elections for both the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies together.
2. Synchronizing Local Elections: Hold elections for municipalities and panchayats within 100 days following the general elections.

Following the announcement of the "appointed date," the terms of all State Assemblies constituted after that date would end with the Lok Sabha's term. This could lead to most State governments not completing their five-year terms, even if they maintain a majority.

Required Constitutional Changes

Several amendments to the Constitution have been proposed:

1. Introduction of Article 82A: This would require all Legislative Assemblies elected after the appointed date to conclude with the Lok Sabha’s term.
2. Amendment of Article 327: Expanding Parliament's powers to include the conduct of simultaneous elections.
3. Revisions to Articles 83 and 172: Defining the five-year term as the "full term" and any remaining period after premature dissolution as the "unexpired term."
4. Introduction of Article 324A: Empowering Parliament to ensure that municipality and panchayat elections occur alongside general elections.
5. Amendments for Union Territories: Ensuring that Assembly elections in Union Territories align with simultaneous elections.
6. Single Electoral Roll: Proposing a common electoral roll for all elections, to be managed by the Election Commission of India (ECI).

State Ratification

Under Article 368, amending the Constitution may require ratification by state legislatures. The panel believes that syncing Assembly elections with Lok Sabha elections will not need state ratification, but amendments for a common electoral roll and synchronization of local elections will require cooperation from the states. The ruling BJP, currently in power in several states, will need to navigate upcoming Assembly elections in Haryana, Maharashtra, and Jharkhand to secure this support.

Conclusion

The "One Nation, One Election" initiative aims to streamline India's electoral process, potentially enhancing governance and reducing costs. However, its success depends on achieving political consensus and implementing necessary constitutional amendments, which will require collaboration among various political parties and state governments.

In News:

The PM Modi-led Union Cabinet has approved several ambitious space initiatives, marking a significant leap for India's lunar and space exploration programs.

Chandrayaan-4 Mission

• Objective: The fourth lunar mission aims to collect lunar samples, return them safely to Earth, and analyze them.
• Timeline: Expected completion within 36 months post-approval, with a budget of ?2,104 crore.
• Significance: This mission will build foundational technological capabilities for a manned Moon landing planned by 2040.
• Remarks: ISRO Chairman S. Somanath emphasized that the mission's highlight is its low-cost execution and the step-by-step approach to developing the necessary technology.