Overview

Bihar is one of India's most flood-prone states, with 11.84 lakh people affected by annual flooding. The state grapples with the devastation of homes, crops, and livestock, prompting a cycle of recovery only to face similar disasters each year.

Geographical Vulnerabilities

Flood-Prone Conditions

• Demographics: 76% of North Bihar’s population lives under the threat of floods.
• River Systems: The state is crisscrossed by multiple snow-fed and rain-fed rivers, contributing to various flood types:
  • Flash Floods: Rapid onset due to rainfall in Nepal (lead time: 8 hours).
  • River Floods: Slower onset with a lead time of 24 hours, lasting over a week.
  • Drainage Congestion: Extended flooding throughout the monsoon season (lead time: over 24 hours).
  • Permanent Waterlogging: Caused by various factors including sedimentation and encroachments.

Factors Contributing to Flooding

• Himalayan Rivers: Rivers like Kosi, Gandak, and Bagmati carry significant sediment, leading to overflow during heavy rains.
• Waterlogging Causes: Silted rivers, encroachment of drainage channels, and local topographical features called Chaurs contribute to permanent waterlogging.

Historical Management Efforts

Embankments and Their Impact

• Kosi River: Known as the "sorrow of Bihar," embankments built in the 1950s to control the Kosi’s flow have led to unintended consequences.
• Sediment Accumulation: Narrowing of the river’s course has caused sediment to build up, increasing the riverbed height and flood risks.
• Current Crisis: Recent flooding was exacerbated by the release of 6.6 lakh cusec of water from the Birpur barrage in Nepal, leading to multiple embankment breaches.

Economic and Social Effects

Impact on Livelihoods

• While annual flooding may not always lead to significant loss of life, the economic repercussions are severe:
  • Damage to crops and infrastructure.
  • Loss of livestock and economic migration outside the state.
• Government Spending: Approximately Rs 1,000 crore is allocated annually for flood management and relief efforts.

Proposed Solutions

Structural vs. Non-Structural Approaches

• Dam Construction: Proposals for new barrages on the Kosi and other rivers have been discussed, but require cooperation from Nepal.
• Need for Comprehensive Strategies: Experts suggest a dual approach:
  • Structural Solutions: Dams and embankments.
  • Non-Structural Solutions: Policy development, risk mitigation, and improved community awareness.

Emphasis on Risk Reduction

• The Flood Atlas of Bihar advocates for minimizing flood risk rather than relying solely on structural measures.
• Focus on enhancing early warning systems and community preparedness is crucial for effective flood management.

Conclusion

Bihar’s unique geographical and socio-economic landscape necessitates a multifaceted approach to flood management. While structural solutions like dams are important, the state must also invest in non-structural measures that promote resilience and reduce vulnerability among its population.

In News:

A study by researchers from India’s National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) has found that seasonal variations in Arctic Sea ice are impacting the Indian monsoon.

What is the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall?

The Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR), occurring from July to September, is one of the most significant monsoon systems globally. During the summer, the Central Asian and Indian landmasses heat up more quickly than the surrounding oceans. This temperature difference creates a low-pressure zone at the Tropic of Cancer known as the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Trade winds from the southeast are then deflected toward the Indian subcontinent due to the Coriolis effect and the low pressure they encounter after crossing the equator. As these winds pass over the Arabian Sea, they pick up moisture and bring rain to India. The southwest monsoon divides into two branches over the Indian landmass. The Arabian Sea branch delivers rain to the west coast, while the Bay of Bengal branch brings rain to the eastern and northeastern parts of India. These branches converge over Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, with the Arabian Sea branch moving inward and the Bay of Bengal branch following the Himalayas.

Complexity of the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall

Recent climate models have revealed that the ISMR is influenced by the surface temperatures of the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans. Additionally, the circum-global teleconnection (CGT), a large-scale atmospheric wave at mid-latitudes, also plays a significant role in affecting the monsoon.

Influence of Arctic Sea Ice on the Indian Monsoon

The study indicates that reduced sea ice in the central Arctic results in decreased rainfall in western and peninsular India, but increased rainfall in central and northern India. Conversely, lower sea ice levels in the upper latitudes, especially in the Barents-Kara Sea region, delay the onset of the monsoon and make it more unpredictable.

Other Atmospheric Systems Influencing the Pattern

When sea ice levels in the central Arctic rise, the heat transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere triggers cyclonic circulation at lower latitudes, such as the North Atlantic. This process enhances Rossby waves—fast-moving air currents created by Earth's rotation and temperature differences—which move from west to east. These waves cause high pressure over northwest India and low pressure over the Mediterranean region, strengthening the Asian jet stream over the Caspian Sea and shifting the subtropical easterly jet northward. This shift leads to increased rainfall in western and peninsular India. On the other hand, decreased sea ice in the Barents-Kara Sea generates an anticyclonic circulation (clear skies) over northwest Europe. This disturbance affects the upper atmosphere over subtropical Asia and India, resulting in increased rainfall in northeastern India while leaving central and northwest regions drier.

Role of Climate Change

Climate change accelerates the reduction of Arctic sea ice, which intensifies the variability and unpredictability of the ISMR. Lower Arctic sea ice contributes to more frequent and severe droughts in some areas, while causing excessive rainfall and flooding in others. The study underscores the urgent need for expanded research on climate dynamics and more accurate monsoon forecasts to address these changing patterns.

• Current Conditions:
  • The India Meteorological Department (IMD) reported neutral Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) conditions.
  • La Niña is expected to develop towards the end of the monsoon season, around the end of this month.
• Forecasting Challenges:
  • Major global agencies have struggled with accurate forecasts for La Niña’s onset this year.
  • Initial predictions suggested La Niña would start around July, but it has been delayed.
• Understanding La Niña:
  • La Niña, meaning "The Little Girl" in Spanish, is a phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
  • ENSO influences global climate through changes in tropical Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures.
  • ENSO phases:
    • El Niño (warm phase)
    • La Niña (cool phase)
    • Neutral
• ENSO Phases Explained:
  • Neutral Phase: Eastern Pacific is cooler; trade winds drive warm water westward, causing upwelling of cooler waters.
  • El Niño Phase: Weakened trade winds result in warmer eastern Pacific waters.
  • La Niña Phase: Strengthened trade winds push more warm water to the western Pacific, cooling the eastern Pacific.
• Impact on India:
  • El Niño typically reduces monsoon rainfall; La Niña generally enhances it.
  • The previous El Niño occurred from June 2023 to May 2024.
  • La Niña episodes can influence severe weather patterns and are linked to higher temperatures, heavy precipitation, and droughts.
• Weather Model Predictions:
  • A strong El Niño ended in June, transitioning ENSO to neutral.
  • Global models initially forecasted La Niña for July but revised this to August-October.
  • IMD’s forecast since April predicted La Niña in the latter half of the monsoon season, aiming for enhanced rainfall in August and September.
• Reasons for Delayed Onset:
  • The expected La Niña might be weak, complicating predictions.
  • Other atmospheric factors, including the Madden-Julian Oscillation, impact weather models.
• Current and Future Impacts:
  • La Niña's first signs are expected by late September or early October.
  • It is projected to peak in November and continue through the northern hemisphere winter.
  • Monsoon Impact: La Niña’s delayed onset means it won’t significantly affect the current southwest monsoon, though India saw a 16% surplus in August rainfall and a forecast of 109% “above normal” rain for September.
• Potential Effects:
  • Northeast Monsoon: La Niña could influence the northeast (winter) monsoon (October-December), impacting Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh, Rayalaseema, south interior Karnataka, and Kerala. While La Niña typically doesn’t favor northeast monsoon rainfall, exceptions have occurred.
  • Cyclone Activity: La Niña years often see increased cyclone activity in the north Indian Ocean, with higher intensity and longer-lasting storms.
  • Winter Weather: Historically, La Niña years lead to harsher and colder winters, suggesting a potentially severe winter ahead.

Why is it in the News?

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast a harsh and arid summer over a majority of regions of the country during April- June, with a high probability of heatwave episodes lasting as long as 10 to 20 days during the period.

Recent Prediction by India Meteorological Department (IMD):

• Extreme Heat Outlook: India is anticipated to face extreme heat from April to June, with central and western regions likely to be most affected.
  • Expectations of 10 to 20 heatwave days across the country, exceed the normal range of four to eight days.
  • Regions including Gujarat, central Maharashtra, north Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, north Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh are forecasted to experience severe heatwaves in April.
• Pre-Monsoon Rainfall Performance: Below-average pre-monsoon rainfall is expected this month, particularly impacting coastal, eastern, and southern India.
• El Nino Conditions: El Nino conditions, marked by abnormal sea surface warming in the equatorial Pacific Ocean since last June, have the potential to reduce rainfall and increase temperatures, both locally in India and globally.
  • Despite El Nino conditions easing after peaking in December, persistent warm conditions continue to elevate global temperatures.
• Recent Weather Conditions: February and March witnessed hotter-than-normal weather in southern India.
  • Heatwave conditions were reported in Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Saurashtra-Kutch, and parts of Rajasthan during late March.
  • Maximum temperatures soared to 42.6 degrees Celsius in areas such as Akola in Maharashtra and Phalodi in Rajasthan.

What are Heat Waves?

• Heatwaves entail prolonged periods of exceptionally hot weather, posing adverse effects on human health, the environment, and the economy.
• Given India's tropical climate, the nation is especially susceptible to heat waves, which have witnessed increased frequency and intensity in recent times.

What is the Criterion for Declaring a Heat Wave?

For Plains and Hilly Regions:

• Heatwave is recognized when the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C or higher for Plains and at least 30°C or higher for Hilly regions.
• Determined based on Departure from Normal Heat Wave:
  • Departure from normal temperature ranges from 4.50°C to 6.40°C, with anything exceeding 6.40°C classified as a Severe Heat Wave.
• Alternatively, based on Actual Maximum Temperature Heat Wave:
  • A heat wave is declared when the actual maximum temperature equals or exceeds 45°C, while a Severe Heat Wave is acknowledged if the actual maximum temperature equals or exceeds 47°C.
• Declaration occurs when the above criteria are met in at least 2 stations within a Meteorological subdivision for a minimum of two consecutive days, with the declaration taking effect on the second day.

For Coastal Areas:

• A heat wave may be identified when the maximum temperature departure from normal is 4.50°C or more, provided the actual maximum temperature registers at 37°C or higher.

Fatality Risk:

• While high temperatures alone may not be lethal, it's the conjunction of elevated temperatures and humidity, known as the wet bulb temperature, that renders heatwaves perilous.
• Increased moisture levels impede sweat evaporation and hinder body cooling mechanisms, leading to a rapid rise in internal body temperature, frequently resulting in fatal outcomes.

What are the Causes of Heatwaves?

• Global Warming: A primary factor driving heatwaves in India is global warming, a consequence of sustained increases in Earth's average temperature linked to human activities like fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and industrial operations.
  • Elevated temperatures and altered weather patterns can stem from this phenomenon.
• Rapid Urbanization: Rapid urban expansion and the proliferation of urban landscapes contribute to the "urban heat island effect."
  • Urban areas, dense with population, structures, and concrete surfaces, absorb and retain heat, intensifying temperatures, particularly during heatwaves.
• El Nino Influence: El Nino events, characterized by Pacific Ocean warming, exert global climatic impacts, triggering shifts in temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns.
  • The conclusion of a strong La Nina phase in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the untimely onset of an El Nino event are anticipated factors contributing to the exceptionally hot forecast for the summer of 2023.

What are the Impacts?

• Health Effects: Swift escalation in heat exposure can disrupt the body's ability to regulate temperature, resulting in various ailments such as heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heatstroke, and hyperthermia, potentially leading to fatalities or hospitalizations.
• Water Resources Impact: Heatwaves exacerbate water scarcity issues in India, causing water bodies to dry up, diminishing water availability for agriculture and domestic use, and intensifying competition for water resources, fostering conflicts and influencing irrigation practices and water-reliant industries.
• Energy Impact: Elevated temperatures heighten demand for cooling, straining power grids and heightening the risk of blackouts, disrupting economic operations, reducing productivity, and adversely affecting vulnerable communities without reliable access to cooling amenities during heatwaves.

How to Mitigate Extreme Heat Wave Events?

• To mitigate the adverse effects of heat waves and climate change, a comprehensive action plan must be implemented at various levels:
• Heat Wave Action Plan: Develop a long-term plan to protect human lives, livestock, and wildlife by prioritizing effective adaptation strategies and robust disaster management policies.
  • Ensure proper implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, with governments taking the lead and engaging multiple stakeholders.
• Implementing Climate Action Plans: Commit to the National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) for inclusive growth and ecological sustainability.
  • Emphasize nature-based solutions that uphold ethical standards and promote intergenerational justice.
• Sustainable Cooling: Adopt passive cooling technology to create naturally ventilated buildings, reducing the urban heat island effect in residential and commercial areas.
  • Consider adapting ancient Indian building designs, as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to modern facilities.
• Heatwave Mitigation Plans: Implement measures to prevent heat-related fatalities, including providing access to water, oral rehydration solutions, shade in public spaces, flexible working hours, and accommodations for outdoor workers.
  • Vigilant local administration and oversight by higher authorities are key to successful implementation.
• By implementing these strategies and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, we can create a more resilient future that effectively addresses the challenges posed by heat waves and climate change.

Indian Meteorological Department (IMD):

• India Meteorological Department is the country's National Meteorological Service.
• It deals with all matters relating to meteorology, seismology, and associated subjects. 
• IMD is headquartered in Delhi and operates hundreds of observation stations across India and Antarctica.
• IMD units such as Forecasting Offices, Agrometeorological Advisory Service Centers, Hydro-meteorological Offices, Flood Meteorological Offices, Area Cyclone Warning Centers, and Cyclone Warning Centers are usually co-located with various observatories or meteorological centers.
• IMD is also one of the six Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres of the World Meteorological Organization.
• It is responsible for forecasting, naming, and distributing warnings for tropical cyclones in the Northern Indian Ocean region, including the Straits of Malacca, the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Earth Sciences of the Indian Government