Why is it in the News?

Hundreds of fish dead, no drinking water, food or other supplies — the latest spell of drought in the Amazon rainforest has disrupted the lives of tens of thousands of Indigenous people.

Amazon Rainforest Drought:

• In the period from July 2023 to September 2023, eight Brazilian states experienced the lowest rainfall in over four decades.
• Projections indicate that rainfall is expected to remain below average until the year's end.
• This recent calamity further contributes to the ongoing destruction of the Amazon, often referred to as the planet's lungs due to its role in storing over 150 billion metric tonnes of carbon.

Impact of the Drought:

• Depletion of Water Bodies: The Rio Negro, among the world’s largest rivers, registers a historic low of 13.59 meters.
• The Madeira River, a crucial Amazon tributary, experiences a decline, causing the suspension of operations at the Santo Antonio hydroelectric dam due to exceptionally low water levels.
• Loss of Marine Life: Elevated mortality among fish and river dolphins (Boto) results from the drought's impact on water levels.
• Carcasses contaminate water sources, compelling residents to use compromised water for essential activities like cooking, bathing, and drinking.
• State of Emergency and Humanitarian Concerns: Brazilian authorities express apprehension about approximately 500,000 people being affected by the end of October.
• Manaus, the largest city in Amazonas, declares states of emergency in 55 out of 62 municipalities due to acute water shortages.
• Escalation of Wildfires: The rainforest, now more susceptible due to extreme dry conditions, witnesses a surge in wildfires.
• Amazonas state records an unprecedented 2,700 blazes this month, marking the highest for October in the past 25 years.
• Deteriorating Air Quality in Manaus: Smoke from wildfires adversely impacts air quality in Manaus, a city of two million in the heart of the Amazon.
• Hazardous pollution levels pose health risks, leading to respiratory issues for children and older residents, prompting hospitalisations.

What are the Reasons Behind this Drought?

• Droughts are not unprecedented in the Amazon, with the most notable recent instance occurring in 2021, marking the driest period in at least 90 years.
• The current drought, however, appears to be even more severe, attributable to two simultaneous natural phenomena impeding cloud formation and exacerbating the already diminished rainfall levels in the region.
• Influence of El Niño: El Niño denotes an abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
• This weather pattern tends to elevate the likelihood of setting temperature records and induces heightened heat extremes across various global regions, including the ocean.
• Elevated Water Temperatures in the Atlantic Ocean: The other contributing factor is the unusually high water temperatures observed in the northern tropical Atlantic Ocean.
• Elevated ocean temperatures prompt the ascent of heated air into the atmosphere, reaching the Amazon rainforest.
• The warmth inhibits cloud formation, resulting in a substantial reduction in rainfall.

Studies Highlighting Concerns for the Future of the Amazon Rainforests:

• Numerous studies over the years have consistently warned that the Amazon faces an increased risk of prolonged and more frequent droughts due to escalating global temperatures.
• A 2022 research publication in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) projected that if current fossil fuel consumption rates persist, the rainforest could endure significant droughts in 9 out of every 10 years by 2060.
• Another study, featured in the journal Nature in 2022, disclosed a concerning trend: Amazon's diminished ability to recover from prolonged droughts over the last two decades, bringing it dangerously close to a tipping point.
• Crossing this threshold could result in the transformation of the lush green forest into a drier open savanna, releasing substantial stored carbon and contributing to further global warming.
• With 17 to 20 percent of the Amazon destroyed in the past five decades, urgent measures are imperative to combat deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions, and where feasible, undertake reforestation initiatives in the depleted areas, as advocated by experts.

About Amazon Rainforests:

• Amazon is the world’s largest tropical rainforest covering over 5.5 million square kilometres.
• Tropical forests are closed-canopy forests growing within 28 degrees north or south of the equator.
• Due to the thickness of the canopy (the top branches and leaves of the trees), the Amazon floor is in permanent darkness.
• Tropical forests are very wet places, receiving more than 200 cm of rainfall per year, either seasonally or throughout the year.
• The Amazon is found in South America, spanning across Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana.
• Running through the north of the rainforest is the Amazon River — a network of many hundreds of waterways that stretches 6,840km.
• Around 400-500 indigenous Amerindian tribes call the Amazon rainforest home.
• It’s believed that about fifty of these tribes have never had contact with the outside world!
• The Amazon has an incredibly rich ecosystem – there are around 40,000 plant species, 1,300 bird species, 3,000 types of fish, 430 mammals and a whopping 2.5 million different insects. Wow!
• The Amazon is home to a whole host of fascinating – and deadly! – creatures, including electric eels, flesh-eating piranhas, poison dart frogs, jaguars and some seriously venomous snakes.
• This area of immense natural beauty plays an important role in limiting climate change. This is because the rich vegetation takes carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) out of the air and releases oxygen.

Why is it in the News?

As part of the EU’s environmental monitoring program, the European Space Agency Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite detected a giant hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica recently.

What is an Ozone Hole?

• An ozone hole refers to a region in the stratosphere above Antarctica where the ozone layer experiences significant depletion.
• Contrary to the term "hole," it doesn't imply a complete absence of ozone; rather, scientists use the term metaphorically to indicate an area where ozone concentrations fall below the historical threshold of 220 Dobson Units.
• The dimensions of the ozone hole over Antarctica fluctuate annually, typically forming in August and dissipating by November or December, driven by distinct climatic conditions in the region.

Mechanism Behind Ozone Hole Formation:

• The emergence of the ozone hole is linked to the Earth's rotation, creating specific winds over the enclosed Antarctic landmass.
• The polar vortex, characterized by robust winds around the poles, is a key factor in the dynamics of the ozone hole.
• During winter, the polar vortex forms due to temperature variations, acting as a barrier that separates polar air from warmer air at lower latitudes.
• This isolation fosters the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), triggering reactions leading to ozone depletion.
• Chemical processes occurring on the surface of PSCs activate chlorine and bromine compounds, particularly chlorine, acting as catalysts in ozone-depleting reactions.
• When exposed to sunlight, these compounds catalyze the breakdown of ozone molecules.
• The size and intensity of the polar vortex directly influence the extent of ozone depletion.
• As the vortex weakens in spring, the mixing of polar air with warmer air from lower latitudes gradually closes the ozone hole, contributing to the restoration of the ozone layer.

What Caused the Giant Ozone Hole in 2023?

• Scientists believe this year’s big ozone hole could be due to the volcanic eruptions at Hunga Tongain Tonga during December 2022 and January 2023.
• In contrast to typical volcanic eruptions that release gases primarily within the lower atmosphere, this specific event ejected a substantial quantity of water vapour into the stratosphere.
• The presence of water vapour, along with other ozone-depleting elements such as bromine and iodine, had repercussions on the ozone layer through chemical reactions, ultimately modifying its heating rate.

Human-caused Ozone Holes:

• While this year’s Antarctic ozone hole was likely due to a volcanic eruption, scientists became aware that human activities were creating huge ozone holes in the 1970s.
• Ground and satellite-based measurements detected the holes, which were caused by the widespread use of chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons.
• “The culprit behind ozone depletion was not aerosols in aerosol cans, but the propellants we use as gases to propel the solutions inside.
• These gaseous propellants contain chlorine, which is released high in the stratosphere and depletes the ozone.
• The world took action after scientists raised alarm over the ozone holes, and quickly.
• In 1987, The Montreal Protocol was created to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of these harmful substances.
• The protocol was effective as ozone holes got smaller in the decades after ozone-depleting gas emissions were controlled.

Is there any Relation Between Climate Change and Ozone Holes?

• Ozone depletion is not considered a primary catalyst for global climate change.
• Nevertheless, there are indications that the rising global temperatures associated with climate change may impact the dynamics of ozone holes.
• Recent instances of substantial ozone holes have been associated with climate change, particularly the escalation of wildfires.
• The heightened frequency and intensity of wildfires, often exacerbated by climate change, release more smoke into the stratosphere, potentially contributing to additional ozone depletion.
• While ozone holes may yield a cooling effect by diminishing the greenhouse gas impact (as the loss of ozone allows slightly more heat to escape into space from that region), they can also disrupt the normal progression of seasons, leading to prolonged wintertime conditions.

What is Ozone (O3)?

• Formation: Ozone molecules result from the interaction of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun with O2 molecules.
• During this process, an O2 molecule is split, and the two liberated oxygen atoms combine with other O2 molecules, forming O3 molecules.
• While oxygen (O2) constitutes 21% of Earth's atmosphere, ozone makes up less than 0.001%.
• Ozone Layer: The ozone layer, crucial for life on Earth, is primarily generated in the stratosphere where UV radiation is more intense due to thinner air at higher altitudes.
• This region, known as the 'ozone layer,' spans approximately 10 to 40 km in altitude, with a peak of around 25 km.
• Significance of Ozone Layer: The ozone layer plays a vital role in protecting life on Earth by absorbing the most harmful type of UV radiation, UV-B radiation, with wavelengths between 280 and 315 nanometres.
• Shielding against UV rays is significant in reducing skin cancer rates, as most skin cancers are linked to excessive UV radiation exposure.
• As UV radiation is absorbed by ozone in the stratosphere, it leads to the heating of the surrounding air, creating the stratospheric temperature inversion.
• Measurement of Stratospheric Ozone: Stratospheric ozone is quantified as the total amount present in an atmospheric column in Dobson units.
• One Dobson unit represents the amount of ozone that would form a layer 0.01 mm thick at average sea-level pressure and temperature.
• Ozone Production:  Most stratospheric ozone is produced at tropical latitudes, and high-altitude winds disperse it globally.
• Ozone undergoes continual formation and breakdown, with its distribution across the planet being neither uniform nor constant.
• Natural processes historically balanced ozone formation and breakdown, but human activities in recent decades have accelerated ozone depletion.
• Ground-level ozone formation contributes to 'photochemical smog,' posing a health hazard when ozone levels become elevated due to its toxic nature.

Why is it in the News?

Following the recent presidential elections in Maldives, there are concerns about the potential impact on India-Maldives relations due to the 'India-Out' campaign led by President-elect Mohamed Muizzu.

Context:

• The recent election in Maldives resulted in the victory of a candidate perceived as Pro-China for the presidential role, sparking apprehensions for India.
• Maldives had a historical shift from an Executive Presidency system dating back to 1968 to a multi-party democracy in 2008.
• The absence of a re-elected incumbent president since 2008 is causing concern for India on this occasion.

Geographical Bonds Between India and Maldives:

• The Maldives is an archipelago spread across 90,000 square kilometres, predominantly comprising 99.6% of the ocean, leaving the remaining land scattered among over 1,200 islands.
• A concerning forecast by experts suggests that by 2050, 80% of the Maldives may face submersion due to the effects of 'Global Boiling.'
• In this geographical tapestry, India emerges as the closest neighbour, positioned just 70 nautical miles away.
• In times of crisis, it is India alone that stands as Maldives' immediate and unwavering ally.
• The profound words of Ibn Khaldun, the Tunisian philosopher, find resonance in the destiny woven by geography between these two nations.
• As he asserted, geography plays a pivotal role, and in the case of India and the Maldives, it s

How Has India Assisted the Maldives in the Past?:

• Essential Support and Communication Dependence: Historically, Maldives has leaned on India for essentials and communication, with India standing as a consistent and indispensable factor in the island nation's development.
• Even during the British protectorate years (1887-1965), Maldives relied on India for essentials and as a gateway to the outside world.
• State Bank of India's Role in Tourist Economy: India played a pivotal role in shaping Maldives' tourist economy, with the State Bank of India serving as a major financier in building the foundation of the country's tourism sector.
• This enduring support positions the State Bank of India as the largest bank in the Maldives to this day.
• Non-Interference in Internal Developments: Crucially, India has refrained from interfering in Maldives' internal affairs, offering support during critical moments such as the attempted coup in 1988 and subsequent assistance in various forms over the decades.
• The profound dependence of Maldives on India, coupled with India's unconditional support, has played a pivotal role in the island nation's emergence as the highest per capita country in South Asia.
• India's Prompt Response in Crises: During three major crises in 1988 (coup), 2004 (tsunami), and 2014 (water shortage), India emerged as the first responder, exemplifying its commitment to Maldives' well-being.
• Critical Role of Indian Professionals: In education and health, Indian teachers and doctors continue to play crucial roles, extending their influence even to remote inhabited islands.
• Strategic Defense Cooperation: The strategic defence cooperation between India and Maldives goes beyond material assistance, focusing on capacity building through joint exercises like Ekuverin and Ekatha, as well as collaboration in surveillance assets, training 1,400 MNDF trainers in recent years, and disaster management efforts.

What is the Current Situation of India-Maldives Bilateral Relations?

• India stands as the predominant partner in various sectors, be it trade or tourism.
• Demonstrating commitment to elevating Maldives' infrastructure, India is actively engaged in projects such as enhancing connectivity in Greater Male.
• India plays a vital role in supplying a diverse range of essential commodities in bulk, including rice, wheat flour, sugar, potatoes, onions, eggs, vegetables, and even special dispensations like river sand and construction materials.

India's Strategic Interests in Maldives:

• Strategic Significance: Maldives holds paramount importance for India as a primary line of defense against various threats, including terrorism, piracy, drug trafficking, narcotics, and maritime crimes.
• Geographically, Maldives is strategically positioned merely 70 nautical miles from Minicoy and 300 nautical miles from India's West coast.
• It serves as a pivotal point within the commercial sea lanes traversing the Indian Ocean.
• Geo-Political Alignment: India's interests in Maldives align on various fronts, encompassing:
• Securing sea lanes of communication.
• Combating piracy and sea-based terrorism.
• Transforming the Indian Ocean into a conflict-free zone, restoring its status as a peaceful maritime region.
• Exploring the potential of the blue economy and enhancing trade relations.
• Internal Security Concerns: Maldives' proximity and shared maritime borders have direct implications for India's internal security.
• The upsurge in Maldivians joining terrorist groups, such as the Islamic State (IS), poses a significant challenge.
• Political instability and socio-economic uncertainties contribute to the growth of Islamist radicalism, raising concerns about the potential use of remote Maldivian islands as launch pads for terror attacks against India and its interests.

What are the Challenges to India-Maldives Bilateral Relations?

• Rising Islamic Radicalization: The Maldives has witnessed an alarming increase in per capita numbers of individuals joining foreign terrorist groups in Syria and Iraq.
• A 2020 report by the European Foundation for South Asian Studies highlights the challenge of growing Islamic radicalization among the Maldivian population.
• India Out Campaign: The India Out campaign, supported by Maldives' opposition leader Abdulla Yameen and the newly elected president, projects a sceptical view of India's investments and defence partnerships.
• Allegations include concerns about compromising the sovereignty of the island nation by allowing Indian military presence, fostering a negative sentiment towards India's role as a net-security provider.
• The China Factor: China's engagement in the region is perceived as self-serving, characterized by debt financing leading to potential debt traps and China's expanding influence.
• Concerns arise over China's interference in Maldives' internal politics and support for conservative elements, posing a threat to the development of a vibrant democracy.
• There are apprehensions that elements aligning with China may perpetuate a legacy of controlled regimes from the Gayoom era, potentially compromising the nation's long-term interests.

Way Ahead for India-Maldives Relations: Detrimental Effects of Anti-India Campaigns

• India remains steadfast in its commitments to the Maldives, consistently investing in efforts to strengthen bilateral relations.
• Any hasty attempts to unravel this carefully nurtured partnership are poised to inflict more harm on the Maldives than on India itself.
• A telling example is the 2012 'GMR out' campaign, which cost Maldives a substantial $270 million payout to GMR.
• The Yameen era, marked by a pro-China policy, plunged Maldives into a debt crisis, underscoring the potential pitfalls of such geopolitical shifts.

Conclusion

Throughout the decades, India has been a reliable source of security assistance for Maldives, extending a hand of friendship and trust. It is anticipated that the newly elected President Muizzu will likely refrain from taking drastic measures that could alter the fabric of relations with India. While elections are often driven by emotions and promises, the pragmatic realities of governance may lead him to recognize the potential repercussions of undermining the longstanding ties with India.

Why is it in the News?

Recently, the Bihar government unveiled the outcomes of its caste survey within the state, revealing that the combined representation of Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) exceeds 63%.

Context:

• In a recent development, the Bihar government published the findings of its caste survey, indicating that the combined percentage of Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) surpasses 63%.
• This survey has sparked a nationwide discussion, emphasizing the need for a thorough examination of socio-economic data and a consideration of arguments both in support of and against a caste-based survey on a national scale.

What Does the Socio-Economic Data Reveal?

• Manifestation of Caste-Linked Deprivation in Indian Society: In rural areas during 2011-12, the average monthly per capita consumption expenditures (MPCE) for Scheduled Tribes (ST), Scheduled Castes (SC), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) households were 65%, 73%, and 84% respectively compared to the general category.
• Urban areas witnessed average MPCE for ST, SC, and OBC households at 68%, 63%, and 70% of the general category.
• Inequality Persists Across Caste Groups in Multidimensional Poverty Metrics:
• Multidimensional poverty estimates from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4/2015-16) highlight the enduring inequality across caste categories in India.
• Despite constituting around 73% of the population, STs, SCs, and OBCs collectively accounted for 84% of the country’s impoverished individuals.
• The OBC category alone comprised over 50% of India’s multidimensionally poor.
• According to the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), the combined share of STs, SCs, and OBCs in the country's poor rose from 77.6% in 2005-06 to nearly 84% in 2015-16.
• The Sachar Committee report (2006) estimated that 31% of Muslims were categorized as 'Below the Poverty Line.'
• These findings underscore the evident causal relationship between caste-based discrimination and exclusion, particularly affecting STs, SCs, and OBCs, as well as religion (particularly Muslims), and the prevalence of poverty and deprivation.

Education and Employment Dynamics Across Caste Groups:

• Educational Disparities Based on Caste: Significant educational disparities exist, with the general category boasting a notably higher percentage of literate, secondary and high school graduates, as well as those with undergraduate and postgraduate degrees compared to OBCs, SCs, and STs.
• According to the NSS 75th round (2017-18), the proportion of graduates is 12% in the general category, while it stands at 3% for STs, 4% for SCs, and 6% for OBCs.
• Postgraduate representation is over 3% in the general category, approximately 1% among OBCs, and less than 1% for both SCs and STs.
• Employment Landscape: Analyzing employment status based on PLFS 2021-22 data reveals that over 30% of the general category workforce holds regular jobs, contrasting with around 20% for OBCs and SCs, and just over 12% for STs.
• Conversely, nearly 29% of STs, 38% of SCs, and 20% of OBCs work as casual labourers, compared to only 11.2% in the general category.
• The informal sector is predominantly occupied by STs, SCs, and OBCs, while the general category has a disproportionately large presence in formal employment.
• The Central government, a major formal sector employer with over 18.78 lakh employees as of January 2021, sees 52.7% belonging to the general category.
• Within the most qualified and highest-paid employee groups (Group A), the general category constitutes over 64%.
• These findings underscore that despite the Mandal Commission recommendations being officially implemented three decades ago, the persistent caste-based educational inequalities continue to replicate a similar pattern in skilled, formal employment.

Historical Overview of Caste-Based Surveys:

• During the Pre-Independence Era: The British colonial administration introduced caste-wise enumeration of the population in 1881, a practice that persisted until the 1931 census.
• Post-Independence Surveys: Following independence, successive Indian governments refrained from conducting comprehensive caste enumeration due to concerns that it might reinforce caste divisions and perpetuate the caste system.
• Despite the absence of a caste census, official surveys and statistics have revealed the persistent existence and growth of the caste system in independent India, along with its associated discriminatory and exclusionary consequences.
• The Mandal Commission Report: In 1980, the Backward Classes Commission, chaired by B.P. Mandal, submitted a pivotal report to the President of India.
• The report began with the dictum, "There is equality only among equals. To equate unequal is to perpetuate inequality."
• Drawing on caste/community-wise population figures from the 1931 census, the Mandal Commission estimated that the combined population of Hindu and non-Hindu Other Backward Classes (OBCs) constituted 52% of India's population.
• The commission crucially concluded that caste should be considered a class of citizens.
• If an entire caste is socially and educationally backwards, reservation can be implemented in its favour, justifying it as a socially and educationally backward class of citizens under Article 15(4) of the Constitution.
• This article empowers the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes of citizens.

Reservation in Public Services and Indra Sawhney Judgment:

• In 1990, the V.P. Singh government introduced a 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in public services.
• This decision faced legal scrutiny, leading to the landmark Indra Sawhney & others versus the Union of India judgment in 1992, where the Supreme Court validated the government's stance.
• The court made a noteworthy observation, stating that the identification of a group based on criteria other than caste, such as a combination of occupation, social status, education, and economic factors leading to caste, might not be deemed invalid.
• This crucial interpretation paved the way for the implementation of OBC reservations in both public employment and educational institutions across India.

Arguments Against a Nationwide Caste-Based Survey:

• Opposition to a comprehensive caste census has centred on the apprehension that unveiling the precise population proportions of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) at 52% or above could lead to calls for an expansion of the existing 27% reservation quota for OBCs.
• This concern gained traction with the initiation of demands following the enactment of the Constitutional (103rd Amendment) Act, 2019.
• This legislation introduced a 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) within the general category, impacting admissions to both public and private educational institutions and civil posts and services.
• Despite facing legal challenges due to breaching the 50% reservation ceiling, the law was ultimately upheld by a majority judgment of the Supreme Court in 2022.

The Path Forward:

• Comprehensive Caste Enumeration: Given the significant variation in OBC population estimates from different official sample surveys—ranging from 41% to 46% between 2015-16 and 2021-22—only a thorough caste enumeration can provide an accurate assessment.
• More crucially, identifying the numbers and proportions of individual castes within the OBC category is essential for implementing effective reservations and other benefits.
• For instance, the Bihar caste survey revealed that 122 smaller caste groups within the Extremely Backward Classes (EBC) category constituted 36% of the state's population, marking the largest share among social categories.
• Build on Justice Rohini Commission Report: The Justice Rohini Commission, formed in 2017 to scrutinize the sub-categorization of OBCs in the Central list, presented its findings in 2023.
• A nationwide socio-economic caste census is imperative to formulate scientific criteria for such sub-categorization.
• This is equally crucial for all states with their individual State-level OBC lists due to the diverse caste compositions.

Conclusion

Caste remains a significant issue in Indian society, acknowledged by a broad spectrum of thinkers, ideologies, and political parties, all advocating for the eradication of the caste system and its inequalities. Given this apparent societal concern, a nationwide caste survey emerges as the initial step towards investigating and addressing the complexities associated with caste-related issues.

Why is it in the News?

Ahead of Assembly elections in Chhattisgarh, the Baiga Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) recently became the second to get habitat rights in the state, after the Kamar PVTG.

Context:

• Chhattisgarh has granted habitat rights to the Baiga Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG), marking them as the second PVTG to receive such rights in the state, following the Kamar PVTG.
• This development affects seven PVTGs residing across 17 districts in Chhattisgarh, namely Kamar, Baiga, Pahadi Korba, Abujhmadiya, Birhor, Pando, and Bhujia.
• Specifically, 19 Baiga villages, home to 6,483 individuals across 2,085 families, have been granted these habitat rights.

About the Baiga Tribe:

• The Baiga Tribe stands among the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) and is distributed across Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh.
• Traditionally, the Baiga led a semi-nomadic lifestyle and engaged in slash-and-burn cultivation.
• Presently, their livelihood primarily hinges on minor forest produce.
• Their agricultural practices include a form of shifting cultivation known as "Bewar."
• Notably, ‘Mahua’ holds significance in Baiga cuisine and beverages, as it is an intoxicant derived from fermenting and distilling the flowers of the Mahua tree.
• Tattooing plays a pivotal role in Baiga culture, with specific tattoos designated for different ages and body parts, reflecting the cultural richness and diversity of the community.

What are Habitat Rights?

• Habitat rights recognition entails granting a community authority over their customary habitation territory, encompassing socio-cultural practices, economic and livelihood activities, intellectual knowledge of biodiversity and ecology, and traditional wisdom in utilizing natural resources.
• These rights also encompass protecting and conserving both natural and cultural heritage.
• Recognising habitat rights serves to safeguard and enhance traditional livelihoods and ecological knowledge that have been transmitted through generations.
• Additionally, it facilitates the integration of diverse government schemes and initiatives from various departments, empowering Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) to foster the development of their habitats.

What Does ‘Habitat’ Mean?

• According to Section 2(h) of the Forest Rights Act (FRA), “Habitat includes the area comprising the customary habitat and such other habitats in reserved forests and protected forests of primitive tribal groups and pre-agricultural communities and other forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes.

Under What Law Are Such Rights Granted?

• Habitat rights are given to PVTGs under section 3(1) (e) of The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
• It is also known as the Forest Rights Act (FRA).

The Forest Rights Act of 2006

• The Forest Rights Act of 2006, also referred to as the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, stands as a significant legal milestone in India.
• Its primary purpose is to acknowledge and confer forest rights, including the occupation of forest land, to forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers.
• This legislation is designed to address historical injustices inflicted upon these communities and to duly recognize their contributions to forest conservation.

How Does the Government Fix a Habitat?

• The procedure is based on a detailed guideline given for this purpose in 2014 by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA).
• Based on the MoTA guidelines, the traditional tribal leaders of the tribe are consulted about the extent of their culture, traditions, and occupation.
• It is corroborated by the government and then a habitat is declared.

How Many States Have Recognised Habitat Rights?

• Out of 75 PVTGs in India, only three have habitat rights.
• The Bharia PVTG in Madhya Pradesh was the first, followed by the Kamar tribe and now the Baiga tribe in Chhattisgarh.

Significance of Granting Habitat Rights:

• Preservation of Cultural and Heritage Richness: The granting of habitat rights plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the distinctive cultural, social, and traditional heritage of tribal communities.
• This recognition enables them to uphold their unique languages, rituals, customs, and traditional knowledge systems.
• Conservation of Biodiversity: Tribal communities possess unique knowledge about their local ecosystems, flora, fauna, and sustainable resource management.
• Recognition of their rights plays a vital role in preserving biodiversity and facilitating the sustainable management of natural resources.
• Fostering Sustainable Development: By acknowledging the rights of tribal communities, governments can foster sustainable development.
• Indigenous practices often prioritize sustainability and conservation, crucial for environmental well-being and the overall prosperity of society.
• Empowerment and Advancement of Social Justice: Bestowing habitat rights empowers tribal communities through legal recognition, ensuring their active participation in decision-making processes that impact their lives.
• This rectification of historical injustices contributes to the establishment of a more equitable and just society.
• Safeguarding Livelihoods: Many tribal communities rely on their natural surroundings for sustenance.
• Granting rights to lands and resources ensures the continuity of their traditional occupations such as hunting, gathering, fishing, and farming, thereby supporting their economic well-being.

Can Habitat Rights be Used to Stop Activities Like Mining?

• The habitat rights will help the PVTG protect their habitat from developmental activities harmful to them.
• The title may not be an ownership title in the nature of a private property owner, but consent and consultation of the gram sabha will be needed for any developmental activity.
• Forest Rights have legal protection under the Forest Conservation Act, the Land Acquisition Law of 2013, and even the SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities. Act.
• The grant of habitat rights under the Forest Rights Act provides an additional layer of legal protection.
• If any kind of development activity is hampering their habitat rights, the tribal group concerned can take up the matter with the administration under the Forest Rights Act, and if not resolved, the matter can be taken to court.

What is a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG)?

• According to the Ministry of tribal affairs, tribal communities that are technologically backward, have stagnant or declining population growth, extremely low levels of literacy, and a subsistence level of economy are declared as PVTG.
• PVTGs have low health indices and largely reside in isolated, remote, and difficult areas in small and scattered hamlets/habitats.
• The ministry has identified 75 PVGTs in 18 states and one Union Territory.
• In 2019, the MoTA started a scheme for their protection and improvement in terms of social indicators like livelihood, health, nutrition and education to decrease their vulnerability.

Government Initiatives for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs):

• The Ministry of Tribal Affairs administers a program titled 'Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs),' which operates as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme with 100% Central assistance extended to 18 states and the Union Territory of Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
• The primary objective of this initiative is to foster the comprehensive socio-economic development of PVTGs while preserving their rich cultural heritage.
• Under the Development of PVTGs scheme, State Governments execute projects tailored to address key sectors such as education, health, and livelihood, with the overarching goal of ensuring the holistic well-being of PVTG communities.

Why is it in the News?

The Mahatma was deeply sympathetic to the plight of the Jewish people in Europe. But he was against Zionists and the attempt to create a state of their own by force in Palestine, which was already inhabited by the Palestinian Arab people.

What was Mahatma Gandhi’s Views on Jews and A Separate Jewish Homeland?

Gandhi was deeply sympathetic to the Jewish people.

• The Mahatma always made it clear that he had deep sympathies for the Jewish people who had historically been unjustly persecuted for their religion.
• In his article ‘The Jews’ he said, “My sympathies are all with the Jews. They have been the untouchables of Christianity. Religious sanction has been invoked for the justification of the inhuman treatment meted out to them.”
• He further said that the German persecution of the Jews seems to have no parallel in history and expressed his concern with Britain’s policy of placating Adolf Hitler at the time (before World War II broke out).
• He wrote that“If there ever could be a justifiable war in the name of and for humanity, a war against Germany, to prevent the wanton persecution of a whole race, would be completely justified.

Yet, he did not support a Zionist state in Palestine.

• Gandhi opposed the establishment of a Zionist State in Palestine, contending that imposing Jews on the Arabs was both wrong and inhumane. He considered it a crime against humanity to diminish the dignity of the proud Arabs by restoring Palestine, either in part or wholly, as the national home for the Jews.

What are the Reasons Behind His Opposition to A Jewish Homeland?

• Religious Text as a Pretext: Mahatma Gandhi contended that the creation of a separate state based on religious grounds was unjustified.
• He believed that Palestine already belonged to Arab Palestinians, and the British-facilitated settlement of Jews was inherently violent.
• In his view, a religious act, such as Jews returning to Palestine, should not involve the use of force through the bayonet or the bomb.
• Goodwill of Arabs: Gandhi asserted that for Jews to settle in Palestine, it was essential to have the goodwill of the Arabs.
• He argued that this goodwill could only be achieved by forgoing the use of the British bayonet in the process.
• Contradiction to Global Struggle: Gandhi opposed the concept of a Jewish homeland, seeing it as contradictory to the broader struggle for increased rights that Jews were pursuing across the globe.
• He wasn't alone in holding this view, as it was shared by others during that period.
• Forced Relocation Concerns: He questioned the practicality of confining Jews to Palestine, wondering if they would appreciate being compelled to leave other parts of the world where they had settled.
• Gandhi expressed the concern that the Jewish claim for a national home could be seen as providing a justifiable reason for the expulsion of Jews, as witnessed in Germany.

Impact of Mahatma Gandhi’s Views on Indian Foreign Policy

• Shaping India's Foreign Policy through Gandhi's Influence on Nehru: Mahatma Gandhi's perspectives and his staunch anti-imperialism significantly influenced Jawaharlal Nehru, India's inaugural Prime Minister, shaping the nation's foreign policy for decades.
• Nehru, in many ways, inherited and embraced this perspective from Gandhi.
• Rejection of the Two-Nation Solution and Support for the Palestinian Cause: India's political stance toward Israel took firm shape shortly after gaining independence in 1947.
• Both Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi advocated for the Palestinian cause and firmly rejected the concept of two nations based on religious criteria.
• While expressing sympathy for the Jews, they believed that a state founded on religious exclusivity lacked moral and political sustainability, aligning with their opposition to the partition of India.
• India's Anti-Israel Votes at the UN: India's position on Palestine reflected not only its alignment with the Arab world but also resonated with the principles of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations.
• During the UN vote on the partition of Palestine, India, along with Arab countries, cast its vote against the proposal.
• Similarly, when Israel sought admission to the UN, India once again voted against the move.
• Recognition of Israel as a Nation with Limited Diplomatic Relations: India officially acknowledged Israel's status as a nation on September 17, 1950, following similar recognitions by two Muslim-majority countries, Turkey and Iran.
• In 1953, Israel gained permission to establish a consulate in Mumbai, yet it was not granted diplomatic representation in New Delhi.
• Engagement with Palestinian Leadership under Yasser Arafat: During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) emerged as the representative body for the people of Palestine under the leadership of Yasser Arafat.
• India fostered connections with the primary political faction within the PLO, Al Fatah.
• Recognition of PLO as the Legitimate Representative of the Palestinian People: On January 10, 1975, India took a significant step by officially recognizing the PLO as the exclusive and legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.
• Furthermore, India permitted the PLO to establish an independent office in New Delhi.
• While India was among the last non-Muslim states to recognize Israel, it achieved the distinction of becoming the first non-Arab state to acknowledge the legitimacy of the PLO.

Conclusion

Mahatma Gandhi maintained his perspectives on the Palestine-Israel issue throughout his life, emphasizing his disapproval of the unjust treatment of Jews. Simultaneously, he consistently reaffirmed his longstanding opposition to the creation of a separate nation for the Jewish community.

For numerous decades, Gandhi's viewpoints significantly influenced Indian foreign policy. However, in more recent times, India has undergone a shift in approach, decoupling its relations with Israel and Palestine. Establishing robust ties with Israel marks a departure from the historical hyphenation of India-Israel-Palestine relations, reflecting a changing dynamic in India's diplomatic engagements.

Why is it in the News?

India will aim to become a ‘developed nation’ by 2047, with an economy of $30 trillion in its 100th year of independence, which will be propelled by radical policy changes and reforms in governance by 2030.

News Summary:

• The 'Viksit Bharat @2047' document, which outlines this vision, is nearing completion, following its inception in December 2021 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
• Ten sectoral groups of secretaries (SGoSs) were entrusted with the task of preparing sector-specific visions, and these are nearly finalized.
• Niti Aayog will consolidate these sectoral visions into a single comprehensive document by December, following consultations with SGoSs and thought leaders, including industry leaders.
• Prime Minister Modi is expected to unveil this vision document in December or January.

What is the Current State of the Indian Economy?

• India’s economy was $3.5 trillion in FY23, but currently with a GDP of $3.7 trillion, it is estimated to be the 5th largest economy in the world and according to some projections, India's GDP will surpass that of Germany and Japan by 2030.
• The country’s per capita income was estimated at around $2,500 in FY23.
• Nations with per capita income beyond a threshold of $17,000 are considered as developed.
• This rapid rate of economic expansion would result in India becoming the second-largest economy in the Asia-Pacific region.

NITI Aayog Vision India@2047 Document:

• The process of shaping the Vision India@2047 document commenced in December 2021.
• To ensure comprehensive coverage, ten groups of secretaries were assembled, each focused on distinct sectors such as rural and agriculture, infrastructure, social vision, welfare, technology, governance, security, foreign affairs, and more.
• This document will provide a blueprint for achieving the ambitious goal of transforming India into a $30-trillion developed economy by 2047, with a per-capita income ranging from $18,000 to $20,000.
• It will encompass a range of crucial elements, including re-engineering government processes, implementing reforms, and streamlining the efforts of various ministries and departments to eliminate redundancy.
• Expect insights into India's global involvement in areas like trade, investment, technology, capital flows, and research and development.
• Furthermore, the document will shed light on which Indian companies are poised to lead on the global stage and the strategic approach for nurturing the ecosystem required to realize this vision.
• It will also delve into matters related to human capital development, leveraging the nation's vast market size, and addressing regional disparities.
• The vision document will also provide a roadmap, delineating where India aims to be in 2030 and, ultimately, in 2047."

What are the obstacles ahead in implementing the Vision India@2047?

• NITI Aayog is assisting Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh in preparing their vision documents in order to bring them into compliance with the national vision document.
• While other states, such as Uttarakhand, Goa, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh, are working on their own documents.
• Middle-income trap: The plan will include safeguards to make sure the economy stays out of the "middle-income trap".

What is the middle-income trap?

• According to the World Bank, the term "middle-income trap" describes a scenario in which a nation with a middle-class income is unable to make the transition to a high-income economy because of growing expenses and a decrease in its competitiveness.
• It's when per capita income reaches around $5,000 to $6,000, and then progress slows down.
• Low-income countries often tend to transition faster to middle-income levels, driven by low wages, cheap labour and basic technology catch-up.
• However, only a few countries manage to achieve high-income status.

What are the reasons for the middle-income trap?

• An example of what is known as the "middle-income trap" is when labour wages become so high that a middle-income nation is unable to compete on a global scale in the production of standardized, labour-intensive goods.
• But because of its relatively low productivity, it is also unable to compete on a large enough scale in higher value-added activities.
• As a result, growth is slowing, wages are stagnant or falling, and the informal economy is expanding.

Countries that are stuck in the middle-income trap:

• Historically, some evidence suggests that Latin American and Middle Eastern countries suffered middle-income traps for at least four or five decades.
• According to a World Bank report, out of 101 middle-income countries in 1960, only 13 countries achieved high-income status by 200
• The most recent examples are Brazil and Mexico, which were touted to transition to developed economies but failed to achieve the same success as Japan or some countries in Eastern Europe.

What Strategies Can Help India Overcome Middle-Income Traps?

• Investment: India should aim for an investment-to-GDP ratio of 35%. Achieving this goal requires boosting savings to 32% of GDP.
• In the fiscal year 2022, savings and investment rates were 30.2% and 29.6%, respectively, indicating the need for further growth.
• Balancing Fiscal Consolidation with Growth: India faces a challenge with a general public debt of 83% of GDP and high fiscal deficits.
• Balancing fiscal consolidation while meeting targets set under the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) framework is crucial.
• Structural Reforms: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) emphasizes the need for structural reforms in India to address issues like structural bottlenecks, declining investment, and an increasing current account deficit.
• Notable reforms include the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), which has strengthened the country's banking systems.
• Education and Skill Development: Skill development is vital for enhancing labour productivity and promoting inclusive growth.
• Recent reports suggest that employability among young people needs improvement, emphasizing the importance of education and skill enhancement programs.
• Research, Development, and Innovation: Innovation plays a significant role in transforming India's economy. India's progress in the Global Innovation Index reflects its potential.
• Initiatives like the CoWin platform for monitoring vaccination programs and the development of data ecosystems through platforms like UPI and Aadhaar are driving India's growth.
• Climate Change Adaptation: India should focus on developing and customizing adaptation technologies and solutions to address climate-induced vulnerabilities.
• This includes addressing challenges in agricultural production, food security, disaster risks, resource access (water, power, coastal resources), and human health in the face of climate change.

Why is it in the News?

• Two people were killed and scores injured after a series of blasts at a Sunday prayer convention of the Jehovah’s Witnesses sect near Kochi.
• The incident took place at the Zamra International Convention and Exhibition Centre at Kalamassery, where around 2,500 faithful from across the state had gathered for a prayer session.
• Dominic Martin, an estranged member of Jehovah’s Witnesses, who is now in police custody, posted a video on social media taking responsibility for the act.

Who are Jehovah’s Witnesses?

• Jehovah’s Witnesses are a Christian sect with a distinctive monotheistic belief system.
• They do not adhere to the Holy Trinity doctrine, which sees God as existing in three equal persons: the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit.
• Origins in the 1870s:
• The sect's origins trace back to the Bible Student movement initiated in the 1870s by American pastor Charles Taze Russell.
• Today, the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses is headquartered in Warwick, New York.
• The primary organization responsible for disseminating the sect's doctrines is the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, also headquartered in Warwick.
• Worship of Jehovah:
• They worship Jehovah as "the one true and Almighty God, the Creator."
• Jehovah is viewed as the God of key biblical figures, including Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.
• Their places of worship are called "Kingdom Halls," which are plain, functional buildings resembling small conference centers.
• View of Jesus Christ:
• Jehovah’s Witnesses recognize Jesus Christ as the "King of God’s Kingdom in heaven" but not as the Almighty God.
• Their beliefs are solely based on the text of the Bible, which they consider to be the word of God.
• Rejection of Traditional Festivals:
• They do not celebrate Christmas or Easter, as they believe these festivals have roots in Pagan traditions.
• Evangelical Work and End-Times Beliefs
• Door-to-Door Evangelism:
• Jehovah’s Witnesses are well-known for their evangelical work, which involves going door to door to share their religious teachings, often referred to as "The Truth."
• They believe that the end of the world is imminent.
• According to their teachings, the "Kingdom of God" will replace human governments and fulfill God's purpose for the Earth.
• Religious Isolation:
• Jehovah’s Witnesses tend to keep a distance from other religious groups.
• They maintain strict neutrality in political affairs and avoid affiliation with other religions.
• Despite their own religious isolation, they respect the choices made by individuals in matters of religion and politics.
• Political Neutrality:
• Jehovah’s Witnesses are well-known for their political neutrality, which sets them apart from many other religious groups.
• While they accept government authority in many matters and pay taxes, they do not vote in elections, serve in the military, or salute the flag.
• They believe that engaging in such acts compromises their primary loyalty to God.

Jehovah’s Witnesses: A History of Persecution

• Jehovah’s Witnesses have no political affiliations, and they renounce violence. However, they make an easy target for governments looking for internal enemies, as they refuse to bow down to government symbols. Many nationalists call them “enemies of the state.”
• As a result, they have often suffered persecution throughout history in many parts of the world.
• In Nazi Germany, they were killed in concentration camps.
• African Jehovah’s Witnesses faced violence for refusing to support dictators.

Jehovah’s Witnesses in India:

• Jehovah’s Witnesses have been present in India since 1905.
• They established an office in 1926 in Bombay (now Mumbai), and obtained legal registration in 1978.
• The Jehovah’s Witnesses website (jw.org) mentions that their members in India have at times been accused of trying to convert people due to their evangelical work.

Jehovah’s Witnesses and National Anthem Case:

• Bijoe Emmanuel & Ors vs State Of Kerala & Ors
• In 1985, three Jehovah’s Witness students in Kerala faced suspension for refusing to sing the national anthem on religious grounds.
• Their case reached the Supreme Court in 1986, emphasizing the freedom of conscience enshrined in Article 25 of the Constitution.
• The Supreme Court ruled that respectfully standing, without vocal participation, during the anthem did not violate the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act of 1971.
• This landmark case balanced religious freedom with national symbols, setting a significant precedent in India's legal history.

Why is it in the News?

In a setback to India’s efforts at securing their release, eight former personnel of the Indian Navy, arrested in an alleged case of espionage, were handed the death sentence by a court in Qatar.

About India- Qatar Relations:

• Economic Cooperation: Economic cooperation is a cornerstone of the India-Qatar relationship.
• Qatar exports products like LNG, LPG, chemicals, petrochemicals, fertilizers, plastics, and aluminum articles to India.
• India exports cereals, copper articles, iron and steel articles, vegetables, and fruits to Qatar.
• In 2021, India ranked among the top four largest export destinations for Qatar and is among the top three sources of Qatar's imports, with bilateral trade totaling approximately $15 billion.
• The India-Qatar Start-up Bridge is a collaborative initiative to connect the startup ecosystems of both nations.
• Energy Partnership: Qatar is a significant supplier of LNG to India, and this energy partnership has grown over the years.
• India's total imports from Qatar in FY2022-23 were valued at $16.81 billion, of which LNG imports alone were worth $8.32 billion.
• Political and Diplomatic Relations: Both countries maintain strong political ties. High-level visits by leaders from both sides have led to the signing of various agreements and Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) covering diverse areas, including defense, trade, and investment.
• For instance, former PM Manmohan Singh’s visit in November 2008
• In November 2022, Vice President Jagdeep Dhankar traveled to Doha for the FIFA World Cup and addressed the Indian diaspora.
• Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges: The cultural aspect of the relationship is strengthened by the presence of a large Indian community in Qatar.
• An extensive Indian community of over 800,000 individuals resides in Qatar, fostering strong ties between the two nations through expatriates.
• The Qatar Fund for Development (QFFD) provided COVID-19 medical relief materials to India.
• Defense Collaboration: The two countries have explored defense collaboration and joint military exercises, strengthening their defense ties and strategic partnerships.
• For instance, Joint military exercises, such as the Za’ir-Al-Bahr (Roar of Sea) naval exercise, promote cooperation between the Indian and Qatari Navies.
• The 2008 Defense Cooperation Agreement is a pivotal aspect of India-Qatar relations, involving mutual training and visits, notably for the Qatari Emiri Naval Forces in India.
• Maritime collaboration includes interactions between Indian and Qatari ports.
• Education and Skill Development: Qatar has also partnered with India in the field of education and skill development, providing opportunities for Indian workers to enhance their skills and employability.
• For instance, 14 Indian schools in Qatar are offering CBSE curricula.

What are the challenges associated with the India-Qatar relationship?

• Detention of 8 Ex-Navy Personnel: Eight former Indian Navy personnel are imprisoned in Qatar, with some facing the death sentence.
  • This is a significant concern, particularly as a large Indian expatriate community resides in Qatar.
• Strained Relations Post-2017 Qatar Blockade: India's engagement with nations like Saudi Arabia and the UAE has strained its relationship to some extent with Qatar due to the Gulf blockade in 2017.
• Geopolitical Complexities within OIC: Qatar, in collaboration with Turkey, Pakistan, and Malaysia, has challenged the UAE and Saudi Arabia within the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), raising concerns for India.
• Support for Militant Groups: Qatar's alignment with Iran and its support for groups like the Muslim Brotherhood and Hamas have caused tensions with India.
• Historical Rivalry with Israel: Qatar and Israel have a historical enmity, and India's growing ties with Israel have not been well-received by the Qatari leadership.
• Controversy Over Prophet Comments: Controversy arose due to comments by an Indian ruling party spokesperson against the Prophet.
  • Qatar demanded a public apology, which was resolved after the spokesperson was removed from their position.
• Media Concerns About Minorities: Qatar's media (i.e. Al Jazeera) has expressed concerns about the treatment of minorities by the ruling government, further impacting bilateral relations.
• Participation in US-Led Initiatives: India's involvement in U.S.-led initiatives like I2U2 and the IMEEEC has contributed to strained relations with Qatar, particularly in light of the Hamas attacks and the Abraham Accords.

Why is Qatar important to India's Look West Policy despite these challenges?

• Geopolitical Significance: Qatar hosts leaders from various opposition and militant movements, including Hamas, the Muslim Brotherhood, and the Taliban, positioning itself as a key player in the intricate dynamics of the Islamic world.
• Global and Regional Interests: Qatar houses American and Turkish military bases while maintaining diplomatic ties with Iran, which significantly influences the geopolitics of the region.
• Soft Power Influence: Qatar wields substantial soft power through the government-owned Al Jazeera broadcaster, allowing it to shape opinions across the region.
• GCC Membership: Qatar's membership in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) holds strategic importance for India, especially concerning regional matters such as Kashmir.
• UNSC Support: Qatar's support is crucial for India's pursuit of a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.
• Business Relationships: Numerous major Indian companies operate in Qatar, fostering economic ties between the two nations.
• Gulf Stability: The stability of the Gulf region is of paramount importance to India's energy and maritime security, underscoring the significant role Qatar plays in this context.

What are the options available for India in the present case?

• Legal Recourse and Diplomatic Pressure: In response to the verdict, India is actively pursuing a range of legal options and retains the possibility of escalating the matter to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) if due process is not followed.
• Transfer of Sentenced Persons: There exists a bilateral agreement for the transfer of sentenced prisoners, enabling Indian nationals sentenced in Qatar to serve their sentences in India.
• Economic Influence: India's substantial market for Qatar's LNG stands as a potent economic leverage.
• Given India's sustained growth and energy demands, Qatar maintains a vested interest in nurturing a robust economic relationship.
• This opens avenues for potential concessions and a review of trade agreements that could mutually benefit both nations.
• Prudent Diplomacy: Effectively navigating challenges and engaging in constructive dialogue underscores the importance of diplomacy in resolving international disputes.
• For instance, India is dedicated to providing consular and legal support and has raised the verdict issue with Qatari authorities, particularly in light of families filing a mercy plea with the Emir of Qatar.

Conclusion

The situation involving the 8 Indian citizens and former naval servicemen necessitates a concerted effort involving legal, diplomatic, and humanitarian actions. The government must place a strong emphasis on negotiations with Qatari authorities, potentially warranting high-level intervention. At this juncture, a swift and diplomatic approach, rather than brinkmanship, is of utmost importance.

Why is it in the News?

Two-judge Bench comes to the rescue of a woman suffering from the rare medical condition of Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser syndrome by staying the operation of a law that threatened to wreck her hopes of becoming a mother.

What was the case, and why did the woman approach the Supreme Court?

• There was a woman who had the Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser (MRKH) syndrome.
• Medical board records showed she has absent ovaries and an absent uterus, hence she cannot produce her eggs/oocytes.
• The couple had begun the process of gestational surrogacy, through a donor, last year.
• However, a government notification (on March 14 this year) amended the law, banning the use of donor gametes.
• It said “intending couples” must use their gametes for surrogacy.
• The petition was filed in the SC challenging the amendment as a violation of a woman’s right to parenthood.

What are Gametes?

• Gametes are reproductive cells that fuse during fertilization to form a new organism.
• They are haploid cells, meaning they contain only one copy of each chromosome. This ensures that the offspring has the correct number of chromosomes from both parents.
• In animals, the male gamete is called a sperm cell and the female gamete is called an egg cell.
• Sperm cells are small and motile, while egg cells are large and nonmotile.
• Gametes are produced through a process called meiosis, which reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half.
• This process is essential for sexual reproduction.

What were the petitioner’s arguments?

• The woman said that she started the surrogacy procedure months before the amendment took effect, so it cannot be implemented retrospectively.
• She and her spouse were unable to proceed with the surrogacy procedure in order to become parents because the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules 2022 amendment prohibited the use of donor eggs.
• The Surrogacy Act 2021, which recognized situations where a couple would have to choose gestational surrogacy in order to become parents due to a medical condition, is in conflict with the amendment.
• The medical or congenital conditions listed in the Surrogacy Rules allowed a woman to choose to become a mother through gestational surrogacy.
• These included not having a uterus, having one that is missing, having an abnormal uterus, or having had surgery to remove the uterus because of a medical condition like gynecological cancer.
• It was explicitly stated in the Surrogacy Rules that the woman had the final say in the matter.
• Government's argument: According to the law, surrogacy cannot be used unless the intended couple and the child are "genetically related." This made using donor eggs exempt.

What was the Supreme Court’s (SC’s) Verdict?

• The Surrogacy Act's main provisions, both in form and content, imply that the amendment is prima facie contrary to their intended meaning.
• It was a "woman-centric" law that allowed gestational surrogacy.
• The woman's incapacity to become a mother due to her ailment or birth defect was the sole reason for choosing to have a surrogate child.
• Among these conditions were the lack of a uterus, multiple pregnancies, recurrent miscarriages, or an illness that would make the pregnancy dangerous or impossible for her to carry to term.
• The amendment cannot be in conflict with the Rules, which expressly identify the lack of a uterus or any related condition as a medical necessity for gestational surrogacy.
• The court emphasized that the surrogate child would be related to the husband in response to the government's argument that the child should be "genetically related" to the couple.
• It should be noted in this context that the phrase "genetically" related to the prospective couple must be interpreted as referring to the husband.

What is surrogacy?

• Surrogacy is the act of bearing and delivering a child on behalf of a different individual or couple (i.e., intended parents).
• A woman who bears a child on behalf of another woman is known as a surrogate mother. This can be done either naturally (traditional surrogacy) or by implanting a fertilized egg from another woman into her womb (gestational surrogates).
• The biological mother of the child serves as a traditional surrogate. Because it was their egg that was fertilized by the father's sperm.
• Eggs from the mother (or an egg donor) can now be collected, and fertilized with sperm from the father (or a sperm donor), and the embryo can be placed into the uterus of a gestational surrogate thanks to a process known as "in vitro fertilization" (IVF). Gestational surrogates are genetically unrelated to the child because their egg was not used in the process.

Provisions regarding the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act 2021:

• Prohibition of commercial surrogacy: The Act prohibits commercial surrogacy, meaning that no monetary or other material benefit can be given to the surrogate mother, except for medical expenses and insurance coverage.
• Permissibility of altruistic surrogacy: The Act only allows altruistic surrogacy, where the surrogate mother is a close relative of the intending couple or intending woman, and does not receive any financial or other material benefit, except for medical expenses and insurance coverage.
• Eligibility criteria for intending couples and surrogate mothers: Intending couples must be legally married and have a medical condition that necessitates surrogacy.
• Surrogate mothers must be between the ages of 25 and 35 years, have at least one child of their own, and be medically and psychologically fit for surrogacy.
• Registration of surrogacy clinics and assisted reproductive technology (ART) banks: All surrogacy clinics and ART banks must be registered with the National Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Board.
• Establishment of National and State Boards: The Act establishes a National Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Board and State Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Boards to regulate the practice of surrogacy and to ensure the welfare of surrogate mothers and children born through surrogacy.
• Penalties for violations: The Act prescribes penalties for violations of its provisions, including imprisonment for up to 10 years and fines up to Rs. 10 lakhs.

Why is it in the News?

• With the high percentage of married women in the working-age population, there is growing concern about the economic impact of their non-participation in India's workforce.
• Women who work have better economic opportunities and more household decision-making authority.
• The work of Nobel laureate Claudia Goldin draws attention to differences in women's employment outcomes.

What is the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)?

• The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is an important indicator in labor market studies because it represents the proportion of a country's working-age population that is either employed or actively looking for work.
• The female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) is the percentage of working-age women who are currently employed or looking for work.

Data on Women’s Labour Participation:

• In 2022, the global LFPR for women was 47.3%.
• Women's LFPR decreased in developing nations;
• For example, in India it fell from 28% in 1990 to 24% in 2022.
• Based on data from India's NSSO Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) for individuals aged 25 to 49, the following trends have been noted::
• Compared to the Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status (UPSS) status, married women exhibit a significantly lower employment proportion under the Usual Principal Status (UPS) status.
• Marriage has a significant impact on women's labor-force outcomes.
• The female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) among married women between the ages of 25 and 49 decreased by 5% in 2022–2023.
• The FLFPR for this group decreased to 45% in 2022–2023 from 50% in 2004–05.
• Most of the FLFPR decline is concentrated in the 25–29 age range.

What is the Periodic Labour Force Survey?

• The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) was introduced by the NSO in April 2017 in response to the growing need for labor force data to be available at more frequent intervals.
• PLFS aims to accomplish two main goals:
• to estimate, for the urban areas only in the CWS, the major employment and unemployment indicators (i.e., the worker population ratio, labor force participation rate, and unemployment rate) in a brief period of three months.
• to annually estimate the indicators of employment and unemployment in both CWS and usual Status in both rural and urban areas.

What is NSSO?

• The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) is an organization within the Government of India's Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
• It is in charge of carrying out extensive nationwide sample surveys on a range of socioeconomic topics.
• The NSSO was established in 1950 to meet the data needs of post-independence India.
• The National Sample Survey (NSS) Commission, which is composed of state officials, academics, and subject-matter experts, provides overall direction for the organization's operations.
• Regular "rounds" of surveys are carried out by the NSSO, and they typically last for a year. These rounds are usually named after the year they begin, such as "68th round" or "75th round."
• In 2019, the NSSO merged with the Central Statistics Office (CSO) to form the National Statistical Office (NSO) in order to streamline and consolidate the country's statistical system.

What is the reason behind the decline/low participation rate of women in labor force?

• Movement of Production: According to economist Claudia Goldin (1994), adult women's LFPR shows a U-shaped pattern during periods of economic expansion.
• She also mentioned that the shift in production from the family farm, small business, and home to the larger market is the reason for the initial drop in the participation rate.
• Marriage Issues: When married women indicate a desire to enter the workforce, the problem gets worse.
• Women's LFPR tends to decline after marriage for a variety of reasons.
• When comparing the Usual Principal Status (UPS) to the Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status (UPSS), married women exhibit a significantly lower employment proportion, according to the PLFS data (25 to 49 years).
• The age range of 25 to 29 is where the majority of the decline in the female LFPR is found.

What are the Problems Faced by Married Women?

• Growing Family Obligations: Due to women's lower educational attainment and restricted mobility, there is a growing social disapproval of women working outside the home, which in turn leads to an increase in family obligations.
• Marriage Increases Domestic Responsibilities: In addition to increasing women's domestic responsibilities, the institution of marriage places numerous social and cultural constraints on them that limit their ability to engage in the workforce.
• Social Elements: Women's limited labor participation is also influenced by a number of other societal factors, including their location and affiliations with particular castes and religions.
• The level of wealth in their home and the social norms that are in place regarding women working outside the home also influence how many women enter the workforce.

Other challenges faced by married women:

• When women choose to return to the workforce after marriage, they typically show a preference for jobs that are located close to their homes and provide more flexibility.
• Due to a number of social restrictions, women also face gender-asymmetrical professional costs.
• It causes gender differences in decisions about fertility, age at marriage, income inequality, and premarital career choices.
• It has been noted that women in higher social classes typically fulfill home duties in order to conform to strict social norms.
• Women from lower socioeconomic classes are more likely to work, mainly due to financial limitations brought on by poverty.
• When compared to their more educated counterparts, women who are illiterate are more likely to enter the workforce following marriage.
• According to empirical research on the distribution of female labor across various industry sectors in India, the agricultural sector continues to be the most popular choice for women seeking employment.

What can be solutions to promote greater participation of married women in the labour market?

• Offering Child Care Services: By helping women handle their caregiving duties, this program will allow them to dedicate enough time to gainful employment.
• It is also crucial to invest in the establishment of childcare services in office buildings through cooperative models and in industrial corridors with industry associations.
• Public crèches can be run in worksite clusters like labor nakas, close to markets, industrial areas, and densely populated low-income residential areas.
• Additionally, the establishment of work environments that give precedence to the requirements and welfare of female employees, the supply of safe modes of transportation, and the growth of opportunities for part-time employment would function as inducers for increased female participation in the Indian labor market.

Government Initiatives to increase female labor participation rate:

The government has targeted the issue by taking various prominent steps to increase the female labour participation rate which includes:

• Enactment of the Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017 which provides for enhancement in paid maternity leave from 12 weeks to 26 weeks.
• Provisions for mandatory crèche facility in establishments having 50 or more employees.
• Issue of an advisory to the States under the Factories Act, 1948 for permitting women workers in the night shifts with adequate safety measures.

Conclusion

• Married women's lower participation in the labor force and their propensity to leave the workforce after marriage are caused by a variety of factors.
• In light of this, it is critical to consider appropriate strategies for advancing women's empowerment during this period of rapid economic expansion.
• Empowering women in the workforce is not only economically necessary, but also a crucial first step toward achieving gender equality and inclusive economic growth.

Why is it in the News?

• Relationships between India and Canada, which were already tense, have gotten worse as a result of Canada's most recent accusation that India has unilaterally revoked the diplomatic immunity of Canadian diplomats based in India.
• According to Canada, India has violated both the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (VCDR) and international law.

Context:

• The recent diplomatic dispute between India and Canada arose due to controversial comments by Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau linking Indian agents to the killing of a Khalistani separatist leader.
• In response, India demanded that Canada withdraw 41 of its diplomats to ensure parity in diplomatic representation.
• India cited provisions of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations to justify its demand.
• The convention allows the receiving state to limit the size of a diplomatic mission to a reasonable number.
• Canada complied with India's demand, withdrawing the 41 diplomats, but expressed concerns about potential violations of the Vienna Convention.
• This ongoing dispute between India and Canada has brought attention to the Vienna Convention and its rules governing diplomatic relations between states.

What is the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations?

• The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961) is a United Nations treaty that set some common principles and terms on how countries must treat each other’s diplomatic representatives, in order to ensure friendly relations and maintain proper communication channels between countries.
• It was approved on April 14, 1961, at the Neue Hofburg in Vienna, Austria, during the United Nations Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities.
• 193 nations have ratified the convention as of right now.
• India ratified it through the Diplomatic Relations (Vienna Convention) Act of 1972.

Major Provisions of the Vienna Convention:

• Diplomatic immunity is one of the Convention's guiding principles.
• It guarantees that ambassadors can carry out their responsibilities without intimidation, fear, or threat.
• Diplomats are exempt from arrest and detention under Article 29 of the Convention.
• The host nation is obliged to treat the diplomatic agent with due respect and to take all reasonable precautions to shield the diplomat's person, liberty, or dignity from any harm or violation.

Does India Have the Right to Ask Any Country to Reduce the Size of its Mission?

• Yes, India has every right to make unilateral decisions and it’s actions are entirely compliant with the parity clause.
• According to the Ministry of External Affairs, India's action is consistent with Article 11(1) of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (VCDR).
• According to Article 11.1 of the Convention, the host nation may set reasonable and suitable restrictions on the size of a foreign diplomatic mission, taking into account the specific needs of the mission as well as the conditions and circumstances that currently exist in the host country.
• The receiving State may, at any time and without cause, declare the head of the mission or any member of the diplomatic staff persona non grata, or unwelcome, in accordance with Article 9 of the Convention.
• According to MEA, India feels that a reciprocal diplomatic presence in both nations is necessary due to the significantly greater number of Canadian diplomats in India and their ongoing meddling in (India's) internal affairs.
• People with diplomatic privileges and immunities are required by Article 41(1) of the VCDR to refrain from meddling in the domestic affairs of the receiving state.
• Therefore, it would be a violation of Canada's VCDR if these Canadian diplomats were meddling in internal matters in India.
• Additionally, this may be cause to revoke or limit diplomatic immunity.
• In Line with India’s Diplomatic Relations Act of 1972,
• India passed this law in accordance with the Diplomatic Relations Act of 1972 to give the VCDR effect.
• According to Section 4 of this Act, if a nation violates the VCDR, the central government may limit diplomatic privileges and immunities granted to that nation.

International Precedents and Legal Grounds for India's Actions:

• UK's Restriction on the Soviet Mission: The United Kingdom imposed restrictions on the Soviet Union's mission in the UK due to the discovery of Russian diplomats involved in unacceptable activities.
• The UK invoked Article 11 of the VCDR to substantiate its decision.
• US Measures against the Iranian Mission (1979): In 1979, the United States exercised its authority to limit the number of Iranian diplomats stationed in Washington.
• Estonia and Moldova's Approach to the Russian Mission: Earlier this year, Moldova and Estonia both requested Russia to reduce the size of its mission, emphasizing the principle of parity.
• In justifying their actions, both Moldova and Estonia relied on Article 11 of the VCDR.
• Moldova alleged the involvement of Russian diplomats in destabilizing Moldova's internal situation, while Estonia argued that Russian diplomats were actively undermining its security.

Conclusion

Beyond the legal aspects, a larger issue is the current lack of trust between Ottawa and New Delhi. Both sides should focus on adopting confidence-building measures to address this issue.

Allegations of breaching international law could further strain the situation and hinder diplomatic relations.

Why is it in the News?

• The Supreme Court declined to hear a petition that the ruling Telangana's Bharat Rashtra Samiti (BRS) party filed challenging the attribution of election symbols to two other parties.
• BRS contended that the symbols 'road roller' and 'chapatti roller' given to 'Yuga Thulasi Party' and 'Alliance of Democratic Reforms Party' resembled BRS's car symbol, potentially causing confusion among voters during elections.
• The Supreme Court declined the petition, expressing confidence in voters' ability to distinguish between the symbols.

How are Election Symbols Allotted to Political Parties in India?

• The Election Commission of India (ECI) is responsible for symbol allotment, operating under The Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968.
• This order aims to specify, reserve, choose, and allocate symbols for elections in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies, primarily for recognized political parties.
• Symbols can be either reserved for exclusive use by recognized political parties or 'free' for unrecognised registered parties.
• Unrecognized registered parties or candidates can choose from 'free' symbols because they have not secured enough percentage of votes to fulfill the prescribed criteria to become a recognised party.
• Once selected by parties, these symbols become 'free' for others to choose in subsequent elections.
• Recognized national and state parties receive exclusive symbols.
• For instance, the Samajwadi Party leader Mulayam Singh Yadav chose the symbol of a bicycle for the 1993 Uttar Pradesh Assembly polls.
• The ECI announces party symbols through notifications published in the Gazette of India.
• As per recent notifications, there are six national parties, 26 state parties, and 2,597 registered unrecognised parties in India.

Do political parties get to state their preferences?

• The 1968 order empowers the Election Commission (EC) to manage the specification, reservation, choice, and allocation of symbols for parliamentary and assembly elections, particularly for recognizing political parties.
• Unregistered parties are required to provide a list of ten symbols in order of preference from the set of free symbols published by the EC.
• Parties have the option to propose up to three new symbols of their choice.
• These proposals should include names and clear designs, ranked in order of preference.
• The EC may consider these proposals for allocation as a common symbol if no objections arise.
• Proposed symbols must not resemble existing reserved or free symbols, have no religious or communal connotations, and should not depict birds or animals.

What happens when a recognised political party splits?

• When a recognised political party splits, the Election Commission takes the decision to assign the symbol.
• For instance, the Congress party, in the first elections of 1952, had a pair of bulls as its symbols. Following splits in the party over the years, the current symbol of hand eventually went to the party.
• More recently, the EC allowed the Eknath Shinde faction of the Shiv Sena to retain the party’s traditional bow and arrow symbol, while the Udbhav Tackeray faction was allotted a flaming torch.
• The factions had asked for the trident (Trishul) and the mace (Gada), which were rejected citing religious connotations.
• Both factions had also wanted the ‘rising sun’, which the EC pointed out was the DMK’s election symbol.
• In case of a split, the EC is empowered to decide on the claims of opposing factions under Paragraph 15 of the Symbols Order, 1968.
• After considering all of the relevant information, considering the circumstances of the case, and consulting with the parties' representatives, the EC makes a decision.
• All of these rival sections or groups are bound by the Commission's decision.
• When registered but unrecognized parties split, the ECI usually advises the warring factions to settle their differences internally or go to court.

Sadiq Ali Case

• In the Sadiq Ali v. Election Commission of India (1971), it was decided that in matters of disputes among groups of a political party, the test of majority support among members of the party's "organizational and legislative wings" was the critical test to decide the dispute.
• It includes the Party Constitution Test, Party Constitution Aims and Objectives Test, and Majority Test.

What happens to the faction that doesn't receive the symbol of the parent party?

• Before 1997, the Election Commission recognized the group not obtaining the symbol based on specific criteria defined in Paras 6 and 7 of the Symbols Order.
• This recognition depended on whether the breakaway party had the support of a sufficient number of MPs/MLAs according to those criteria, leading to their recognition as a National or State Party.
• However, in 1997, the Election Commission determined that merely having MPs and MLAs was insufficient.
• This was because these elected representatives had contested and won elections on the tickets of their parent (undivided) parties.
• Consequently, the Election Commission introduced a new rule.
• Under this rule, the splinter group of the party, different from the group that received the party symbol, was required to register itself as a separate political party.
• These newly registered parties could only attain national or state party status based on their performance in elections at the state or central level following their registration.

Registration of Political Parties:

• According to the Election Commission of India (ECI), any party seeking registration must submit an application to the Commission within 30 days of the date of its formation in accordance with the Commission's rules.
• It acts in accordance with Article 324 of the Indian Constitution and Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
• According to Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act of 1951, all political parties must register before participating in elections.

Why is it in the News?

• India has nearly 6,000 large dams, 80% of which are over 25 years old and pose safety risks.
• A new Dam Safety Act (DSA) was enacted in late 2021.
• On October 4, 2023, the Teesta III dam at Chungthang, one of the largest hydropower projects in India, was destroyed by a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in North Sikkim's South Lhonak Lake.
• Since then, reports have shown there were no early warning systems, risk assessments, or preventive measures implemented as required by the Act.

What are the provisions of the Dam Safety Act, 2021?

• The Dam Safety Act was introduced in the Rajya Sabha in December 2021 in response to inadequate surveillance and maintenance, which resulted in dam failure-related disasters.
• The Act outlined important duties and required the creation of bodies at the federal and state levels to carry them out.
• Key provisions:
• Dam safety policies and rules would be supervised by a National Committee on Dam Safety;
• State-level disputes would be handled by a National Dam Safety Authority, which would also be responsible for implementation;
• The Chairman of the Central Water Commission (CWC) would be in charge of dam safety protocols on a national scale.
• There would be a State Committee on Dam Safety (SCDS) and a State Dam Safety Organization (SDSO).

What do the States need to do?

• States are required by provisions to: categorize dams according to risk of hazards; carry out routine inspections; develop emergency action plans; implement emergency flood warning systems; and carry out safety reviews and period risk assessment studies.
• States were asked to report and document incidents of dam failures.
• Until now, no statutory provision required systemic reporting of failures, and no single agency was in charge of tracking this information.
• The CWC maintains a list, but it is not consistently updated.

Is there any action taken for failing to comply?

• Any provision of the Act that is broken is punishable by imprisonment and/or monetary penalties.
• The entity shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years if such obstruction or refusal to comply with directions results in the loss of lives or imminent danger.
• For failing to comply with the Dam Safety Act, the Sikkim High Court ordered the Gati Hydropower Project company to pay two widowed mothers 70 lakh in February 2023.

What are the challenges?

• Blind spots in the implementation of the law
• The Dam Safety Act (DSA) fails to encourage transparency and does not support risk-based decision-making.
• Such disasters occur frequently, and their size reveals a pattern of neglect.
• Access to Information
• A strong Dam Safety Act (DSA) should make it simple for various stakeholders to access information, but India's framework falls short.
• Safety at dams serves a public purpose.
• The general public should have immediate access to all information regarding dam safety, including the roles played by all institutions, committees, and authorities, as well as their reports, decisions, minutes, and agendas.
• Nothing is, however, in the public domain.
• Absence of a cyclical review
• Periodic reviews are frequently not carried out, or if they are, the results are not readily accessible to the public.
• Comprehensive dam safety evaluations are mandated by the Act for dam builders. The failure's analysis and reporting, however, are not standardized.

How is dam safety undertaken?

Dam safety is a function of many parts:

• Design and Construction: Building dams with safety margins is the initial step.
• Dams should be designed and constructed to withstand potential hazards.
• Maintenance and Operation: Dams need regular upkeep and should be operated following safety guidelines to ensure their long-term stability.
• Real-Time Data: Continuous monitoring and recording of dam data in an easily accessible format is crucial for prompt action in case of emergencies.
• Hazard Forecasting: Being prepared for hazardous events is key. This includes forecasting potential risks and having emergency plans in place.
• The incident in Sikkim revealed poor compliance with safety measures, ranging from dam design to the capacity of spillways that manage water release.
• Hazard Profiling: Regular assessment and profiling of potential hazards are mandated.
• Hazards can change due to factors like climate change, urbanization, and water usage patterns.
• Periodic Reviews: Periodic reviews are essential to update inundation maps and dam reservoir capacity rules.
• This contributes to downstream safety.
• Review Frequency: Spillway capacity and safety metrics should be reviewed approximately every five years.
• However, these reviews may not be conducted as required.
• Dam Safety Evaluations: The Act requires comprehensive dam safety evaluations by dam builders.
• Unfortunately, there's a lack of standardization in how failure analysis and reporting are carried out.
• Non-Compliance: In certain cases, such as the July-August floods in Himachal Pradesh, dam builders were found guilty of non-compliance with dam safety regulations, leading to government notices.

Why is it in the News?

Recently, the Supreme Court, in a judgment, said claims of fraternity, equality, and dignity among citizens remain a mere illusion if a sizeable section of society is forced to enter sewers for a living and die trapped in them even a decade after the outlawing of the inhuman practice of manual scavenging.

What is Manual Scavenging?

• The practice of manually cleaning, handling, and disposing of human excreta and other waste materials from dry latrines, open drains, and sewers is known as manual scavenging.
• Although it has been formally prohibited since 1993, manual scavenging has long been a problem in India.

Manual Scavenging in India:

• According to the 2011 Census of India, there were over 740,000 households in India where manual scavenging was still practiced.
• The National Commission for Safai Karamcharis reports that between 2016 and 2019, 482 manual scavengers lost their lives while clearing septic tanks and sewers throughout India.
• An advocacy group fighting to end manual scavenging, the Safai Karamchari Andolan, calculates that there are still roughly 1.8 million manual scavengers in India.
• Many manual scavengers suffer from a variety of health issues, including skin diseases, respiratory problems, and even death, as a result of their exposure to toxic fumes in septic tanks and sewer lines.
• From 2019 to 2022, a total of 233 people died as a result of accidents while performing hazardous sewer and septic tank cleaning.
• Haryana had the most deaths (13), followed by Maharashtra (12) and Tamil Nadu (10).

Why does manual scavenging still occur frequently in India?

• Ineffective sewage management system: In India, the majority of municipalities lack the newest sewage cleaning equipment, necessitating the entry of sewage workers through manholes into the underground sewerage systems.
• However, because they are much less expensive to hire, contractors illegally hire unskilled laborers and pay them a daily wage.
• Social stratification based on caste: Manual scavenging has long been connected to India's caste system, where some castes have been marginalized and compelled to work in fields that are deemed "unclean" or "polluting."
• Manual scavenging as a source of income for these marginalized communities continues as a result of the persistence of caste-based discrimination and social stigma.
• Lack of Alternative Livelihood Opportunities: Manual scavenging is common in affected communities due to a lack of alternative employment opportunities.
• Many manual scavengers are trapped in a cycle of poverty and exclusion, with no access to education or skill development programs that could provide them with alternative means of subsistence.
• Due to a lack of economic alternatives, they must continue to engage in manual scavenging for survival.

What Are the Consequences of Manual Scavenging?

• Health Effects: Manual scavengers face significant health risks as a result of direct exposure to human waste and hazardous substances.
• They are especially vulnerable to diseases like cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, and various respiratory infections.
• The lack of protective equipment and poor sanitation conditions exacerbate the health risks, leading to an increase in illnesses and premature deaths among manual scavengers.
• Dignity and Human Rights Violations: Manual scavenging is a clear violation of the individual’s dignity and human rights.
• They live in deplorable and inhumane conditions, handling human waste with their bare hands and without access to basic sanitation facilities.
• This occupation reinforces caste-based oppression by perpetuating social stigma, discrimination, and marginalization of affected communities.
• Psychological and Emotional Trauma: Manual scavenging can have serious psychological and emotional consequences for those involved.
• Their mental health suffers as a result of their constant exposure to filth, the humiliation of their work, and the discrimination they face.
• Manual scavengers frequently suffer from feelings of shame, low self-esteem, and depression, which can lead to long-term psychological trauma.

Steps Taken by Government to Reduce Manual Scavenging:

• In an effort to prevent deaths caused by hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks, the government created the NAMASTE scheme or National Action Plan for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem.
• The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993 was enacted to prohibit manual scavenging.
• The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act of 2013 was passed to strengthen the ban and provide for the rehabilitation of manual scavengers.

Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013:

• It was passed in 2013 to make provisions for the banning of employment as manual scavengers and the rehabilitation of manual scavengers and their families.
• The act's main goals are to get rid of unhygienic latrines, forbid hiring manual scavengers, forbid dangerous manual cleaning of septic and sewer tanks, and keep track of manual scavengers and their rehabilitation.
• Provisions:
• No person or organization may hire or engage any person to perform manual scavenging.
• Anyone who engages in manual scavenging in violation of the provisions of the MS Act, 2013, faces imprisonment for up to two years, a fine of up to one lakh rupees, or both.
• It outlines the measures taken to help sanitation workers and their families get back on their feet.
• Following a survey of manual scavengers, the local administration must issue them with a photo identity card containing information about their family members as well as monetary compensation.
• Their children must receive a government scholarship, as well as a residential plot and the funds necessary to build on it.
• It is also illegal for a person to clean a sewer or septic tank without the employer providing protective gear and cleaning devices and following safety precautions.
• Every local authority is required by the Act to ensure that there are no insanitary latrines in its jurisdiction and that no manual scavengers are employed.
• A municipality or a panchayat is a local authority that is in charge of sanitation in its jurisdiction.
• Local governments must build community sanitary latrines (that do not require manual removal of human excreta) and make plans for their sanitary upkeep at all times.
• They must also ensure that technological appliances are used to clean sewers, septic tanks, and other similar spaces in their jurisdictions.

• Despite legal prohibitions and government efforts to eliminate manual scavenging, the practice continues in various parts of the country.

Way Forward

• Technology-Driven Solutions: Innovative tools and machinery that can take the place of manual scavenging work must be developed.
• For instance, septic tanks and sewer lines can be cleaned by automated robots, eliminating the need for human intervention in potentially dangerous situations.
• Encourage Entrepreneurship and Skill Development: There is a need to encourage affected individuals' training and skill development, allowing them to explore alternative livelihood opportunities.
• To assist former manual scavengers in transitioning to safer and more dignified professions, governments and non-governmental organizations can provide vocational training in areas such as plumbing, electrical work, computer literacy, and entrepreneurship.
• Upgrades to Sanitation Infrastructure: Invest in sanitation infrastructure development and improvement, such as the construction of modern toilets, sewage treatment plants, and efficient waste management systems.
• These improvements will reduce the need for manual scavenging and provide safer waste disposal options.

Why is it in the News?

Recently Chinese President Xi Jinping commemorated the 10th anniversary of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

What is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)?

• The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), also known as the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative, is a massive infrastructure and economic development project launched by China.
• It was introduced by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013 and aims to enhance trade and investment connectivity between China and various countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, and beyond.
• The initiative comprises two main components:
• The Silk Road Economic Belt: This land-based component envisions the construction of a network of roads, railways, and pipelines connecting China to Europe through Central Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.
• Maritime Silk Road: This sea-based component focuses on developing a network of ports and coastal infrastructure, linking China to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, and Europe via the Indian Ocean and South China Sea.

What are the objective of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)?

• The BRI aims to stimulate economic development, improve trade relationships, and foster cultural exchanges across participating countries.
• It involves extensive investments in infrastructure, including roads, railways, ports, and energy projects, with the goal of boosting economic growth and connectivity.
• The initiative has been met with both enthusiasm and scrutiny, as it has the potential to reshape global trade and geopolitical dynamics.
• It is scheduled to be finished in 2049, to coincide with the centennial of the People's Republic of China.

Geographic Corridors:

The land-based Silk Road Economic Belt envisions six key development corridors:

• China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).
• New Eurasian Land Bridge Economic Corridor.
• China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor.
• China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor.
• China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor.
• China-Myanmar Economic Corridor.

What is India's position on BRI?

• India objects to the project on the grounds of transparency and national sovereignty. India has boycotted China's BRI summits in 2017 and 2019 and has not endorsed the BRI joint statements issued by the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
• The main reason India opposes the BRI is that it includes the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which passes through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), which India claims as its own territory.
• India also contends that BRI projects must adhere to international norms, the rule of law, and financial sustainability, and must not create debt traps or environmental and social risks for host countries.
• India has instead advocated for other connectivity programs, such as the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII), a G7 program to finance infrastructure projects in developing nations.

What are the concerns related to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)?

• Debt burden: The debt sustainability and transparency of BRI projects, particularly in countries with weak governance, high corruption, and low credit ratings.
• Some critics have accused China of engaging in "debt-trap diplomacy" by lending money to countries like Sri Lanka and Zambia that eventually find themselves unable to repay, and then seizing strategic assets or extracting political concessions in exchange.
• Geostrategic Concerns: The Belt and Road Initiative has raised geopolitical concerns, particularly about China's growing influence and control over critical infrastructure in partner countries.
• Because of these concerns, some countries have reconsidered their participation in the initiative.
• Political Tensions: Geopolitical rivalries and disputes, such as the India-China border dispute, have hampered BRI project implementation in some regions.
• The progress of the initiative could be hampered by these political tenses.
• Multilateral Governance: The BRI is not a multilateral initiative, but rather a collection of mostly bilateral projects. This decentralized approach may cause coordination and governance issues.
• Unlike initiatives such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the BRI lacks a centralized governing structure, making collective action difficult.
• Environmental and social concerns: The BRI's infrastructure development projects have been criticized for their potential environmental and social impacts.
• It is difficult to ensure that BRI projects are environmentally sustainable and take into account the well-being of local communities.

Alternatives to BRI concerns include:

• Blue Dot Network (BDN): A multi-stakeholder initiative led by the United States, Japan, and Australia to promote high-quality global infrastructure development standards.
• B3W Initiative: The B3W Initiative, led by the G7, seeks to address the infrastructure gap in developing and low-income countries.
• Global Gateway: The European Union launched the Global Gateway to compete with BRI, focusing on various sectors such as climate change, digitalization, health, and education.
• PGII (Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment): A rebranded version of B3W. It is a G7 initiative to fund infrastructure projects in developing countries. India is in favor of it.
• India's Efforts:
• India's counter to BRI, supported by Lines of Credit (LOCs) to countries in Asia, Africa, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and Latin America.
• It includes projects such as IMEC and INSTC.
• During the recent G20 summit, India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) initiative
• International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connecting India to the Middle East and Russia

To protect its own interests, China has established a network of investments that has left several low- and middle-income countries in severe debt; thus, global initiatives have provided a counter-block for monopoly and taken steps to focus on more inclusive and sustainable development.

Why is it in the News?

A five-judge Constitution Bench led by Chief Justice of India (CJI) D Y Chandrachud unanimously rejected same-sex marriage recognition. In a 3-2 majority decision, the Bench also refused to authorize civil unions for non-heterosexual couples.

What is the Supreme Court's Observation?

The Denial of Marriage as a Fundamental Right:

• All five judges on the Bench agreed that there's no fundamental right to marry in the Constitution.

Limitations on Modifying the Special Marriage Act (SMA), 1954:

• They also unanimously agreed that changing the Special Marriage Act (SMA) of 1954 using gender-neutral language to allow same-sex marriage isn't possible.
• The petitioners wanted the Supreme Court to interpret the word marriage as being between spouses instead of man and woman.
• Alternatively, they asked for removing the gender-restrictive provisions of the SMA.
• The Chief Justice of India (CJI) said that striking down the SMA provisions would impact the legal framework for interfaith and inter-caste couples.
• Interpreting the SMA in a gender-neutral way, he added, would be like making new laws from the judiciary, which goes against the separation of powers.

Rejection of Civil Unions for Non-Heterosexual Couples:

• The bench ruled 3:2 against allowing civil unions for non-heterosexual couples.
• The minority judges believed that the right to form unions comes from the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression, and the right to life.
• They argued that the right to enter into a union shouldn't be restricted based on sexual orientation, as it's a violation of Article 15 of the Constitution.
• The majority view was that it's the legislature's role, not the Court's, to recognize and grant legal status to non-heterosexual relationships formally.
• Regarding rights for non-heterosexual couples, all five judges noted that a high-level Cabinet committee will consider the rights that can be given to non-heterosexual couples.
• This could include joint bank accounts, same-sex spouses being beneficiaries for provident funds, pensions, inheritance, and making medical decisions for the other spouse.

Considerations on Adoption Rights of Children:

• On the rights to adopt children, the Supreme Court unanimously agreed that one's sexual orientation shouldn't determine one’s suitability to be adoptive parents.
• However, in a 3:2 split verdict, the Court upheld the existing regulations that deny unmarried couples, including queer individuals, the right to adopt a child as a couple.
• Since same-sex marriage isn't legal in India, they also cannot adopt children as a couple.
• In 2022, the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) issued new Adoption Regulations, requiring a couple to be in a stable marital relationship for two years to be eligible for adoption.
• This made it impossible for queer couples to adopt, as it prohibited individuals in live-in relationships from adopting children.
• The minority view by CJI Chandrachud and Justice Kaul argued that CARA's guidelines discriminate against unconventional, unmarried couples seeking to adopt children.

What is the Legal Status of Same-Sex Marriages in India?

• The right to marry isn't explicitly recognized as a fundamental or constitutional right in the Indian Constitution; instead, it's a statutory right.
• However, the recognition of marriage as a fundamental right has evolved through judicial decisions by India's Supreme Court.
• These legal declarations are binding on all courts throughout India under Article 141 of the Constitution.

Earlier Views of the Supreme Court on Same-Sex Marriages:

• Marriage as a Fundamental Right (Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K.M. and others 2018):
• The Supreme Court, while referring to Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Puttaswamy case, determined that the right to marry a person of one's choice is an integral aspect of Article 21 of the Constitution.
• Article 16 (2) in the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence, or any of these factors.
• The right to marry is an inherent part of the liberty guaranteed by the Constitution as a fundamental right, as it pertains to individuals' ability to make decisions crucial to their pursuit of happiness, including matters of belief and faith.
• LGBTQ Community's Entitlement to Constitutional Rights (Navtej Singh Johar and others v. Union of India 2018):
• The Supreme Court ruled that members of the LGBTQ community "are entitled, just like all other citizens, to the complete spectrum of constitutional rights, including the liberties protected by the Constitution."
• They have the right to equal citizenship and "equal protection of the law.

What are the Arguments Supporting Same-Sex Marriage?

• Equal Rights and Protection Under the Law: Every person, regardless of their sexual orientation, has the fundamental right to marry and build a family.
• Parity in Legal Rights: Same-sex couples should enjoy the same legal rights and safeguards as heterosexual couples.
• Combating Discrimination: The non-recognition of same-sex marriage constitutes discrimination that undermines the dignity of LGBTQIA+ couples.
• Strengthening Families and Communities: Marriage offers social and economic advantages to couples and their families, which are equally valuable to same-sex couples.
• Cohabitation as a Fundamental Right: The Chief Justice of India (CJI) has recognized cohabitation as a fundamental right, emphasizing the government's responsibility to legally acknowledge the societal significance of such relationships.
• Challenging Absolute Biological Gender: The Supreme Court of India acknowledges that biological gender is not an absolute concept and that gender is more intricate than merely one's physical characteristics.
• The understanding of a man or woman is not fixed.
• Global Acceptance: Same-sex marriage is legally recognized in many countries worldwide.
• Denying this right to individuals in a democratic society contradicts global principles. Notably, same-sex marriage is legal in 32 countries.

What are the Arguments Opposing Same-Sex Marriage?

• Religious and Cultural Beliefs: Many religious and cultural communities uphold the belief that marriage should exclusively involve a man and a woman.
• They contend that altering the traditional definition of marriage would contradict their fundamental religious and cultural principles.
• Procreation: Some argue that the primary purpose of marriage is procreation, and same-sex couples are unable to have biological children.
• Consequently, they believe that permitting same-sex marriage contradicts the natural order of reproduction.
• Legal Concerns: There are apprehensions that legal issues may arise if same-sex marriage is allowed, including complications related to inheritance, taxation, and property rights.
• Some argue that modifying existing laws and regulations to accommodate same-sex marriage would be overly complex.
• Adoption Challenges: When queer couples adopt children, it can lead to societal stigma, discrimination, and potential negative effects on the emotional and psychological well-being of the child.
• This is particularly relevant in Indian society, where universal acceptance of the LGBTQIA+ community is not yet achieved.

What Can Be the Way Forward?

• Promoting Awareness: Conduct awareness campaigns to foster equality and acceptance of all sexual orientations, broadening public understanding of the LGBTQIA+ community.
• Legal Reforms: Consider amending the Special Marriage Act of 1954 to permit same-sex couples to legally marry and access the same rights and privileges as heterosexual couples.
  • In the interim, establishing contract-like agreements can provide similar rights for LGBTQIA+ individuals.
• Dialogue and Engagement: Initiate conversations with religious leaders and communities to bridge the gap between traditional beliefs and contemporary attitudes regarding same-sex relationships.
• Legal Challenges: The Indian LGBTQIA+ community can legally challenge the constitutionality of existing laws that prohibit same-sex marriage.
  • Such challenges can set a legal precedent, potentially leading to the legalization of same-sex marriage.
• Collaboration: Achieving the legalization of same-sex marriage necessitates a collective effort involving various stakeholders, including the LGBTQIA+ community, government, civil society, and religious leaders.
• Collaboration is key to creating a more inclusive society where everyone has the freedom to love and marry whomever they choose, regardless of their gender.

What is the Special Marriage Act (SMA) 1954?

In India, all marriages can be registered under their respective personal laws, such as the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, or the Muslim Marriage Act, 1954. Alternatively, couples can choose the Special Marriage Act, 1954, for their marriage registration, ensuring the protection of the rights of both partners.

About:

• The Special Marriage Act, 1954, is legislation enacted by the Parliament of India that provides for civil marriages, open to Indian citizens and nationals abroad, regardless of their religious or faith affiliations.
• This act enables individuals from diverse religious backgrounds to unite in matrimony and outlines the procedures for both solemnizing and registering the marriage.

Key Provisions:

• Advance Notice to the Marriage Officer: Couples are required to provide a notice to the Marriage Officer, along with the necessary documents, 30 days prior to the intended wedding date.
• Registration Process: After the submission of documents, both parties must be present for the issuance of a public notice, inviting objections.
• The registration takes place 30 days after the notice date, following the resolution of any objections that may have arisen during that period, overseen by the Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM).
• Presence of Parties and Witnesses: On the registration day, both parties, along with three witnesses, must be present to complete the marriage registration process.

Why is it in the News?

Congress leader Dr. Jaya Thakur on Monday filed a PIL in the Supreme Court for implementing the Women's Reservation bill before the 2024 general elections. Former congress president Sonia Gandhi also alleges BJP govt of creating anti-women policies and deprived women of their rights.

What Are the Main Provisions of the Women’s Reservation Bill?

• Reservation for Women in the Lower House: The Bill introduces Article 330A to the constitution, borrowing inspiration from Article 330, which focuses on seat reservations for SCs/STs in the Lok Sabha.
• The Bill proposes the rotation of reserved seats for women among different constituencies in states or Union Territories.
• For seats designated for SCs/STs, the Bill aims to reserve one-third for women in a rotational manner.
• Reservation for Women in State Legislative Assemblies: The Bill introduces Article 332A, making it mandatory to reserve seats for women in every state Legislative Assembly.
• Additionally, one-third of the seats reserved for SCs and STs must be specifically allocated to women, and one-third of the total seats filled through direct elections in the Legislative Assemblies will also be reserved for women.
• Reservation for Women in NCT of Delhi (New Clause in 239AA): The Bill amends Article 239AA of the constitution, which grants special status to the Union Territory of Delhi as the national capital concerning its administrative and legislative functions.
  • The amendment specifies that laws enacted by the parliament shall apply to the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
• Commencement of Reservation (New Article - 334A): The reservation for women will take effect after the census conducted following the Bill's commencement has been published.
• Subsequently, delimitation will occur to allocate reserved seats for women. This reservation will initially be implemented for a 15-year period.
• However, it will persist until a later date, as determined by a law passed by Parliament.
• Rotation of Seats: Seats reserved for women will undergo rotation after each delimitation, in accordance with a law enacted by Parliament.

What Is the Historical Background of Women's Reservation in Indian Politics?

• The roots of women's reservation in Indian politics can be traced back to the Indian national movement.
• In 1931, leaders Begum Shah Nawaz and Sarojini Naidu, representing three women's organizations, submitted a joint official memorandum to the British Prime Minister.
• This memorandum addressed the status of women in the new Constitution.
• The National Perspective Plan for Women, proposed in 1988, recommended reserving seats for women at various political levels, starting from the panchayat and extending to Parliament.
• These recommendations paved the way for the groundbreaking 73rd and 74th amendments to the Constitution.
• These amendments mandated that all State governments reserve one-third of seats for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions and one-third of chairperson positions at all levels of Panchayati Raj Institutions, as well as in urban local bodies.
• Within these reserved seats, one-third were specifically allocated for Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe women.
• In 2001, the National Policy for the Empowerment of Women expressed the idea of considering reservations in higher legislative bodies.
• In May 2013, the Ministry of Women and Child Development established a committee on the status of women, which recommended ensuring a minimum of 50% reservation of seats for women in various governmental bodies, including local bodies, State Legislative Assemblies, Parliament, ministerial positions, and all government decision-making bodies.
• In 2015, the Report on the Status of Women in India highlighted the inadequate representation of women in state assemblies and Parliament.
• It recommended reserving at least 50% of seats for women in local bodies, State Legislative Assemblies, Parliament, ministerial positions, and all government decision-making bodies.

What Are the Supporting Arguments for the Bill?

• Historical Underrepresentation: Despite some progress, the number of women Members of Parliament remains relatively low.
• Research has shown that women elected under reservation policies invest more in public goods closely related to women's concerns.
• Reservations in local bodies have enabled women to make meaningful contributions.
• Gender Equality: Enhancing women's representation in politics is a crucial step toward achieving gender equality.
• However, India's ranking in the Global Gender Gap Report 2022, at 48th out of 146 in Political Empowerment, suggests room for improvement, with a score of 0.267, notably lower than top-ranking countries like Iceland and Bangladesh.
• Women's Right to Self-representation and Self-determination: Ensuring proportional representation for underrepresented groups in the political system is vital for their ability to influence policy-making.
• The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women underscores the need to eliminate discrimination in political and public life.
• Diverse Perspectives: A more diverse legislature, including a substantial number of women, can bring a broader range of perspectives to decision-making.
• This diversity can lead to more effective policy formulation and governance.
• Empowerment of Women: Women's reservation in politics empowers them at various levels, encouraging their participation in politics and inspiring them to take on leadership roles in other sectors.
• Promotion of Women's Issues: Women in politics often prioritize and advocate for issues directly affecting women, such as gender-based violence, women's health, education, and economic empowerment.
• Their presence can lead to the prioritization of these issues in policy discussions.
• Role Models: Women leaders in politics can serve as role models for young girls, encouraging them to aspire to leadership positions in various fields.
• Representation in politics can break stereotypes and inspire future generations.
• Examples include Indira Gandhi, India's first and only female Prime Minister, who served from 1966 to 1977, and Sushma Swaraj, the second woman External Affairs Minister of India after Indira Gandhi.

What Are the Arguments Against the Bill?

• Exclusion of Separate OBC Reservation: The Bill, while providing separate reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes women within the existing one-third quota, does not include separate reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBC) women, who constitute a significant portion of the female population.
• No Reservation in the Rajya Sabha and Legislative Councils: The Bill does not extend the reservation to women in the Rajya Sabha and legislative councils, which limits the scope of its impact.
• Dependence on Census and Delimitation: The implementation of reservation for women in Parliament relies on the census and delimitation processes.
• The delay in conducting the census and the potential political sensitivity of delimitation, particularly in regions with slower population growth, could hinder the bill's effectiveness.
• Concerns of Women as Proxies: The phenomenon of 'Panchayat Patis' in local governments, where husbands use their wives as proxy candidates for reserved seats, has raised concerns.
• With an extension of reservations to women in Parliament, there is a fear of the emergence of 'MP and MLA Patis,' where husbands wield real power.
• Challenges to Equality Principles: Opponents argue that the bill contradicts the principles of equality enshrined in the Constitution.
• Some believe it may perpetuate the unequal status of women, as they might not be perceived as competing on merit.
• Diverse Interests of Women: Women do not constitute a homogenous group, unlike caste-based groups.
• As a result, the arguments used to justify caste-based reservations may not be directly applicable to reservations for women.
• Women's interests cannot be isolated from other social, economic, and political strata.
• Restriction of Voter Choice: Some opponents of the Bill argue that seat reservations for women would limit voter choice.
• They propose alternative methods such as reservations for women within political parties and the implementation of dual-member constituencies.
• Lack of Widespread Consultation: The bill was introduced through a "supplementary list" in a hastily organized Parliament session.
• Critics argue that such a vital constitutional amendment for women's reservations should have been introduced following extensive discussion and analysis.

How Can Effective Implementation of Women's Representation be Achieved?

• Strengthen Independent Decision Making: Establishing independent monitoring systems or committees that explicitly prevent family members from exerting influence on the decision-making process of women representatives.
• This can be achieved by reducing the impact of patriarchal mindsets.
• Increasing Awareness and Education: Disseminate awareness among women about their rights and the significance of their participation in politics.
• Educational programs and awareness campaigns are instrumental in raising women's political engagement.
• Addressing Gender-based Violence and Harassment: Gender-based violence and harassment are significant barriers to women's involvement in politics.
• Address these issues through policy and legal measures to create a safer and more supportive environment for women in politics.
• Electoral Process Reforms: Implement reforms, such as introducing proportional representation and preferential voting systems, to enhance women's representation in politics.
• These reforms ensure that more women can be elected.

These are only a few strategies to increase the number of women in Indian politics. Achieving lasting change necessitates a multifaceted approach that tackles various challenges simultaneously.

Why is it in the News?

• Electoral Bonds Case Referred to 5-Judge Constitution Bench for Hearing on October 31 by Supreme Court.
• Two NGOs, Common Cause and Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), have filed petitions challenging the electoral bonds scheme.
• The petitioners argue that anonymous funding through these bonds promotes corruption and infringes on citizens' right to a corruption-free nation.

What Are Electoral Bonds (EBs)?

• Electoral bonds, introduced by the Government of India in 2018, serve as a financial instrument to facilitate anonymous political donations.

Key Points:

• An electoral bond is a bearer instrument, akin to a promissory note, allowing the bearer to make contributions to political parties.
• Eligibility to Receive Electoral Bonds: Only registered political parties qualify to receive electoral bonds. Specific criteria apply:
• Recognition: The party must be registered under Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
• Recent Election Performance: The party must have secured at least 1% of the votes polled in the most recent Lok Sabha or State Assembly election.
• Available Denominations: The Government has specified various denominations for electoral bonds, ranging from Rs. 1,000 to Rs. 1 crore.
• Authorized Bank: The State Bank of India (SBI) is the sole authorized institution for the sale of electoral bonds.

How They Work:

• Eligibility to Purchase: Indian citizens or entities incorporated in India are eligible to buy these bonds.
• Denominations: Electoral bonds are available in various denominations, such as Rs. 1,000, Rs. 10,000, Rs. 1,00,000, Rs. 10,00,000, and Rs. 1,00,00,000.
• Lifespan: These bonds have a short life of 15 days, during which they can be used solely for making donations to registered political parties.
• Availability: Electoral bonds can be purchased during specific periods, typically 10 days in the months of January, April, July, and October as specified by the Central Government.
• Encashment: Eligible political parties can encash these bonds through a designated bank account with the authorized bank.
• Disclosure: Political parties are required to disclose the amount received from electoral bonds to the Election Commission.

Key Features of Electoral Bonds:

• Anonymity: Electoral bonds ensure donor anonymity by keeping the identity of the donor confidential, both to the public and the recipient’s political party.
• Purchase and Redemption: These bonds can be purchased from authorized banks using legal tender.
• They are available in fixed denominations, with the minimum value set by the government.
• Redemption is exclusive to registered political parties within a specified time frame.
• Validity: Electoral bonds have limited validity, typically 15 days, during which they can be utilized for making donations to eligible political parties.
• Exclusivity: Only political parties that have garnered at least 1% of the votes in the most recent Lok Sabha or State Assembly election are qualified to receive electoral bond donations.
• Transparency: While donor identities are kept confidential, political parties receiving electoral bond donations are obligated to disclose donation details in their financial statements submitted to the Election Commission of India.

What are the Reasons for Introducing Electoral Bonds?

• Promoting Digital Transactions: The electoral bond scheme was introduced to encourage the transition from cash-based political donations to digital transactions.
• This shift aimed to reduce the use of unaccounted or black money in political funding.
• Ensuring Donor Anonymity: The scheme's objective was to safeguard donor anonymity.
• The donor's name is not disclosed on the bond. Donors contributing less than Rs 20,000 to political parties through the purchase of electoral bonds are not required to provide identity details like PAN, enhancing protection against potential backlash due to their political affiliations.
• Formalizing Political Contributions: Electoral bonds aimed to formalize political contributions by routing donations through the banking system.
• This formalization establishes a documented record of donations, making the process more transparent and accountable.
• Enhancing Transparency: While donor identities are shielded, the electoral bond scheme sought to enhance transparency in political funding.
• This is achieved by mandating political parties to disclose the details of electoral bond donations in their financial statements.

Criticisms of Electoral Bonds:

• Lack of Transparency: While political parties must disclose the amount of donations received through electoral bonds, the identity of donors remains confidential.
• Potential for Money Laundering: Critics argue that the anonymity provided by electoral bonds can be exploited for money laundering or funneling black money into the political system.
• Unequal Advantage to Ruling Parties: The sale of such bonds via a government-owned bank (SBI) raises concerns that the government could discern who is funding its opponents.
• This may create opportunities for extortion or victimization of companies that don't support the ruling party.
• Bypassing Election Commission Scrutiny: Unlike other forms of political funding, electoral bonds do not necessitate approval or verification by the Election Commission of India (ECI), potentially undermining the ECI's oversight role in regulating political funding and ensuring a level playing field.
• No Upper Limit on Funding: The removal of the cap on corporate donations to political parties has raised concerns about unlimited corporate funding.
• Concerns by RBI and EC: Both the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the ECI have expressed concerns about electoral bonds, highlighting the potential for increased black money circulation, money laundering, counterfeiting, and forgery.
• They also worry about setting a precedent for money laundering, eroding trust in Indian banknotes, undermining central banking legislation, legitimizing opacity in election funding, and facilitating money laundering for shell companies and foreign donations.

What are the Challenges Associated with Electoral Bonds?

• Compromising the Right to Know: Electoral bonds, by concealing the identities of donors and recipients, may pose challenges to the right to know, which is a component of the right to freedom of expression under Article 19 of the Constitution.
• Government Access to Donor Data: The risk of anonymity compromise arises from government access to donor data, enabling the government in power to exploit this information, potentially impacting the fairness of elections.
• Unauthorized Donations Violating Regulations: There is a risk of unauthorized donations violating existing regulations and guidelines.
• Crony Capitalism and Black Money: Electoral bonds may create a risk of crony capitalism, which entails mutually beneficial relationships between business leaders and government officials. It also opens the door to the infusion of black money into political funding.
• Loopholes in Corporate Transparency and Donation Limits: Concerns arise from loopholes regarding transparency for corporate entities and the removal of the 7.5% clause in the Companies Act 2013. This change raises concerns about the potential use of shell companies for political funding, including the circulation of black money.

Way forward

• Enhance Transparency: Take steps to improve transparency within the Electoral Bond Scheme.
• Stricter Regulation and Disclosure: Enforce more stringent regulations for political parties, mandating full disclosure and permitting the Election Commission of India (ECI) to scrutinize donations, both in terms of bonds and expenditure.
• Address Loopholes: Identify and rectify any existing loopholes in the Electoral Bond system to mitigate the potential for misuse, violation of donation limits, and risks like crony capitalism and the infusion of black money.
• Ongoing Monitoring and Review: Establish a system for continuous monitoring and review of the Electoral Bond Scheme.
• This can be achieved through judicial oversight, periodic assessments, and engagement with the public.
• This approach will help address emerging concerns and adapt to evolving political landscapes, ultimately promoting a more inclusive decision-making process.

Key Findings from the Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR) Report:

Donations and Funding Sources Analysis:

• The highest donations from Electoral Bonds, amounting to ?3,438.8237 crore, were received in the year 2019-20, coinciding with the general elections.
• In 2021-22, a year with 11 Assembly elections, donations through Electoral Bonds reached ?2,664.2725 crore.
• Out of the total donations of ?16,437.635 crore received by the 31 political parties analyzed, 55.90% came from Electoral Bonds, 28.07% from the corporate sector, and 16.03% from other sources.

National Parties:

• National parties experienced a significant surge in donations through Electoral Bonds, with a 743% increase from FY 2017-18 to FY 2021-22.
• In contrast, corporate donations to national parties increased by only 48% during the same period.

Regional Parties and Electoral Bond Contributions:

• Regional parties also witnessed a substantial proportion of their donations coming from Electoral Bonds.

Power-Biased Donations via Electoral Bonds:

• The BJP, as the ruling party, received the highest donation among national political parties, with more than 52% of its total donations sourced from Electoral Bonds, totaling ?5,271.9751 crore.
• The Congress secured the second-highest Electoral Bond donations, with ?952.2955 crore, constituting 61.54% of its total donations.
• The Trinamool Congress received ?767.8876 crore through Electoral Bonds, accounting for 93.27% of its total donations.

Why in the News?

The recent announcement of the Digital India Act, 2023 (DIA) marks a substantial step forward in constructing a forward-looking legal framework for India's thriving digital environment. This development is particularly timely, coinciding with the nation's ongoing digital transformation. The proactive approach by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) harmonizes with India's ambitious 'Digital India' initiative.

Current Status of Internet Usage in India:

• As of May 2023, India boasted a substantial 759 million Internet users.
• According to Statista, the Internet penetration rate in India reached 47.0% of the total population in early 2022.
• India stands as the second-largest online market across the globe, following China.
• This achievement is attributed to the growing affordability of smartphones, the extensive reach of mobile broadband networks, and the government's initiatives to bolster digital literacy.
• The character of internet usage has also transformed, with the rise of various intermediaries and the proliferation of new forms of user harm, including cyberstalking, trolling, and doxing.

What is the Digital India Act, 2023?

Objectives:

• To establish adaptable regulations that align with the evolving trends in technology and are amenable to updates according to the nation's digital infrastructure requirements.
• To provide a readily accessible adjudication mechanism for addressing online civil and criminal offenses.
• To ensure timely remedies for citizens, resolving cyber disputes and upholding the rule of law on the internet.
• To create a legislative framework grounded in overarching guiding principles to ensure compliance.

Key Components:

• Open Internet: As envisioned by the Indian government, an open internet should embody elements such as choice, competition, online diversity, fair market access, ease of doing business, and streamlined compliance for startups.
• These attributes serve to prevent the concentration of power and gatekeeping.
• Online Safety and Trust: The Act places a significant focus on protecting users from cyber threats, including issues like revenge porn, defamation, and cyberbullying.
• It aims to advocate for digital rights such as the Right to be Forgotten and the Right to Digital Inheritance (the passing down of digital assets to designated beneficiaries), safeguard minors and their data from addictive technology, and moderate the spread of fake news on social media platforms.
• Accountable Internet: The Act seeks to enhance accountability in internet use and activities.
• It introduces legal mechanisms for addressing complaints, upholds constitutional rights in cyberspace, promotes algorithmic transparency, periodic risk assessments, and disclosure norms for data collected by intermediaries.

Salient Features:

• The Digital India Act, 2023 (DIA) will serve as a replacement for the Information Technology Act of 2000 (IT Act), which has become inadequate in addressing the evolving challenges and opportunities brought about by the rapid growth of the internet and emerging technologies.
• DIA's framework will prioritize crucial aspects including online safety, fostering trust, ensuring accountability, upholding the principles of an open internet, and regulating cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and blockchain.
• DIA will collaborate with other pertinent laws and policies, encompassing the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, Digital India Act Rules, National Data Governance Policy, and amendments to the Indian Penal Code pertaining to Cyber Crimes.
• DIA will reassess the 'safe harbor' principle, which provides legal protection to online platforms such as Twitter and Facebook against liability for user-generated content.
• DIA introduces stringent Know Your Customer (KYC) requirements for wearable devices used in retail sales, backed by criminal law provisions and penalties.
• DIA aligns with the Digital India Goals for 2026, aimed at cultivating a USD 1 trillion digital economy and shaping the trajectory of global technologies.

Why the Digital India Act is Necessary?

• Outdated Regulations: The current IT Act of 2000 was conceived during a time when the internet had a mere 5.5 million users and is now inadequate to address the complexities of today's internet landscape.
• With 850 million users, numerous intermediaries, and emerging issues like cyberstalking and doxing, the IT Act falls short of addressing these modern challenges.
• Inadequacy of Existing Regulations: Despite the presence of regulatory components such as Intermediary Guidelines, Digital Media Ethics Code, and data protection rules, they prove insufficient in governing cutting-edge technologies.
• Adapting to Technological Advancements: With advancements like AI, Blockchain, and IoT, the legal framework must evolve to effectively address their distinctive challenges.
• This entails enhancing cybersecurity measures, fortifying data protection, and regulating emerging tech sectors.
• Addressing E-commerce and Online Content: The surge in e-commerce, digital transactions, and online content sharing necessitates up-to-date regulations.
• The Digital India Act will handle matters concerning consumer protection, electronic contracts, and content moderation on social media platforms.
• Global Alignment and Best Practices: To actively engage in the global digital landscape, India's regulations must be in harmony with international standards and best practices.

Challenges in Implementing Digital India Act (DIA), 2023:

• Balancing regulation with innovation and economic growth: Tighter regulations, especially in emerging tech sectors, might unintentionally hinder entrepreneurial endeavors and discourage foreign investments.
• Freedom of Expression: The review of the 'safe harbor' principle for online platforms has the potential to affect freedom of expression.
• Balancing regulatory needs without curbing this fundamental right is a delicate task.
• Resource and Infrastructure Requirements: Effective enforcement of the DIA will demand substantial resources, expertise, and infrastructure.
• Investments in these areas are essential.
• Balancing Stakeholder Interests: Striking a balance between the interests of various stakeholders, including tech giants and citizens' rights, presents a significant challenge.
• Ensuring that all perspectives are considered in the implementation process is crucial.
• Surveillance and Privacy Concerns: Critics argue that certain provisions of the act may grant excessive surveillance powers to the government, potentially compromising privacy rights.
• Strong safeguards should be integrated to prevent abuse of power and privacy violations.
• Data Localization and Cross-Border Data Flows: The act's stance on data localization is a contentious issue.
• While localization can enhance data protection and security, it may disrupt cross-border data flows, impacting global businesses reliant on efficient data transfers.

How Other Countries Approach Data Privacy Regulation:

• Approximately 70% of countries globally have implemented data protection legislation, as reported by the United Nations trade agency UNCTAD.
• The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), enacted in 2018, is often considered the most stringent privacy and security law globally and serves as a global standard.
• Various nations, including China and Vietnam, have recently strengthened regulations concerning the cross-border transfer of personal data.
• In 2018, Australia enacted a bill that granted law enforcement access to encrypted data.

Way Forward for Effective Implementation of Digital India Act (DIA), 2023:

• Stakeholder Involvement: Engage all relevant stakeholders, including government bodies, tech companies, legal experts, and civil society, in the drafting and execution of the act.
• This collaborative effort will lead to a balanced and comprehensive legal framework.
• Balancing Regulation and Innovation: While stricter regulations, particularly in emerging tech fields, are essential, they should be carefully designed to avoid unintentionally stifling entrepreneurship and deterring foreign investments.
• Striking the right balance between regulation and innovation is imperative.
• Collaboration and Capacity Enhancement: Invest in building the capacity of law enforcement agencies, the judiciary, and regulatory bodies to ensure effective enforcement of the DIA.
• International Alignment: Collaborate with other countries and international organizations to align the DIA with global best practices and standards in the digital sphere.
• Public Awareness: Conduct public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about their rights and responsibilities in the digital realm, promoting a culture of digital literacy.

Conclusion

The effectiveness of the Digital India Act, 2023 will hinge on its practical implementation. Striking the right balance between enforceability, privacy protection, and fostering innovation is key. Addressing these considerations with care, this act holds the promise of sculpting a digital environment that benefits not only individuals and businesses but the entire nation.

Why in the News?

• In a recent onslaught, Hamas, the ruling militant group in Gaza, launched a fierce attack on Israel via land, air, and sea, resulting in numerous casualties and reigniting the century-old Israel-Palestine Conflict.
• This has prompted global and regional powers to intervene.
• Israel, which had recently solidified peace agreements with neighboring nations like the UAE and Saudi Arabia, faces potential strain due to this attack.
• Moreover, Israel declared a state of war as Palestinian militants launched a barrage of rockets into the southern and central regions, combining a breach of security barriers and rocket attacks.
• The assault occurred on the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War, with the goal of reclaiming territory lost during the 1967 conflict, prompting the Israel Defense Forces to initiate airstrikes on Hamas targets in Gaza.

What is the History of Israel-Palestine Conflict?

Early phase:

• In the 19th century, the land of Palestine was home to a diverse population, with approximately 86% Muslims, 10% Christians, and 4% Jews, living together in harmony.
• However, in the late 1800s, a European group called the Zionists decided to colonize this land with the aim of establishing a Jewish homeland. Initially, they explored various locations in Africa and the Americas but eventually settled on Palestine.
• The rise of Hitler to power in Europe led to a significant increase in Jewish immigration to Palestine. This influx of Jewish people contributed to the escalation of conflict in the region.

Balfour Declaration:

• The British government issued this historic document in 1917, endorsing the concept of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
• This declaration triggered a significant increase in Jewish immigration to the region.

Establishment of Palestine:

• As a result of the inability to control the escalating conflict between Arabs and Jews, Britain withdrew its forces from Palestine in 1948.
• This decision transferred the responsibility for resolving the conflicting claims to the newly formed United Nations.
• The UN proposed a partition plan to create independent Jewish and Arab states within Palestine. However, it faced widespread rejection by most Arab nations.

1948 Arab-Israeli Conflict:

• In 1948, the declaration of Israel's independence by the Jewish community led to an attack by neighboring Arab states.
• By the war's end, Israel had gained control of approximately 50% more territory than what the UN partition plan had originally anticipated.

UN Partition Plan:

• In 1947, the United Nations decided to step in, but it didn't adhere to the principle of 'self-determination of peoples.'
• Under significant Zionist influence, the UN proposed allocating 55% of Palestine for a Jewish state.
• This decision was made, despite the fact that the Jewish population represented only around 30% of the total population and owned less than 7% of the land.

1947-1949 Conflict

• Hostilities erupted almost immediately after the approval of the November 1947 Resolution.
• On May 14, 1948, just one day before the expiration of the British Mandate (as Palestine was a British colony), Britain announced the 'establishment of a Jewish State in Eretz-Israel, to be named the State of Israel.'
• This declaration ignited a large-scale conflict known as the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
• By the war's conclusion, Israel had gained control over 78 percent of Palestine, resulting in the redrawing of the map."

The Suez Crisis of 1956:

• In 1956, Israel, France, and the United Kingdom initiated a military operation against Egypt in response to the nationalization of the Suez Canal.
• In the course of this conflict, Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip. However, due to international pressure, these territories were relinquished, and Israel withdrew in 1957.

1967 War - The Six-Day War:

• Often referred to as the Six-Day War, this conflict began with a highly effective surprise attack by Israeli forces on Egypt.
• During this war, Israel took control of the remaining 22% of Palestine that had evaded its grasp in 1948, including the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
• Additionally, Israel occupied parts of Egypt (which were later returned) and still retains control over areas in Syria.

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO):

• The PLO was established with the goal of liberating Palestine from Israeli control and Jewish dominance while seeking to establish the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Arab world.
• In 1975, the United Nations granted the PLO observer status and acknowledged the right of Palestinians to self-determination.

Camp David Accords (1978):

• The U.S.-brokered 'Framework for Peace in the Middle East' provided the foundation for peace negotiations between Israel and its neighboring countries, aiming to resolve the 'Palestinian problem.'
• Unfortunately, these efforts ultimately went unfulfilled.

The Rise of Hamas:

• In 1987, Hamas was established as a violent offshoot of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, with the intention of advancing its agenda through armed conflict or 'jihad.'
• The U.S. government has designated Hamas as a terrorist organization.
• Notably, in 2006, Hamas achieved success in the Palestinian Authority's legislative elections.
• Subsequently, in 2007, it ousted Fatah from Gaza, leading to a geographical split in the Palestinian movement.
• The year 1987 also witnessed escalating tensions in the occupied territories of the West Bank and Gaza, resulting in the First Intifada, which evolved into a minor conflict between Palestinian militants and the Israeli army.

The Oslo Accords:

• In 1993, the Oslo Accords marked an agreement between Israel and the PLO to officially acknowledge each other and renounce the use of violence.
• These accords also led to the creation of the Palestinian Authority, which gained limited autonomy in the Gaza Strip and certain areas of the West Bank.
• By 2005, Israel initiated a one-sided withdrawal of Jewish settlements from Gaza, while still maintaining strict control over all border crossings, effectively establishing a blockade.
• In 2012, the United Nations elevated Palestinian representation to that of a 'non-member observer state.

Repeated Clashes and Ceasefires:

• Israel and Hamas have been involved in several significant conflicts, including Operation Cast Lead (2008-2009), Operation Pillar of Defense (2012), and Operation Protective Edge (2014).
• These conflicts resulted in substantial casualties on both sides.
• In 2021, tensions escalated due to Israeli policies in Jerusalem, including the proposed eviction of Palestinian families from Sheikh Jarrah and restrictions on access to the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound.
• In response, Hamas launched rocket attacks on Jerusalem and other Israeli cities, and Israel carried out airstrikes on Gaza.
• These hostilities led to the loss of over 250 Palestinian lives and 12 Israeli lives.
• A ceasefire was eventually brokered by Egypt, with support from the United States and other international parties.

Possible Implications of the Israel-Palestine Conflict on India:

• Trade Relations: An escalation in the conflict might have consequences for India's trade ties with Israel, particularly in critical sectors like defense equipment.
• Israel is a major supplier of defense technology to India, and any disruptions in this trade partnership could impact India's defense capabilities.
• Diplomatic Complexities: India has traditionally pursued a balanced foreign policy approach, maintaining relations with both Israel and Arab nations.
• If the conflict escalates and involves other Arab countries, it could pose diplomatic challenges for India.
• Striking a balance between its ties with Israel and maintaining positive relations with Arab nations could become more intricate.
• Economic and Strategic Links with the Middle East: India's economic and strategic ties with the Middle East have gained significance, especially concerning initiatives like the India-Middle East-Europe economic corridor.
• If the conflict intensifies and includes other regional actors like Hezbollah and Iran, it may lead to instability in the West Asian region, affecting India's interests.
• Energy Supplies: The West Asian region serves as a crucial source of energy imports for India.
• Any disruption in the stability of the region could potentially impact India's energy supply, resulting in economic challenges.
• Welfare of Indian Expatriates: India hosts a substantial expatriate population working in various Middle Eastern countries.
• The safety and well-being of these Indian citizens could be jeopardized if the conflict escalates, making it imperative for India to ensure their protection.

India's Position on the Israel-Palestine Conflict:

• In November 1947, India was one of the few countries that opposed the UN's partition plan, reflecting its own recent experience with independence. In the following decades, India's political leadership actively supported the Palestinian cause and maintained limited diplomatic relations with Israel.

Recognizing Palestine:

• India recognized Israel in 1950, making it one of the first non-Arab countries to do so.
• However, India also holds the distinction of being the first country to recognize the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the sole representative of the Palestinian people.
• Moreover, India was among the early nations to recognize Palestine's statehood in 1988.

UNHRC Engagement:

• In 2014, India supported a UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) resolution that aimed to investigate Israel's human rights violations in Gaza.
• Despite endorsing this probe, India abstained from voting against Israel in the UNHRC in 2015.

De-Hyphenation Policy:

• As part of its 'Link West Policy' in 2018, India de-hyphenated its relationship with Israel and Palestine, treating both countries as independent and exclusive partners.

UN Vote on Palestinian NGO:

• In June 2019, India voted in favor of a decision introduced by Israel in the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) that objected to granting consultative status to a Palestinian non-governmental organization.

Balancing Act:

• India has endeavored to maintain its historical image as a moral supporter of Palestinian self-determination while simultaneously engaging in military, economic, and other strategic relations with Israel.

Advocating Peace:

• India firmly advocates dialogue and diplomacy as the only viable means to resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict.
• India also supports the role of the Quartet, composed of the US, Russia, the EU, and the UN, along with other regional and international actors, in facilitating peace talks between Israel and Palestine.

• In recent years, India’s position has also been perceived as pro-Israel.

Potential Solutions for the Israel-Palestine Conflict

• The need for a peaceful solution in the Israel-Palestine conflict is paramount, and it's incumbent on the global community to come together to facilitate it. However, the reluctance exhibited by the Israeli government and other involved parties has only exacerbated the issue. Therefore, adopting a balanced approach is crucial to maintain positive relations with both Arab countries and Israel.
• The Two-State Solution: One of the most broadly endorsed proposals is the two-state solution, which envisions the establishment of an independent and sovereign Palestinian state alongside Israel, with mutually agreed and internationally recognized borders.
• This approach seeks to address the fundamental issues at the heart of the conflict, including matters like Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, security, and water resources.
• It has garnered support from numerous global leaders, including countries like India, the United States, and China.
• The Abraham Accords: The recent normalization agreements, such as the Abraham Accords, between Israel and the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco, signify steps in the right direction.
• It's imperative for all regional powers to envision a peaceful resolution between Israel and Palestine, following the model of the Abraham Accords
• India's Role in Multilateral Organizations: India, in its role within multilateral organizations, should work diligently in collaboration with all relevant stakeholders to achieve security and stability in the Middle East and West Asia.
• With its substantial 90 lakh-strong Indian community in the region and its strategic connectivity to both West Asia and Europe, is well-positioned to engage with all sides in the complex West Asian landscape.
• Having been re-elected to the United Nations Human Rights Council for 2022-24, India should leverage these multilateral platforms to act as a mediator in resolving the Israel-Palestine issue.
• Genuine normalization between Israel and Palestine can only occur when past annexations and other contentious issues are effectively addressed.

Disputed Territories:

• Gaza Strip - Residence to approximately 2 million Palestinians, a significant portion of whom were displaced during or after the War of Independence in Israel.
• West Bank - This area is home to about 3 million Palestinians, primarily comprising Muslim Arabs. It also encompasses several Jewish holy sites that draw thousands of pilgrims annually.
• East Jerusalem - Jerusalem itself stands as a city marked by division and dispute. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict, it was physically divided into two parts. The western side was administered by Israel, while the eastern section was under Jordanian control. However, Israel seized control of the entire city during the Six-Day War in 1967.

Why is it in the News?

The Union cabinet has given its approval for the establishment of the Sarakka Central Tribal University in Telangana. This university will be located in the Mulugu district, with a budget of Rs 889 crore allocated for its development. During a recent visit to Telangana, the Prime Minister of India announced that the university would be named after Sammakka-Sarakka, a respected mother-daughter duo within the local tribal community.

News regarding the Sarakka Central Tribal University:

• The Central government had committed to establishing the Tribal University as part of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014.
• This Act resulted from the division of the former state of Andhra Pradesh into Telangana and the remaining Andhra Pradesh state, following the Telangana movement.
• According to the Act, both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana were entitled to support for the creation of a tribal university each.
• However, the Telangana tribal university faced significant challenges, primarily related to the timely allocation of 500-600 acres of land.

About the Legend of Sammakka and Sarakka:

• The Legend of Sammakka and Sarakka tells the story of Sammakka, who was married to Pagididda Raju, a feudal chief of the Kakatiyas, a Deccan dynasty that ruled the Warangal area.
• They had two daughters, Sarakka (also known as Saralamma) and Nagulamma, as well as a son named Jampanna.
• In the 13th century, a battle against local rulers erupted due to the imposition of taxes.
• Tragically, Saralamma lost her life in the conflict, while Sammakka disappeared into the hills.
• The local Koya tribals held a belief that Sammakka transformed into a vermillion casket.

The Sammakka Saralamma Jatara:

• Mulugu hosts a biennial festival known as the Sammakka Saralamma Jatara, often referred to as the tribal version of the Kumbh Mela.
• This event commemorates the courageous stand of the mother-daughter duo against the taxation imposed on the Koya people.
• Over time, this festival has grown significantly in importance, and it is believed that after the Kumbh Mela, the Sammakka Saralamma Jatara attracts the largest number of devotees in the country.
• Approximately 1.5 crore devotees, hailing from various tribal and non-tribal communities, participate in this festival, including people from Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and other regions.
• Due to the immense turnout, the Samakka-Sarakka Jatara was designated as a state festival in 1996.

The Political and Cultural Significance of the Sammakka Saralamma Jatara:

• This festival receives consistent participation from both the Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs and the Telangana state government, including the Chief Minister.
• The Central Government allocated Rs 6.25 crore for the yatras held in 2018, 2020, and 2022, with additional funds set aside for the construction of community shelters and other essential infrastructure.
• Furthermore, the Ministry of Tourism approved a substantial sum of Rs. 75.88 crore for the comprehensive development of a tribal circuit under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme.
• This tribal circuit encompasses Mulugu, Laknavaram, Medavaram, Tadvai, Damaravi, Mallur, and Bogatha Waterfalls, where the Sammakka-Sarakka temple is situated.
• Mulugu, an assembly seat reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST), boasts a population of approximately 2.6 lakhs as per the 2011 Census, with a 75% ST population.
• Notably, the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Ramappa Temple is located just around 15 km from Mulugu.