Why is it in the News?

Crowded urban areas exacerbate the heat island effect, heightening risks for informal workers due to their unstable employment, lack of safety nets, and existing socio-economic vulnerabilities.

Context:

• Nowadays, Northern India is experiencing an intense heat wave, with workers, particularly those involved in hard physical labour, being the most vulnerable.
• In Delhi, temperatures have exceeded 50 degrees Celsius, posing severe and life-threatening conditions for labourers.
• The recent death of a 40-year-old worker due to extreme heat has prompted the Lieutenant Governor's office to issue guidelines, underscoring the urgency and gravity of the situation for those working under the scorching sun.

What is a Heat Action Plan?

• Heat Action Plan or HAP is a policy document prepared to effectively understand and respond to the harmful effects of heat waves.
• HAPs are prepared by the government authorities at various levels and serve as a comprehensive guide, outlining measures to prepare for, respond to, recover from and learn from extreme heat events.
• It is an advisory document that’s put forward by state and local governments that explains what needs to be done to prepare for a heat wave, what is to be done after a heat wave is declared, and puts forth a range of emergency responses and course corrective actions to learn from the heat wave experience so that the HAP can be refined.
• The primary purpose of these plans is to protect vulnerable populations and direct essential resources, including healthcare, financial support, information, and infrastructure, to those most at risk during extreme heat conditions.
• These plans are multi-sectoral in nature. They involve implementation from multiple government departments simultaneously before enduring heat waves and the main idea behind them is to make sure that during extreme temperatures, there is no loss of life.
• HAPs play a crucial role in raising awareness and providing guidance for individuals and communities to proactively safeguard their well-being against heat waves through a balanced mix of short and long-term actions.

What are the Flaws in Existing Heat Action Policies?

• Inadequate Coverage and Implementation: Despite NDMA mandates, many regions lack comprehensive HAPs.
  • Where HAPs do exist, implementation is often inconsistent, leading to uneven protection for vulnerable populations, especially in urban areas.
• Insufficient Focus on Informal Workers: HAPs largely overlook the specific needs of informal workers, who make up a significant portion of the urban workforce.
  • This group includes construction labourers, street vendors, domestic workers, and home-based workers, all facing unique challenges during heat waves.
  • When workers are mentioned, it's usually in a generic "outdoor workers" category, resulting in insufficient and inappropriate interventions.
• Short-Term, Reactive Approach: Many HAPs focus on immediate relief rather than long-term solutions, evidenced by temporary measures like water provision and altered work hours.
  • While these provide immediate relief, they do not address the underlying vulnerabilities that exacerbate the impact of heat waves on workers.
  • There is a need for HAPs to integrate with broader urban planning and climate action plans for sustainable, resilient solutions.
• Rural Bias in Planning: HAPs often have a rural bias, neglecting the unique challenges of urban environments.
  • Urban areas experience the "heat island effect," where dense infrastructure and reduced vegetation lead to higher temperatures.
  • Informal urban settlements, where many workers live, are particularly vulnerable due to poor housing conditions and limited access to basic services.
• Lack of Integration with Urban Planning: HAPs often operate in isolation from other urban planning and development initiatives.
  • There is little coordination between HAPs and urban design, housing policies, or infrastructure development.
  • This lack of integration means missed opportunities to create more heat-resilient urban environments.
  • Urban greening, improved housing designs, and better urban mobility can significantly reduce heat exposure and improve life quality for informal workers, but these measures are rarely considered in HAPs.
• Absence of Worker Participation: A critical gap is the lack of participation from worker communities in developing and implementing HAPs.
  • Informal workers, who are most affected by heat waves, often have valuable insights into their working conditions and specific challenges.
  • Excluding them from the planning process results in measures that may not be practical or effective.

Recommended Policies to Mitigate the Impact of Heat Waves:

• Reconceptualizing Heat Waves: Heat waves should be treated as prolonged disasters rather than isolated events, integrating Heat Action Plans (HAPs) with long-term urban planning and climate action strategies.
  • The NDMA should collaborate with urban stakeholders such as the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) and the Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoLE).
• Worker Participation: It's essential to include worker communities in the preparation of action plans.
  • The government should involve worker welfare boards and committees, like the Town Vending Committees (TVC) for street vendors, in drafting and implementing HAPs.
  • Engaging these groups can lead to more tailored and effective interventions.
• Gender-Specific Needs: The impact of heat waves is not gender-neutral. Women workers, who constitute a significant part of the informal workforce, face unique challenges often overlooked in HAPs.
  • These include increased care responsibilities, reproductive health risks, and greater exposure to heat in domestic and care work settings.
  • HAPs should incorporate gender-specific measures to address these challenges, ensuring equitable and inclusive interventions.
• Economic and Health Protection: Heat waves profoundly affect the economic and health conditions of informal workers, yet HAPs often lack comprehensive measures to mitigate these effects.
  • Informal workers frequently face income loss due to reduced working hours and increased healthcare expenses.
  • HAPs should include provisions for income protection, such as compensation for lost wages and access to affordable healthcare.
  • Strengthening social protection systems is also crucial to provide a safety net for workers during extreme heat events.
• Rethinking Labor Laws: As labour laws and Labor Codes are reformed, they should integrate considerations of climate change and its impact on work.
  • This ensures that labour laws are responsive to new challenges posed by extreme heat and other climate-related events.
  • Extending legal protections to informal workers is necessary, ensuring they receive the same rights and benefits as formal workers, including safe working conditions, fair wages, and social security access.
• Urban Reimagining: The government should redesign urban spaces to prioritize the needs of informal workers.
  • This includes ensuring access to water, shade, and rest areas in public and work spaces.
  • Additionally, investing in urban infrastructure to mitigate the impact of heat waves is essential.
  • This involves increasing green spaces, improving housing conditions in informal settlements, and enhancing public transportation.

Conclusion

The recent severe heat wave in northern India highlights the pressing need for comprehensive and inclusive measures to safeguard the most vulnerable workers. By integrating long-term planning, inclusive policies, and active worker participation, India can effectively protect its informal workforce from the devastating impacts of extreme heat. Prioritizing the design of cities to meet the needs of workers is essential for fostering a more resilient and equitable urban environment.

Why is it in the News?

The working paper released by the Economic Advisory Council (EAC) to the Prime Minister makes an erroneous assertion regarding the growth of the Muslim population.

Context:

• The discussion on India's religious demographics is frequently marred by sensationalism and misinterpretation, often driven by media and political narratives.
• A recent working paper by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM), titled "Share of Religious Minorities: A Cross-Country Analysis (1950-2015)," has been a particular target of such distortions.
• Hence, it is crucial to critically examine the findings and interpretations of the EAC-PM's working paper, placing them within the broader socio-economic dynamics and demographic trends.

Composition of the Population of various communities highlighted by EAC:

• The population composition of various communities in the region has changed between 1950 and 2015, as highlighted by the data:
• In terms of absolute numbers, the Hindu population saw a substantial increase of 701 million individuals, while the Muslim population grew by 146 million.
• However, when looking at proportional changes, the Hindu population experienced a decrease of 6.64 percentage points, from 84.7% in 1950 to 78.06% in 2015.
  • Conversely, the Muslim population's proportion increased by 4.25, rising from 9.84% in 1950 to 14.09% in 2015.
• Despite these shifts in proportions, the Hindu population remains numerically larger than the Muslim population as of 2015.

What does the 2011 census say?

According to the 2011 census, the following changes in the proportions of various religious communities were observed in comparison to the 2001 census:

• The Hindu population's proportion relative to the total population decreased by 0.7 percentage points.
• The Sikh population's proportion saw a decline of 0.2 percentage points.
• The Buddhist population's proportion decreased by 0.1 percentage points.
• On the other hand, the Muslim population's proportion relative to the total population increased by 0.8 percentage points.
• The proportions of the Christian and Jain communities underwent no significant change during the 2001-2011 period.

A Study on Socio-Economic Aspects and Population Growth in the  Muslim Communities:

The Impact of Education:

• Education significantly influences fertility rates and overall population growth. Communities with higher educational attainment, particularly among women, generally exhibit lower fertility rates.
• Education equips individuals with knowledge about family planning, reproductive health, and the economic implications of large families.
• In India, disparities in educational attainment among different religious communities contribute to variations in population growth rates.
• Historically, the Muslim community has encountered barriers to accessing quality education, leading to higher fertility rates compared to the Hindu community.
• This indicates that the higher population growth rate among Muslims is due to limited educational opportunities rather than religious doctrine.

Economic Conditions:

• Economic stability plays a crucial role in determining family size and population growth.
• Economically stable families tend to have fewer children, enabling them to invest more resources in each child's health, education, and overall well-being.
• In contrast, economically disadvantaged communities often exhibit higher fertility rates as a response to economic insecurity, viewing children as contributors to household income.
• The higher growth rate of the Muslim population in India can be attributed to lower average income levels and limited access to economic opportunities within the community.
• Addressing economic disparities is essential for moderating population growth and enhancing overall human development.

Access to Healthcare:

• Healthcare access, especially reproductive health services, is a key determinant of fertility rates.
• Communities with better access to healthcare services, including contraception and maternal healthcare, typically have lower fertility rates.
• The Muslim community in India has historically faced challenges in accessing healthcare services, contributing to higher fertility rates.
• Improving healthcare access for all communities is vital for achieving balanced population growth and improving quality of life.

Cultural Factors and Gender Norms:

• Cultural factors and gender norms also influence fertility rates. Traditional norms valuing large families and early marriage can lead to higher fertility rates in some communities.
• Promoting gender equality and empowering women to make informed reproductive choices are crucial for moderating population growth.
• Programs aimed at changing cultural attitudes towards family size and encouraging later marriages can significantly impact reducing fertility rates.

Urbanization and Migration:

• Urbanization and migration patterns affect population growth, with urban areas generally exhibiting lower fertility rates than rural areas due to better access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.
• Migration from rural to urban areas can lead to a decline in fertility rates as individuals adapt to urban socio-economic conditions.
• In India, the Muslim population is more concentrated in rural areas, which tend to have higher fertility rates.
• Promoting urbanization and integrating rural communities into urban settings can contribute to balanced population growth.

Human Development Indicators:

• Human development indicators, such as life expectancy, child mortality rates, and literacy rates, are closely linked to population growth.
• Communities with higher human development indicators tend to have lower fertility rates.
• The lag in human development indicators among the Muslim community compared to the Hindu community underscores the need for targeted interventions to improve education, healthcare, and economic opportunities for all.

Religious Demography in a Broader Context:

Historical Stability in Religious Composition:

• Historical data indicates that India's religious composition has remained relatively stable over the decades.
• The 2021 Pew Research Centre report, which analyzed Census data from 1951 to 2011, reveals that the proportions of India's major religious groups have shown remarkable stability since Partition.
• This stability counters claims of dramatic demographic shifts.  The Hindu population has consistently constituted a large majority, while the proportions of other religious groups, including Muslims, have grown at a predictable rate.
• This historical perspective underscores that changes in religious demography are gradual and not indicative of sudden or alarming shifts.

Projections and Future Trends:

• Projections by leading demographers offer a nuanced understanding of future demographic trends.
• In a 2005 study, P. N. Mari Bhat and Francis Zavier projected that the proportion of Muslims in India’s total population would peak at around 18.8% by 2101.
• This projection is based on historical trends and factors such as declining fertility rates and improvements in socio-economic conditions.
• Recent data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) shows a significant decline in Muslim fertility rates, suggesting that the peak proportion might be even smaller if similar studies were conducted today.
• These projections highlight that fears of Muslims overtaking Hindus in population numbers are unfounded and not supported by empirical evidence.

Socio-Economic Development and Demographic Trends:

• Socio-economic development plays a critical role in shaping demographic trends. Improved education, healthcare, and economic opportunities lead to lower fertility rates across all communities.
• The decline in Muslim fertility rates, as observed in the NFHS data, is a direct result of better access to education and healthcare.
• This trend is expected to continue as development efforts reach more communities.
• Therefore, socio-economic development is essential for achieving balanced population growth and should be the focus of policy interventions.

Conclusion

The sensationalism and misinterpretation of the EAC-PM working paper's findings can obstruct informed public discourse. Achieving an accurate understanding of population dynamics demands a nuanced examination of socio-economic conditions and demographic data. As India awaits updated Census data, it's imperative to promote a discourse on religious demography that is informed and balanced, free from divisive political narratives.

Why is it in the News?

Equity in education, health care, and rights in India cannot succeed unless the ableist barriers that exclude Deaf and hard-of-hearing citizens are removed.

Context:

• As the 2024 general election in India concludes, the absence of sign language interpreters during the Election Commission of India's announcement in March highlights the ongoing exclusion of Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) citizens.
• This incident reflects the broader societal neglect and ableism that marginalize the DHH community in daily life.
• It is crucial to examine the everyday challenges faced by DHH individuals, the limited opportunities available to them, and the necessary steps to address these issues.

Promoting Equity and Recognizing Exclusive Practices:

• India's goals for equitable education, healthcare, and rights are fundamentally compromised by persistent ableist barriers that exclude Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) individuals.
• The National Programme for Prevention and Control of Deafness exemplifies this issue.
  • Although it addresses hearing impairment prevention and treatment, it fails to improve the quality of life for DHH individuals.
• The program emphasizes theoretical aspects like screening and hearing aids but neglects Indian Sign Language (ISL), essential for deaf communication.
• Despite the Social Justice Ministry establishing the ISL Research and Training Centre in 2015 and the National Education Policy 2020 recommending ISL standardization in schools, ISL remains unrecognized as an official language and is rarely used in educational systems, even in schools for the deaf.

The Debate Over Oralism and Educational Exclusion:

Historical Context and Pedagogical Approaches:

• The debate between oralism and the use of sign language in educating deaf individuals has deep historical roots, reflecting broader societal attitudes toward disability and communication.
• Emerging in the late 19th century, oralism emphasizes teaching deaf individuals to use their voices and read lips rather than relying on sign language.
• Proponents believed that integrating deaf individuals into the hearing world was best achieved by encouraging them to mimic spoken language as closely as possible, assuming this would enable them to function more effectively in a predominantly hearing society.

Criticisms of Oralism:

• Despite its intentions, oralism has faced widespread criticism for its limitations and negative impacts on deaf individuals.
• One major criticism is that oralism often leads to linguistic deprivation, especially in children.
• Learning to speak and read lips can be extremely challenging and time-consuming, resulting in delays in language acquisition and cognitive development.
• Without early and consistent exposure to a natural language like sign language, deaf children risk not developing the foundational language skills necessary for effective communication and learning.
• Additionally, oralism can create significant social isolation, as the pressure to conform to oral communication can undermine the development of a strong, positive deaf identity and sense of belonging within the deaf community.

The Case for Sign Language:

• In contrast, using sign language as the primary mode of instruction for deaf students has numerous benefits.
• Sign language is a natural and fully developed language that enables deaf individuals to communicate effectively from an early age.
• Research shows that early exposure to sign language supports cognitive development and academic achievement, allowing deaf children to develop language skills on par with their hearing peers.
• Furthermore, sign language fosters a sense of community and cultural identity among deaf individuals, providing a strong sense of belonging and self-worth.

The Indian Context:

• In India, the education system has largely adhered to the oralist approach, significantly impacting deaf students.
• Most educators in schools for the deaf are not trained in Indian Sign Language (ISL), perpetuating exclusion and limited accessibility.
• The current educational framework focuses on "rehabilitation," expecting deaf individuals to adapt to their surroundings rather than addressing the societal barriers impeding their inclusion.
• This approach fails to recognize the value of sign language and the importance of providing deaf students with a language-rich environment that supports their linguistic and cognitive development.

Everyday Challenges and Opportunities for the Invisible Deaf Population:

The Invisible Population:

• India's hearing-impaired population is substantial, with the 2011 Census reporting five million people, the National Association of the Deaf estimating 18 million, and the World Health Organization suggesting nearly 63 million Indians have significant hearing impairment.
• Despite these numbers, Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) individuals remain largely invisible in society.
• Only 5% of deaf children attend school, often facing prolonged educational timelines due to an oralist curriculum.
• Employment opportunities for the deaf are limited, with government recruitment sometimes favouring those with lesser impairments, leading to protests.
• Despite petitions for Indian Sign Language (ISL) recognition, the government resists, citing the adequacy of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPDA) 2016, which falls short in practical implementation.

Lack of Accessibility in Public Transport:

• DHH individuals face numerous every day challenges due to a lack of accessibility in public transport, media, public structures, and emergency services.
• Basic activities, such as following public announcements or accessing customer service, become insurmountable tasks.
• While some progress has been made with accessible options in films and sports, much remains to be done.
• Employment opportunities for the deaf are often restricted to low-skill jobs, and the government sector lags in accessibility and inclusion initiatives.
• Protests by the deaf community demanding better education and employment opportunities have often been met with force or empty promises.

Healthcare and Mental Health Accessibility:

• Access to healthcare poses additional challenges for the deaf community, as most hospitals lack interpreters, complicating communication.
• This is especially problematic in mental healthcare, where a lack of ISL-trained professionals further marginalizes DHH individuals.
• Although the Mental Healthcare Act of 2017 promises universal mental healthcare, its implementation is ineffective, with only 250 certified sign language interpreters available and no clear data on ISL-trained mental health professionals.

Way Forward:

• To address these issues, recognizing Indian Sign Language (ISL) as an official language and integrating it into schools and colleges for both hearing and Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) students is crucial.
  • This approach would also create employment opportunities for DHH individuals as educators.
• Additionally, healthcare systems need to be updated to ensure easy and accessible communication for DHH patients, including employing language-concordant physicians.
  • Regulatory commissions in medical fields must reduce barriers for DHH individuals aspiring to healthcare professions, fostering a more inclusive workforce.
• Media channels should consistently offer deaf programming, and government event announcements should include live ISL interpreters, as seen in many other countries.
  • Timely interventions in these areas could lead to significant improvements, potentially ensuring real-time ISL interpretations in future elections.

Conclusion

The challenges faced by the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) community in India are complex and deeply rooted in societal ableism. While some progress has been made, much more needs to be done. It is crucial for authorities to actively engage with the DHH community and address their specific needs. By recognizing and implementing necessary changes, India can move towards a more inclusive society where the rights and needs of DHH individuals are fully acknowledged and met.

Why is it in the News?

Recently, India secured rights to invest in and operate the Shahid-Behesti terminal at Chabahar Port for another 10 years.

Context:

• The recent extension of the contract between India and Iran, granting New Delhi continued investment and operational rights at the Shahid-Beheshti terminal within Chabahar Port for another ten years, underscores the project's strategic and economic significance.
• This development occurs amid a turbulent period in West Asia, characterized by ongoing conflict in Gaza, escalating tensions between Israel and Iran, and a destabilizing helicopter crash resulting in the loss of Iran’s President and Foreign Minister.
• Nevertheless, the Chabahar project retains its pivotal role in cementing economic ties between India and Iran despite these formidable challenges.

Significance of the Chabahar Project for India:

• Economic Connectivity and Trade Advancement: Chabahar Port serves as a vital node in the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), streamlining India's trade routes with Central Asia, Russia, and beyond.
  • By offering a direct sea-land route that circumvents Pakistan, Chabahar substantially cuts transportation time and costs for Indian exports bound for these regions.
  • This heightened connectivity fosters increased trade, economic convergence, and access to fresh markets, augmenting India's export potential and economic prosperity.
• Geopolitical Influence and Strategic Independence: Chabahar represents a strategic asset for India to assert its influence in the region and diminish reliance on Pakistani transit routes, often fraught with geopolitical tensions.
  • Through investment in Chabahar, India solidifies a strategic foothold in Iran, a nation wielding significant sway in West and Central Asia.
  • The port empowers India to project strength and maintain a strategic presence in a landscape where China, through its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and Pakistan, vie for dominance.
  • This strategic autonomy is pivotal for India's foreign policy, enabling adept navigation of intricate regional dynamics.
• Regional Security and Harmony: Chabahar Port assumes a crucial role in India's efforts towards regional security and stability, particularly concerning Afghanistan.
  • Endorsed by the Taliban and with their financial commitment, Chabahar emerges as a key conduit for humanitarian aid and economic provisions to Afghanistan, thereby fostering stability in a strife-ridden region.
  • By promoting economic growth and offering alternatives to Pakistani ports, Chabahar helps mitigate the peril of economic isolation for Afghanistan, fostering regional tranquillity.
• Countervailing Chinese Influence: Strategically positioned to counterbalance Chinese presence, Chabahar offers a distinct avenue to offset Chinese influence, notably vis-à-vis the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Gwadar Port.
  • While Gwadar, under China's dominion, lies proximate to Chabahar, the latter furnishes an alternative route pivotal for diversifying regional supply chains.
  • By fortifying Chabahar, India not only mitigates the strategic risks of Chinese infrastructure dominance but also offers a viable alternative for international trade routes evading Chinese control.
• Diplomatic Collaboration and Multilateralism: Chabahar Port epitomises India's dedication to diplomatic collaboration and multilateral engagement.
  • Through this venture, India showcases its adeptness in partnering with diverse international stakeholders, including Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asian nations, nurturing a collaborative regional milieu.
  • The port aligns with broader international endeavours to bolster connectivity and economic amalgamation across Eurasia, positioning India as a pivotal player in regional developmental endeavours.
• Energy Security: Given Iran's substantial energy reserves, Chabahar Port holds promise in bolstering India's energy security.
  • By serving as a strategic ingress point for Iranian oil and gas, the port facilitates energy imports, diversifies India's energy sources, and diminishes dependence on any single nation or route.
  • This diversification is instrumental in securing a stable and resilient energy supply, indispensable for India's burgeoning economy.

Challenges in India-Iran Relations Amidst Chabahar Port Dynamics:

• Sanctions and Global Pressures: The imposition of international sanctions, particularly by the United States, has significantly disrupted economic ties between India and Iran.
  • Projects like the Farzad-B gas field and the Irano Hind Shipping Company bore the brunt of these sanctions directly.
  • The Chabahar Port project itself has faced intricacies due to U.S. sanctions, necessitating periodic exemptions for India to sustain its development efforts.
• Geopolitical Dynamics: India's strategic partnership with the United States sometimes clashes with its engagements with Iran, creating geopolitical complexities.
  • During the Obama administration, India curtailed its oil imports from Iran in line with U.S. policies on Tehran’s nuclear program, impacting bilateral trade and diminishing Iran's standing as a major oil supplier to India.
• Competing Regional Agendas: India and Iran harbour divergent regional interests that occasionally conflict.
  • While Iran aims to bolster its influence in West Asia and deepen ties with nations like China and Russia, India’s regional focus includes countering China’s Belt and Road Initiative and safeguarding its interests in Afghanistan.
  • These disparate priorities can lead to friction and curtail the extent of bilateral cooperation.

Recommendations for Future Engagement:

Diversification of Economic Cooperation: While the Chabahar Port remains crucial, India and Iran should broaden their economic collaboration beyond it.

• • Exploring sectors like energy, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and technology through revived projects like the Farzad-B gas field or new joint ventures can enhance economic ties.
  • Establishing a comprehensive trade framework involving tariff reduction, streamlined customs procedures, and investment incentives can stimulate bilateral commerce.

Enhancement of Diplomatic Engagement: Regular high-level visits and dialogues are essential to address misunderstandings and align strategic interests.

• • Institutionalizing such engagements ensures continuous and structured communication between the two nations.
  • Leveraging participation in multilateral forums like the United Nations and regional organizations can facilitate joint initiatives, amplifying diplomatic influence and fostering closer ties.
• Balancing Geopolitical Alignments: India should navigate its strategic partnership with the United States while engaging with Iran, emphasizing the significance of projects like Chabahar.
  • Diplomatic efforts should prioritize securing exemptions from sanctions hindering critical projects, necessitating transparent communication with the U.S.
  • Strengthening ties with other regional actors such as Afghanistan, Central Asian countries, and Russia can reinforce India-Iran relations and regional stability.
  • By implementing these recommendations, India and Iran can foster a more robust and diversified partnership, enhancing mutual prosperity and geopolitical stability in the region.

Conclusion

The Chabahar port project symbolizes the intricate fabric of India-Iran relations, intertwining economic ambitions with strategic considerations. Amidst the shifting tides of geopolitics, Chabahar emerges as a symbol of the enduring collaboration between the two nations.

Maintaining this foundational project while expanding economic collaboration and diplomatic finesse will be pivotal in fortifying and advancing the India-Iran relationship in the years ahead.

Why is it in the News?

According to a recent report, the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN) is facing challenges in implementation.

Context:

• India is home to numerous tribal groups, including 75 identified as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) across various states.
• To address their socio-economic backwardness, the Government of India launched the Pradhan Mantri PVTG Development Mission in 2023-24.
• Despite this initiative, both PVTGs and frontline officials encounter significant challenges when using a mobile application to register for the housing scheme.

What is the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya MahaAbhiyan (PM JANMAN)?

• The Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya MahaAbhiyan (PM JANMAN) is an initiative launched by the Government of India to uplift and empower the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).

Its key objectives and implementation aspects:

• The PM JANMAN initiative aims to ensure that PVTGs have access to essential services and improved living standards by addressing their critical needs through a comprehensive set of interventions.
  • One of the flagship programs under this initiative is the Housing scheme, a Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme designed to provide secure and habitable housing to PVTG households.
• The Housing scheme targets to reach 4.90 lakh PVTG households by the year 2026, with each household entitled to receive ?2.39 lakh in three instalments.
  • This financial assistance is intended to enable these vulnerable communities to construct safe and durable houses, protecting them from environmental challenges and providing a sense of security and dignity.
• By addressing the critical need for safe housing, along with other interventions focused on clean drinking water, sanitation, and other essential services, the PM JANMAN initiative aims to uplift the living conditions of PVTGs and empower them to overcome the challenges they face.
  • This comprehensive approach seeks to create a supportive environment for the overall development and well-being of these marginalized communities. CopyRetry

What are the Challenges Associated with PM JANMAN Housing Scheme Implementation?

Data Mismatch and Ineligibility Issues:

• A significant challenge in the registration process is the widespread deletion of job cards, essential for registering for the PM JANMAN Housing scheme.
• Over the past two years, more than eight crore MGNREGA workers' job cards, including those of PVTG members, have been deleted. This massive data purge has prevented many eligible households from registering for the scheme, thereby excluding them from receiving benefits.
• Additionally, incorrect registrations have been reported, where individuals register using others' job cards.
• This not only deprives rightful owners of their entitlements but also creates administrative burdens in correcting these errors.

Discrepancies in Data Collection Systems:

• The 'Awaas+' registration app, used by block/panchayat-level officials, is critical for data collection but has significant discrepancies with other official records.
  • For instance, in Vanjari Panchayat, Alluri Sitharama Raju district, Andhra Pradesh, the app lists only 22 villages, while the MGNREGA Management Information System (MIS) lists 31 villages.
• These discrepancies confuse beneficiaries and officials and may lead to the exclusion of eligible households.

App Usability and Confusion:

• The 'Awaas+' app's user interface and functionality present several challenges. The app collects beneficiaries' data in three main areas: geographical location, household profiles, and bank account details.
• However, its design and operational issues make the process cumbersome.
• The app includes pre-populated village lists that often do not match official records, leading to incorrect registrations or an inability to register certain households.

Geo-tagging and Network Issues:

• The app’s geo-tagging feature, meant to accurately record household locations and planned construction sites, faces issues due to network problems in remote areas.
• These network issues hinder the geo-tagging process, resulting in incomplete or incorrect data entries, which affects registration and service delivery planning.

Financial Inclusion Barriers:

• The app's bank selection functionality is another significant hurdle. Beneficiaries must choose from three categories of banks (Cooperative Bank, Commercial Bank, or Regional Rural Bank), each presenting numerous options.
  • For instance, selecting 'Commercial Bank' can display over 300 options, and choosing 'State Bank of India' can show over 500 branch options.
• This complexity is overwhelming for beneficiaries and officials, especially those with limited digital literacy.
• Despite the Government of India’s push for India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) to enhance financial inclusion in remote areas, the app does not list IPPB, limiting access to convenient banking services for many PVTG households.

Inclusivity and Accessibility Issues:

• The app also fails to capture specific information about PVTGs, defaulting to a general 'ST' (Scheduled Tribe) category.
• This oversight results in non-PVTG registrations, complicating the process further. Local officials sometimes require PVTG members to obtain certification from village leaders, problematic in areas where PVTGs and non-PVTGs coexist.
• Additionally, network issues exacerbate the geo-tagging feature's challenges, adding to the difficulties faced by officials and beneficiaries alike.

Recommendations for Policymakers to Improve the PM JANMAN Scheme:

User-Friendly Application Interface:

• Redesign the ‘Awaas+’ mobile app to simplify navigation with intuitive menus and clear instructions.
• This will assist both beneficiaries and frontline officials who may not be tech-savvy. Include detailed guidelines on entering names and other details, especially when Aadhaar information is unavailable or differs from official records.

Accurate and Comprehensive Data Lists:

• Ensure the app’s pre-populated lists of villages and other data fields are regularly updated and synchronized with other government databases, such as the MGNREGA Management Information System (MIS), to eliminate discrepancies.
• Additionally, include explicit fields for PVTGs within the app to prevent incorrect registration of non-PVTG households.

Include IPPB in Banking Options:

• Add the India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) to the list of available banks in the registration app.
• Given IPPB’s extensive reach in rural and remote areas, this inclusion would significantly enhance financial access for PVTG households.
• Simplify the bank selection process by implementing a search function or categorizing banks more effectively to facilitate easier selection by users.

Improve Technical Infrastructure:

• Invest in improving network connectivity in remote areas to support geo-tagging and other app functionalities.
• Partner with telecom companies to extend coverage to underserved regions and develop offline capabilities for the registration app, allowing data collection without immediate internet access and subsequent synchronization when connectivity is available.

Provide Comprehensive Training and Support:

• Implement comprehensive training programs for frontline officials and community volunteers on using the app and managing the registration process efficiently.
• Establish dedicated technical helplines or support centres to assist with real-time troubleshooting and provide guidance for users facing difficulties.

Conclusion

While various initiatives have targeted the vulnerabilities of PVTGs, accessing government benefits remains a substantial challenge for these marginalized communities. The PM JANMAN initiative stands as a potential avenue to enhance the well-being of PVTGs. However, it is imperative to address the existing obstacles in the registration process and prioritize inclusivity and accessibility. The PM JANMAN scheme presents an opportunity to shift the paradigm for PVTGs, but its success hinges on effectively tackling implementation challenges and fulfilling the commitments made.

Why is it in the News?

The Calcutta High Court has struck down a series of orders passed by the West Bengal government between March 2010 and May 2012 by which 77 communities (classes), 75 of which were Muslim, were given reservation under the Other Backward Classes (OBC) category.

Context:

• In a significant ruling on Wednesday, the Calcutta High Court dismissed all Other Backward Classes (OBC) certificates issued in West Bengal since 2010.
• A division bench of Justice Tapabrata Chakraborty and Justice Rajasekhar Mantha made this decision while addressing a public interest litigation (PIL) that challenged the process of granting OBC certificates.
• The court directed that a new list of OBCs should be created based on the West Bengal Commission for Backward Classes Act of 1993.

What is the Issue With OBC Certificates?

• In 2010, the West Bengal (WB) government issued notifications, on the recommendations of the West Bengal Backward Classes Commission, including 42 classes (41 from the Muslim community) as Other Backward Classes (OBCs), entitling them to reservation and representation in government employment under Article 16(4) of the Constitution.
• Also in 2010, an order was issued sub-categorizing the 108 identified OBCs in the state (66 pre-existing and 42 newly identified) into 56 OBC-A (more Backward) and 52 OBC-B (Backward) categories.
• In 2012, the West Bengal government included 35 classes (34 from the Muslim community) as OBCs.
• In 2013, the West Bengal Backward Classes (Other than Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) (Reservation of vacancies and posts) Act 2012 gave recognition to all 77 new OBCs.
• These orders and legislation were challenged in the Calcutta High Court on the grounds that the declaration of classes as OBCs was based purely on religion, the categorization was not based on any acceptable data, and the survey conducted by the Commission was unscientific.

The Calcutta High Court's Ruling on West Bengal's Reservation Policies:

• The court found that religion had been the sole basis for the state government to provide reservation, which is prohibited by the Constitution and court orders.
• The High Court heavily relied on the Supreme Court's judgment in Indra Sawhney v Union of India (Mandal judgment).
  • In 1992, a nine-judge Bench held that OBCs cannot be identified and given reservation solely based on religion.
  • The Supreme Court also held that all states must establish a Backward Classes Commission to identify and recommend classes of citizens for inclusion and exclusion in the state OBC list.
• The High Court noted that the Commission's recommendation had been made with "lightning speed" and without using any objective criteria to determine the backwardness of these classes.
• The court stated that there is no question that the said communities have been used as a political prop for vote bank politics.
• The court struck down some provisions of West Bengal's 2012 Act, including:
  • The provision allowed the state government to sub-classify OBC reservations into OBC-A and OBC-B categories.
  • The provision allows the state to amend the Schedule of the 2012 Act to add to the list of OBCs.
• The court held that sub-classification is meant to address different levels of deprivation faced by different communities and could only be done based on scientific data.
• Since the Commission acknowledged that the government did not consult it prior to sub-classification within OBC, the court ruled that the state government must consult the Commission to create a fair and unbiased classification.

The Position on Religiously-Based Reservations in the Constitution and Court Orders:

The Constitution of India:

• Article 15(1) specifically prohibits the state from discriminating against citizens on grounds only of religion and caste (along with sex, race, and place of birth).
• Article 16(2) specifically prohibits the state from discriminating against citizens on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, in respect of any employment or office under the State.

The Observations of the Supreme Court:

• In M R Balaji (1962), the SC held that while castes among Hindus may be an important factor to take into account when assessing the social backwardness of certain groups or classes of citizens, it cannot be the only test in this regard.
• In E P Royappa vs State Of Tamil Nadu (1973), the SC held that equality is a dynamic concept and cannot be confined within traditional limits.
• In State of Kerala vs N M Thomas (1975), the SC held that the crucial word 'only' in Articles 15 and Article 16 implies that if a religious, racial, or caste group constitutes a weaker section (under Article 46) or constitutes a backward class, it would be entitled to special provisions for its advancement.
• The SC in Indra Sawhney (1992) laid down that any social group if found to be backward under the same criteria as others, will be entitled to be treated as a backward class.

What are the Current Provisions of Reservation?

• The current provisions of reservation in India stem from the Constituent Assembly's decision to provide employment reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under Article 16(4A) of the Constitution.
  • Initially approved for a period of 10 years, these reservations have been renewed annually ever since.
  • Notably, Christian and Muslim communities within the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes do not receive reservation benefits.
• The decision not to extend reservation to religious minorities was influenced by the partition, as reflected in Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's presentation of a special sub-committee report in 1949, addressing the issues faced by minority populations in East Punjab and West Bengal.
• The committee, which included Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, KM Munshi, and Ambedkar, concluded that the country's conditions had changed to such an extent that "in the context of independent India and the present circumstances, it is no longer appropriate to reserve seats for Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, or any other religious minority."
• They believed that reservations for religious communities "may lead to some degree of separatism and, to an extent, contradict the concept of a secular democratic state."
  • They argued that the fundamental rights of freedom of religion and the right of minorities to maintain their own educational institutions were sufficient safeguards for protecting minorities.
  • However, the Advisory Committee agreed that "the specific situation of the Scheduled Castes would make it necessary to grant them reservation for the originally decided ten-year period."
• Ambedkar attempted to resolve several positions on the caste question by introducing the concept of backwardness and reservation as methods of creating a society beyond caste.

Arguments Related to Religion-based Reservation in India:

Arguments in Favour of Religion-Based Reservations in India:

• Socio-Economic Backwardness: According to the Sachar Committee Report, Muslims in India lag behind other communities in terms of socio-economic indicators such as education, employment, and income.
  • Reservations can help in bridging this gap.
• Constitutional Mandate: The Indian Constitution provides for affirmative action for socially and educationally backward classes irrespective of religious and cultural denomination.
• Ensuring Adequate Representation: Reservations can ensure adequate representation of underrepresented religious groups in employment, education, and other fields.

Arguments Against Religion-Based Reservations in India:

• Secularism: Critics argue that providing reservations based on religion goes against the principle of secularism enshrined in the Indian Constitution, which advocates equal treatment of all religions by the state.
• Undermining National Unity: Religion-based reservations could undermine national unity as it could lead to resentment and division among different communities.
• Economic Criteria: Reservations should be based solely on economic criteria rather than religion, to ensure that benefits reach those who are truly economically disadvantaged, irrespective of their religion.
• Administrative Challenges: Implementing reservations based on religion could pose administrative challenges, such as determining the criteria for identifying beneficiaries and preventing misuse of the system.

Way Forward:

• Socio-Economic Criteria: Instead of religion, reservations could be based on socio-economic criteria, ensuring that benefits reach the most disadvantaged individuals regardless of their religion.
• Empowerment Through Education: Focus on improving educational infrastructure and providing skill development programs to empower the backward communities and enhance their socio-economic status.
• Inclusive Policies: Implement inclusive policies that address the specific needs of the backward religious communities in areas such as education, employment, and healthcare, without resorting to religious-based reservations.
• Dialogue and Consensus: Engage in a dialogue involving all stakeholders to arrive at a consensus to address the socio-economic challenges faced by the various communities, ensuring that any measures taken are in line with constitutional values and principles.

Conclusion

While recognizing the socio-economic disparities faced by various religious communities in India, the emphasis on inclusive policies based on socio-economic criteria emerges as pivotal. By prioritizing education empowerment, promoting dialogue, and fostering consensus, India can navigate towards a more equitable and inclusive society. By steering away from religion-based reservations and focusing on holistic development, India can uphold its constitutional values while addressing the diverse needs of its population.

Why is it in the News?

In a democracy, while elections are imperative, it's equally crucial for both the populace and our leaders to retain their moral integrity, as a loss of ethical grounding could result in repercussions that extend far beyond the periodic act of political selection.

Context:

•  Satyameva Jayate ("Truth alone triumphs") from the Mundaka Upanishad was adopted as the national motto on January 26, 1950, the day India became a Republic.
• A day earlier, the country's Election Commission was formed with the primary responsibility of enabling citizens to exercise their democratic right to choose a government.
• The Election Commission is expected to provide a level playing field so that candidates, political parties, and their campaigners do not unduly influence voters through excessive use of money, force, or dishonesty.

About The Model Code of Conduct (MCC):

• The Election Commission of India introduced the Model Code of Conduct with the hope that it would encourage self-control among political stakeholders.
• The 2019 Manual emphasized that those seeking public office should behave in a way worthy of being emulated by others.
• The Commission considers the Code an important contribution by political parties to democracy.
• It expects parties to exhibit model behaviour in their actions and rhetoric.
• However, reality often deviates from this expectation. Political discourse sometimes degrades into coarse and ignoble exchanges.
• This has led to debates on whether it should be called a moral code rather than just a model code.

The Complexity of Truth from a Philosophical Perspective:

• Francis Bacon's Essay of Truth commences with Pilate's profound questioning, "What is truth?" - a query that resonates through the ages, its answer shrouded in layers of complexity.
• This intricate nature finds symbolic representation in the Ashokan pillar's trio of visible lions, embodying the three dimensions of truth: my viewpoint, your perspective, and an objective third-person narrative.
• Yet, there exists a fourth, unseen dimension - that of absolute truth, often perceived as knowable only to a higher power.
• Amidst this philosophical labyrinth, the Election Commission of India (ECI) navigates the realm of human imperfection, striving to enforce the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) – a framework designed to curb dishonest practices during the electoral process.
• However, expecting individuals to adhere to this model solely for the duration of elections, if they have not upheld such principles in their daily lives, could be considered a naive endeavor.

The Intersection of Morality and Law in the Electoral Process:

• Foundations of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC):
• At the core of the Model Code of Conduct lies a fundamental interplay between legal requirements and moral expectations.
  • Morality governs individual behaviour based on notions of right and wrong, often rooted in cultural, religious, or personal beliefs.
  • Law, conversely, comprises rules established by a governing authority to regulate conduct and ensure order and justice within society.
• Philosophical perspectives offer valuable insights into this dynamic. Immanuel Kant's philosophy distinguishes between morality and law, viewing moral actions as those driven by a sense of duty, while societal rules govern legal actions.
  • Utilitarianism, advocated by thinkers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, evaluates actions based on their consequences and their contribution to the overall well-being of society.
  • In the context of the Model Code of Conduct, this perspective suggests that political behaviour should be assessed not only against legal standards but also by its broader impact on societal harmony and democratic health.
• Legal Framework and Enforcement:
• The legal framework encompassing the Model Code of Conduct includes specific provisions in the Indian Penal Code and the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
  • These laws define actions that constitute corrupt practices and electoral offences, providing a legal basis for enforcing the Code.
  • However, the intersection of morality and law within this framework presents unique challenges.
• In legal terms, "mens rea" refers to the intention or knowledge of wrongdoing, and establishing mens rea is crucial for proving guilt in many cases.
  • The Model Code of Conduct implicitly addresses mens rea by prohibiting actions intended to manipulate or deceive voters, such as false promises or appeals to communal sentiments.
• Sections 123(3) and 123(3A) of the Representation of the People Act classify appeals to caste or communal feelings as corrupt practices, punishable under the law.
  • Similarly, Section 125 prohibits promoting enmity between different groups in connection with elections.
  • These legal provisions aim to curb divisive tactics and uphold the ethical conduct envisioned by the Model Code of Conduct.
  • However, enforcement requires clear evidence linking the actions to the intent of influencing electoral outcomes.

Ethical Reflection in the Electoral Process & Lesson from Mahabharata:

• Upholding Integrity: The imperative for ethical reflection in the electoral process stems from the need to uphold the integrity of democracy itself.
  • The conduct of elections must align with the core values of truth and fairness that underpin the democratic ethos.
• Ethical Lesson from Mahabharata: The story of Yudhishthira in the Mahabharata, who lost his moral high ground despite technically telling the truth, underscores the importance of ethics over mere adherence to rules.
  • Ethics in elections transcends simply following the law; it involves adhering to higher standards of honesty, integrity, and fairness.
• Moral Soundness over Legal Compliance: Ethical reflection ensures that political actions and decisions are not just legally compliant but also morally sound.
  • This is particularly crucial in a democracy, where the legitimacy of the government is derived from the consent of the governed, and this consent must be obtained through fair means.
• Safeguarding Democratic Norms: When ethical standards are compromised, democratic norms such as transparency, accountability, and fairness are weakened.
  • This erosion can lead to a governance crisis where the authority of elected officials is questioned, undermining the very foundation upon which democracy rests.

Conclusion

“Satyameva Jayate” is not just India’s motto however it encapsulates a guiding principle that should permeate the conduct of individuals and institutions alike. The Election Commission of India's efforts to enforce the Model Code of Conduct reflect an ongoing struggle to strike a delicate balance between legal enforcement and moral persuasion. For a truly democratic society to thrive, this equilibrium must be continually sought and maintained. The pursuit of political power must never be allowed to erode the foundational value of truth upon which the democratic edifice rests. By upholding the principle of Satyameva Jayate, not just in rhetoric but in action, the integrity of the electoral process and the sanctity of democratic norms can be safeguarded, ensuring that the will of the people remains the cornerstone of governance.

Why is it in the News?

The death of Iran’s President Ebrahim Raisi in a helicopter accident on May 20 has added another layer of uncertainty in a region already wracked by political tensions and war.

Context:

• In the wake of President Ebrahim Raisi's unexpected passing in a helicopter accident on May 20, the geopolitical landscape of the region faces heightened uncertainty.
• Despite the tragic event, the enduring influence of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei suggests minimal immediate impact on Iran's policies.
• However, this event prompts a closer examination of the evolving dynamics between India and Iran, amidst recent geopolitical shifts.

A Historical Perspective on India-Iran Relations:

• Historical Background: India and Iran share a rich historical tie woven with deep-rooted cultural and economic connections spanning centuries.
  • From ancient times, both civilizations have influenced each other in language, culture, and commerce, fostering enduring ties.
  • Following India's independence in 1947, formal diplomatic relations were swiftly established between the two nations.
  • Despite the divergence of their Cold War alliances—India with the Non-Aligned Movement and Iran aligning with the United States—mutual respect characterized their interactions.
  • The Iranian Revolution in 1979 heralded a shift in Iran's ideological stance, yet India remained committed to nurturing bilateral relations, recognizing the significance of regional stability and economic collaboration.
• Economic and Energy Collaboration: Central to the India-Iran partnership is their robust energy cooperation, with Iran serving as a vital supplier of oil and natural gas to India.
  • In addressing India's burgeoning energy demands, Iranian resources have played a pivotal role in sustaining India's economic growth.
  • The early 2000s witnessed landmark agreements, including long-term oil supply pacts and discussions on strategic pipeline projects like the Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) gas pipeline.
• Strategic Imperatives; Strategically, India has recognized Iran's pivotal role in shaping the dynamics of the broader West Asian region.
  • Both nations have shared interests, notably in fostering stability in Afghanistan.
  • Iran's geographic position offers India a strategic gateway to Central Asia, circumventing Pakistan—a factor underscored by India's investments in projects such as the Chabahar port, aimed at bolstering connectivity to Afghanistan and beyond.

Recent Shifts and Implications for India-Iran Relations:

• The Abraham Accords and Evolving Regional Dynamics: The 2020 Abraham Accords, facilitated by the US, introduced a new layer of complexity to regional geopolitics.
  • These agreements, which normalized ties between Israel and several Arab nations including the UAE and Bahrain, were perceived as part of a broader US strategy to counterbalance Iran's influence.
  • India's active involvement in the I2U2 coalition (India, Israel, UAE, and the US) signals its alignment with this strategy, potentially signalling a departure from traditional bilateral collaborations, a shift Iran has taken note of.
• India-Middle-East Economic Corridor (IMEC) Initiative: The unveiling of the IMEC project during the 2023 G20 summit in New Delhi marks a pivotal development.
  • This initiative proposes a transportation network linking India to Israel via the UAE and Saudi Arabia, presenting a strategic alternative route that bypasses Iran.
  • The IMEC underscores India's commitment to integrating into evolving economic and strategic frameworks in West Asia, potentially reshaping traditional ties with Iran.
• Impact of US Sanctions: The reinstatement of US sanctions on Iran following the Trump administration's withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2018 had profound implications for India-Iran economic relations.
  • These sanctions triggered a significant reduction in India's oil imports from Iran, prompting India to seek alternative energy sources.
  • While this strained the economic aspect of bilateral ties, India remained interested in advancing projects like the Chabahar port despite the challenges posed by the sanctions.

Strategic Implications and Hurdles with the Chabahar Project:

Strategic Importance:

• The Chabahar endeavour stands as a linchpin within India's regional connectivity and strategic framework.
• Nestled along Iran's southeastern coast, the port furnishes India with direct access to the Arabian Sea, offering a vital alternative to China's Gwadar port under its Belt and Road Initiative.
• Positioned as a gateway to Afghanistan and Central Asia, Chabahar bolsters India's geopolitical foothold, circumventing historical barriers imposed by Pakistan.
• Envisioned as a nucleus of economic activity, the port holds the promise of catalyzing trade and investment between India, Iran, and Afghanistan, unlocking the vast potential of Central Asian markets.
• By fostering Chabahar's development, India aims to provide a counterbalance to China's Gwadar port, positioning itself as a pivotal player in reshaping regional trade dynamics.

Navigating Challenges Amid Strategic Imperatives:

• Despite its strategic allure, the Chabahar project grapples with multifaceted challenges.
• US sanctions have cast a pall over international investments and hindered crucial financial transactions vital for the port's advancement.
• The seismic shift in Afghanistan's political landscape following the Taliban's resurgence has cast uncertainty over the project's trajectory.
• The original tripartite agreement, contingent upon the stability offered by the erstwhile US-backed Ghani regime, now faces an altered reality.
• The enduring viability of Chabahar hinges on regional stability and collaboration, factors further complicated by Iran's economic woes amidst ongoing sanctions.
• Persistent geopolitical tensions pose formidable obstacles to the sustained success of this ambitious undertaking, underscoring the need for adept navigation amid strategic imperatives.

Future Trajectories for India-Iran Relations:

• Pursuing Strategic Autonomy: Chabahar demonstrates India's pursuit of strategic autonomy, allowing it to navigate geopolitical landscapes and assert regional influence.
  • Balancing relations with Iran, the US, and other regional players enables India to maintain a multifaceted foreign policy that serves its strategic objectives.
• Leveraging International Cooperation: India could explore collaborations with international partners like the EU to mitigate the impact of US sanctions and garner diplomatic and economic support.
  • Strengthening ties with Central Asian countries may enhance Chabahar's economic prospects.
• Commitment to Regional Stability: India's continued engagement with Afghanistan, including humanitarian aid, underscores its commitment to regional stability and connectivity through Chabahar.
  • Maintaining a presence in Afghanistan highlights the strategic importance of Chabahar as a key node for regional diplomacy and economic activity.

Conclusion

The sudden demise of Iran's President Ebrahim Raisi exacerbates uncertainty in an already tumultuous region. India must deftly balance its strategic interests amidst competing regional powers and the intricate landscape of geopolitical rivalries and international sanctions. The revival of the Chabahar project exemplifies India's strategic adaptability but also underscores the precarious nature of its regional engagements. India's ability to exhibit strategic foresight and diplomatic finesse will be crucial in effectively navigating the ever-changing geopolitical environment.

Why is it in the News?

Recently, the Shiromani Akali Dal came out with its poll manifesto and said it would seek the transfer of Kartarpur Sahib from Pakistan to India through mutual land exchange between the two countries.

Context:

• The Shiromani Akali Dal's (SAD) proposal to retrieve Kartarpur Sahib from Pakistan through a negotiated territory exchange reflects a growing desire to transform the India-Pakistan border from a zone of conflict to one of cooperation and economic integration.
• This idea might appear as unlikely as the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) pledge to integrate Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) into India.
• Nonetheless, it signifies a profound aspiration to transform the India-Pakistan border from a contentious zone into one characterized by cooperation and economic integration.

What is Para Diplomacy?

Origins of Paradiplomacy:

• The concept of para-diplomacy was first proposed in 1990 by John Kincaid, an American scholar who outlined a foreign policy role for local governments within a democratic federal system.
• Economic para diplomacy related to trade and investment in particular has become an institutionalised practice across the world – in federal states like the United States, Canada and Belgium, quasi-federal states like Spain, non-federal states like Japan and even non-democratic states like the People’s Republic of China.

Aims and Objectives of Paradiplomacy:

• Paradiplomacy can be employed with a variety of aims which can range from bringing in a decentralised dimension to international debates to internationalisation of domestic issues by bringing regional issues onto the global stage, promoting trade, tourism, cultural ties and even post-conflict reconciliation to local political activism being sought for international support.
• Subnational relations can also be conducted to promote and attract investments seeking region-specific economic advantages.

Drivers of Paradiplomacy:

• In more ways than one, paradiplomacy owes its origins to globalisation.
• As the world economy has become increasingly global and increasingly integrated in a variety of ways, sub-national units (regions, states, provinces and even cities) find their functions and activities circumscribed by the global system.
• Federalism is also a key contributor to the growth of paradiplomacy.
• Sub-national actors such as states and provinces that have a formal legal personality are necessarily more likely to engage in international activities designed to promote and protect local and international interests and prerogatives.

What are the Challenges Associated with BJP and SAD’s Territorial Ambitions?

• Practical Hurdles in BJP and SAD's Territorial Objectives: The proposals put forth by the SAD to renegotiate the Radcliffe Line in Punjab or the BJP's assertion to reclaim PoK face numerous challenges.
  • Altering the territorial status quo in Punjab or reclaiming PoK, whether through diplomatic negotiations or by force, presents formidable obstacles.
• Complexities and Resistance: Such endeavours would not merely disrupt the already delicate territorial equilibrium but also provoke substantial opposition, given the deep-rooted historical and ongoing tensions between India and Pakistan.
• Pursuing a Pragmatic Approach: A more viable alternative lies in reimagining these borders as conduits for trade and collaboration rather than confrontation.
  • This pragmatic stance resonates with the SAD's additional proposal to reopen the Attari and Hussainiwala borders with Pakistan for trade and tourism, with the aim of fostering economic prosperity in the region.

Obstacles Hindering Economic Cooperation Between India and Pakistan:

• Political and Military Resistance in Pakistan: One of the foremost barriers to economic cooperation stems from the entrenched position of Pakistan's military and political establishment.
  • Over the years, the Pakistani military's steadfast opposition to economic engagement with India, primarily due to unresolved issues surrounding Kashmir, has been a significant deterrent.
  • Despite occasional signs of thaw, such as the February 2021 ceasefire agreement, internal resistance has consistently impeded progress.
  • Even Prime Minister Imran Khan's tentative consideration of resuming trade ties with India faced vehement opposition, highlighting the deep-seated reluctance to normalize relations without addressing the Kashmir dispute.
• Historical Context and Suspicion: The historical animosities dating back to the traumatic partition of 1947 and subsequent wars have entrenched mutual suspicion and distrust between the two nations.
  • These historical grievances have not only shaped national narratives but also influenced contemporary policy decisions.
  • Addressing underlying political tensions becomes imperative for either country to fully commit to economic cooperation.
• Lack of Reciprocal Trade Policies: On the trade front, Pakistan's refusal to grant India the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status remains a significant hurdle.
  • While India extended this status to Pakistan in 1996 to foster trade ties, the gesture was not reciprocated.
  • Subsequent events, such as India's withdrawal of MFN status post the Pulwama terror attack and the revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special constitutional status, have further strained bilateral trade relations.
• Economic Rationality vs. Political Baggage: Despite the evident economic benefits of trade, Pakistan's establishment remains wary of engaging with India due to historical conflicts and the overarching Kashmir issue.
  • While there have been instances where the Pakistani business community advocated for resuming trade ties, such appeals often faced resistance from the political and military elite, who prioritize geopolitical concerns over economic pragmatism.
• Regional Stability and Security Concerns: Security concerns, including allegations of cross-border terrorism, complicate the economic relationship between India and Pakistan.
  • Heightened military vigilance and frequent skirmishes along the border hinder trade and perpetuate an environment of hostility and mistrust.
  • The ongoing conflict and the threat of terrorist activities cast a shadow over efforts to normalize trade relations.

Proposing a New Strategy for Improving India-Pakistan Relations:

• Introduction of Special Economic Zones: A significant aspect of the SAD's manifesto is the proposition to convert the Punjab border into a special economic zone, aiming to nurture small and medium enterprises and potentially revolutionize India-Pakistan relations.
  • This innovative vision encompasses the idea of Pakistan establishing a parallel zone on its side, fostering integrated development and economic interdependence.
  • Drawing inspiration from successful models of cross-border economic zones in Southeast Asia and China's collaborative initiatives with neighbouring countries, such an endeavour holds promise for fostering mutual prosperity.
• Leveraging Para Diplomacy: At the heart of these proposals lies the concept of para diplomacy, or sub-state diplomacy, wherein provincial and local governments engage in formal interactions to advance national interests.
  • This approach offers a novel means to navigate around the entrenched positions often held by national governments, presenting fresh avenues for cooperation.
  • While historical attempts at para diplomacy between East and West Punjab have surfaced intermittently, they have struggled to endure amidst overarching national conflicts.
  • Embracing these innovative strategies could pave the way for a constructive dialogue and sustainable cooperation between India and Pakistan, fostering mutual understanding and prosperity in the region.

Fostering Consensus and Cooperative Federalism for Sustainable India-Pakistan Relations:

• To foster sustainable and productive economic cooperation between India and Pakistan, nurturing a robust consensus between the central government and state governments, particularly those in the border regions, is imperative.
  • This collaborative approach, known as cooperative federalism, holds the key to innovative diplomatic strategies that prioritize the interests of local populations.
• India's federal structure has historically grappled with tensions between the central and state governments, particularly concerning foreign policy and cross-border cooperation.
• The diverse political landscapes across Indian states often give rise to conflicting interests and priorities.
  • For example, West Bengal's interactions with Bangladesh have been marked by complexities stemming from differing perspectives between the state leadership and the central government.
• Similarly, Tamil Nadu's influence on India's policies towards Sri Lanka has been substantial, occasionally complicating bilateral relations due to the state's concerns for the Tamil population in Sri Lanka.
• Cooperative federalism entails the harmonious collaboration of national and state governments to achieve shared objectives while respecting the autonomy of state governments.
  • By aligning state objectives with national interests, this approach offers a pragmatic framework for managing border relations and fostering economic cooperation with neighbouring countries.
• Embracing consensus and cooperative federalism is paramount for forging a path towards peace, stability, and prosperity in the region, laying the groundwork for enduring and mutually beneficial relations between India and Pakistan.

Why is it in the News?

Recently, the Shiromani Akali Dal came out with its poll manifesto and said it would seek the transfer of Kartarpur Sahib from Pakistan to India through mutual land exchange between the two countries.

Context:

• The Shiromani Akali Dal's (SAD) proposal to retrieve Kartarpur Sahib from Pakistan through a negotiated territory exchange reflects a growing desire to transform the India-Pakistan border from a zone of conflict to one of cooperation and economic integration.
• This idea might appear as unlikely as the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) pledge to integrate Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) into India.
• Nonetheless, it signifies a profound aspiration to transform the India-Pakistan border from a contentious zone into one characterized by cooperation and economic integration

What is Para Diplomacy?

Origins of Paradiplomacy:

• The concept of para-diplomacy was first proposed in 1990 by John Kincaid, an American scholar who outlined a foreign policy role for local governments within a democratic federal system.
• Economic para diplomacy related to trade and investment in particular has become an institutionalised practice across the world – in federal states like the United States, Canada and Belgium, quasi-federal states like Spain, non-federal states like Japan and even non-democratic states like the People’s Republic of China.

Aims and Objectives of Paradiplomacy:

• Paradiplomacy can be employed with a variety of aims which can range from bringing in a decentralised dimension to international debates to internationalisation of domestic issues by bringing regional issues onto the global stage, promoting trade, tourism, cultural ties and even post-conflict reconciliation to local political activism being sought for international support.
• Subnational relations can also be conducted to promote and attract investments seeking region-specific economic advantages.

Drivers of Paradiplomacy:

• In more ways than one, paradiplomacy owes its origins to globalisation.
• As the world economy has become increasingly global and increasingly integrated in a variety of ways, sub-national units (regions, states, provinces and even cities) find their functions and activities circumscribed by the global system.
• Federalism is also a key contributor to the growth of paradiplomacy.
• Sub-national actors such as states and provinces that have a formal legal personality are necessarily more likely to engage in international activities designed to promote and protect local and international interests and prerogatives.

What are the Challenges Associated with BJP and SAD’s Territorial Ambitions?

• Practical Hurdles in BJP and SAD's Territorial Objectives: The proposals put forth by the SAD to renegotiate the Radcliffe Line in Punjab or the BJP's assertion to reclaim PoK face numerous challenges.
  • Altering the territorial status quo in Punjab or reclaiming PoK, whether through diplomatic negotiations or by force, presents formidable obstacles.
• Complexities and Resistance: Such endeavours would not merely disrupt the already delicate territorial equilibrium but also provoke substantial opposition, given the deep-rooted historical and ongoing tensions between India and Pakistan.
• Pursuing a Pragmatic Approach: A more viable alternative lies in reimagining these borders as conduits for trade and collaboration rather than confrontation.
  • This pragmatic stance resonates with the SAD's additional proposal to reopen the Attari and Hussainiwala borders with Pakistan for trade and tourism, with the aim of fostering economic prosperity in the region.

Obstacles Hindering Economic Cooperation Between India and Pakistan:

• Political and Military Resistance in Pakistan: One of the foremost barriers to economic cooperation stems from the entrenched position of Pakistan's military and political establishment.
  • Over the years, the Pakistani military's steadfast opposition to economic engagement with India, primarily due to unresolved issues surrounding Kashmir, has been a significant deterrent.
  • Despite occasional signs of thaw, such as the February 2021 ceasefire agreement, internal resistance has consistently impeded progress.
  • Even Prime Minister Imran Khan's tentative consideration of resuming trade ties with India faced vehement opposition, highlighting the deep-seated reluctance to normalize relations without addressing the Kashmir dispute.
• Historical Context and Suspicion: The historical animosities dating back to the traumatic partition of 1947 and subsequent wars have entrenched mutual suspicion and distrust between the two nations.
  • These historical grievances have not only shaped national narratives but also influenced contemporary policy decisions.
  • Addressing underlying political tensions becomes imperative for either country to fully commit to economic cooperation.
• Lack of Reciprocal Trade Policies: On the trade front, Pakistan's refusal to grant India the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status remains a significant hurdle.
  • While India extended this status to Pakistan in 1996 to foster trade ties, the gesture was not reciprocated.
  • Subsequent events, such as India's withdrawal of MFN status post the Pulwama terror attack and the revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special constitutional status, have further strained bilateral trade relations.
• Economic Rationality vs. Political Baggage: Despite the evident economic benefits of trade, Pakistan's establishment remains wary of engaging with India due to historical conflicts and the overarching Kashmir issue.
  • While there have been instances where the Pakistani business community advocated for resuming trade ties, such appeals often faced resistance from the political and military elite, who prioritize geopolitical concerns over economic pragmatism.
• Regional Stability and Security Concerns: Security concerns, including allegations of cross-border terrorism, complicate the economic relationship between India and Pakistan.
  • Heightened military vigilance and frequent skirmishes along the border hinder trade and perpetuate an environment of hostility and mistrust.
  • The ongoing conflict and the threat of terrorist activities cast a shadow over efforts to normalize trade relations.

Proposing a New Strategy for Improving India-Pakistan Relations:

• Introduction of Special Economic Zones: A significant aspect of the SAD's manifesto is the proposition to convert the Punjab border into a special economic zone, aiming to nurture small and medium enterprises and potentially revolutionize India-Pakistan relations.
  • This innovative vision encompasses the idea of Pakistan establishing a parallel zone on its side, fostering integrated development and economic interdependence.
  • Drawing inspiration from successful models of cross-border economic zones in Southeast Asia and China's collaborative initiatives with neighbouring countries, such an endeavour holds promise for fostering mutual prosperity.
• Leveraging Para Diplomacy: At the heart of these proposals lies the concept of para diplomacy, or sub-state diplomacy, wherein provincial and local governments engage in formal interactions to advance national interests.
  • This approach offers a novel means to navigate around the entrenched positions often held by national governments, presenting fresh avenues for cooperation.
  • While historical attempts at para diplomacy between East and West Punjab have surfaced intermittently, they have struggled to endure amidst overarching national conflicts.
  • Embracing these innovative strategies could pave the way for a constructive dialogue and sustainable cooperation between India and Pakistan, fostering mutual understanding and prosperity in the region.

Fostering Consensus and Cooperative Federalism for Sustainable India-Pakistan Relations:

• To foster sustainable and productive economic cooperation between India and Pakistan, nurturing a robust consensus between the central government and state governments, particularly those in the border regions, is imperative.
  • This collaborative approach, known as cooperative federalism, holds the key to innovative diplomatic strategies that prioritize the interests of local populations.
• India's federal structure has historically grappled with tensions between the central and state governments, particularly concerning foreign policy and cross-border cooperation.
• The diverse political landscapes across Indian states often give rise to conflicting interests and priorities.
  • For example, West Bengal's interactions with Bangladesh have been marked by complexities stemming from differing perspectives between the state leadership and the central government.
• Similarly, Tamil Nadu's influence on India's policies towards Sri Lanka has been substantial, occasionally complicating bilateral relations due to the state's concerns for the Tamil population in Sri Lanka.
• Cooperative federalism entails the harmonious collaboration of national and state governments to achieve shared objectives while respecting the autonomy of state governments.
  • By aligning state objectives with national interests, this approach offers a pragmatic framework for managing border relations and fostering economic cooperation with neighbouring countries.
• Embracing consensus and cooperative federalism is paramount for forging a path towards peace, stability, and prosperity in the region, laying the groundwork for enduring and mutually beneficial relations between India and Pakistan.

Conclusion

Irrespective of its political orientation, the upcoming Indian government should regard para-diplomacy as a strategic asset in its foreign policy arsenal. This approach demands not only robust dialogue between the central government and the border provinces but also concerted efforts to align the interests of the inhabitants of these regions with broader national objectives. By embracing para diplomacy, India can lay the groundwork for a more harmonious and economically fruitful relationship with Pakistan, turning contentious borders into conduits of cooperation.

Why is it in the News?

The process of judicial review should be strong, immediate, and unambiguous in the case of statutes that are obviously unconstitutional or divisive.

Context:

• The role of judicial review has become increasingly significant in contemporary times.
• The Supreme Court of India is currently examining a crucial case regarding the constitutionality of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) and its associated rules.
• The ambiguity in these rules has raised concerns, especially for applicants whose citizenship requests have been denied, highlighting the urgent need for redress.
• Additionally, the issue of dual citizenship for foreign applicants, without renouncing their original citizenship, has created a conflict with the law.
• This ambiguity goes against the Parent Act's spirit, as some petitioners pointed out.

Legislative Malice, Judicial Review, and the Challenge of Populist Regimes:

• Constitutional courts do not routinely interdict statutes or statutory rules, as laws passed by Parliament are generally presumed valid unless proven to contravene constitutional provisions.
  • Moreover, the legal doctrine maintains that malice cannot typically be attributed to the legislative process, as established in Manish Kumar vs Union of India (2021).
• In Gurudevdatta Vikoos Maryadit vs State Of Maharashtra (2001), the Supreme Court further emphasized that "legislative malice is beyond the pale of jurisdiction of the law courts."
  • However, this conventional wisdom may be insufficient when addressing the unique challenges posed by populist regimes employing motivated legislation.
• As populist governments worldwide increasingly weaponize legislation to further their political agendas, the question arises as to whether constitutional courts should reconsider their stance on legislative malice.
  • Given the potential for populist regimes to undermine democratic principles and erode the rule of law, the need for robust judicial review has never been greater.
• In light of these challenges, a careful reevaluation of the limits of judicial intervention may be necessary to ensure that the rights and freedoms enshrined in constitutional democracies are protected from malicious legislative actions.

Judicial Challenges and Lessons from the Recent Cases:

• Recent cases have highlighted the pressing need for a more proactive judiciary in safeguarding democratic principles and the rule of law.
• In Vivek Narayan Sharma vs Union of India (2023), the irreversible consequences of the absence of judicial intervention regarding Kashmir's special status were brought to the forefront.
• The Anoop Baranwal vs Union of India (2023) case underscored the necessity for an independent body to select the Election Commission of India (ECI).
  • However, the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023, reintroduced the "Prime Minister's Committee" system for ECI appointments, raising concerns about the impartiality of the selection process.
• When this Act was challenged in Jaya Thakur vs Union of India (2024), the Court declined to halt its implementation, citing the presumption of validity.
  • This decision exemplifies how an overly deferential approach to legislative actions can potentially jeopardize democratic institutions and processes.

Case Studies and Implications of Targeted Legislation:

• The Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA): CAA exemplifies targeted legislation, as it explicitly excludes Muslims from the citizenship application process, demonstrating a clear case of legislative malice through religious categorization.
• Tripple Talaq case: Another instance of targeted legislation is the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act (2019), which criminalized instant triple talaq.
  • Despite the Supreme Court declaring instant triple talaq void in Shayara Bano (2017), the Act's criminalization of an already legally invalid practice appears excessive and unnecessary.
• Unintended effects: Unintended consequences have arisen from the triple talaq legislation, as some individuals now resort to alternative divorce methods or desertion to avoid potential legal repercussions.
  • Although the law aimed to protect Muslim women, it has paradoxically worsened their situation.
  • Furthermore, such divisive measures have inspired similar legislation in other states, such as anti-conversion laws, perpetuating social divisions.
• These cases reveal the need for a vigilant judiciary to scrutinize targeted legislation and ensure that laws do not perpetuate discrimination or undermine fundamental rights.
  • Addressing legislative malice is essential for preserving the integrity of democratic institutions and upholding constitutional principles.

Judicial Scrutiny in Contemporary Politics: International Perspectives and Indian Precedents

• The Evolution of Judicial Scrutiny in Modern Politics: Traditionally, the United States has been cautious about judicial nullification of statutes based on malicious intent.
  • John Hart Ely argued that using the Constitution to penalize perceived ill intentions of political leaders is inappropriate.
• Susannah W. Pollvogt's Viewpoint on Discriminatory Law: However, in today's political climate, where legislative actions driven by malice are increasingly common, a growing need for more rigorous judicial scrutiny has emerged.
  • Scholar Susannah W. Pollvogt contends that animus, or hostility, can never justify discriminatory state actions under equal protection analysis.
  • She cites the United States Dept. of Agriculture vs Moreno (1973) to illustrate how legislation targeting specific groups reflects discriminatory intent and a desire to cause harm.
• Indian Legal Precedents for Judicial Intervention: In India, there are instances where the Supreme Court has intervened to halt the implementation of parliamentary legislation.
  • In Ashoka Kumar Thakur vs Union of India (2007), the Court issued a judicial injunction regarding the allocation of a 27% quota for Other Backward Community (OBC) candidates in professional colleges.
• More recently, in Rakesh Vaishnav vs Union of India (2021), the Supreme Court's stay order on three controversial farm laws effectively prevented their enforcement.
  • This intervention eventually led to the government's withdrawal of the laws amidst widespread farmer protests.
• These cases demonstrate the vital role of the judiciary in safeguarding fundamental rights and democratic principles.
• As legislative malice becomes more prevalent, judicial scrutiny must evolve to ensure that laws do not perpetuate discrimination or undermine constitutional values.

Conclusion

To protect constitutional principles and democratic values, judicial review must be prompt, vigorous, and unambiguous when confronted with divisive or unconstitutional statutes. The Supreme Court should learn from its past decisions and recognize the political impact of its actions, particularly during critical moments. Delayed adjudication can render constitutional review ineffective, making time-sensitive intervention essential in addressing malicious and unconstitutional legislation.

Why is it in the News?

The hyperpoliticisation of Indian higher education is a grave threat to academic institutions, the academic profession, and intellectual life in general.

Context:

• The higher education system in India is one of the largest globally, showcasing its rich historical legacy and future ambitions.
• The country is home to an impressive range of institutions, including the globally renowned Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), as well as a vast network of universities and colleges.
• Notably, the QS World University Rankings for Asia 2024 highlight India as having the most represented higher education system.
• However, this expansive framework faces numerous challenges and opportunities that shape the current higher education landscape in India.
• While access has significantly expanded, concerns about quality, relevance, and the ability to prepare youth for the 21st century remain.
• Additionally, recent reports have pointed to a troubling trend of increasing politicization within Indian higher education institutions, which threatens academic freedom, intellectual discourse, and overall educational quality.

Current Status of Higher Education in India:

As per the All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE) 2021-22, released in January 2024:

• Student Enrolment: Higher education institutes have seen a significant rise in student enrolment, reaching 4.33 crore in 2021-22 from 4.14 crore in 2020-21 and 3.42 crore in 2014-15.
  • Notably, women's enrolment has surged by 32% to 2.07 crore in 2021-22 from 1.5 crore in 2014-15, with the highest proportion enrolled at the postgraduate level (55.4%).
• Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) and Gender Parity Index (GPI): India's estimated GER for the age group 18-23 years stands at 28.4%.
  • The GPI, reflecting the female GER to male GER ratio, is 1.01 at the national level, indicating gender parity.
• Discipline-wise Enrolment: At the undergraduate level, the Bachelor of Arts (BA) programme leads with 34.2% enrolment, followed by science (14.8%), commerce (13.3%), and engineering and technology (11.8%).
  • Social science dominates postgraduate enrolment, with around 10.8 lakh students.
• Primacy of Government Institutions: Government universities attract 73.7% of all students, despite comprising only 58.6% of all universities.
  • State public universities hold the largest share of enrolment, accounting for approximately 31% of government-owned universities.

Current Challenges in India's Higher Education System:

• Politicization and Lack of Autonomy: Concerns arise regarding the growing politicization of higher education institutions, including allegations of political interference in appointments and curriculum decisions.
  • Many institutions lack autonomy in crucial areas like faculty recruitment and curriculum design, hindering innovation and adaptability.
• Inequitable Access and Low GER: Access to higher education remains unequal, with disparities based on socio-economic status, gender, and geography.
  • Although India's Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) has improved (currently 28.4%), it still falls below the global average of 36.7%.
• Limited Funding: Budget cuts in the education sector, including a 7% reduction in the Interim Budget 2024-25 and a 61% decrease in the allocation for the University Grants Commission, pose significant challenges.
  • Despite rising Gross Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD), India's R&D investment as a percentage of GDP lags behind other countries.
• Shortage of Faculty and Brain Drain: There is a severe shortage of qualified faculty members in Indian higher education institutions, with over 30% of teaching positions vacant in 45 Central Universities as of 2023.
  • The brain drain of talented academics to other countries or the private sector exacerbates this issue.
• Inadequate Industry-Academia Collaboration: Insufficient collaboration between higher education institutions and industries leads to a skill gap among graduates, with a significant demand-supply gap in key roles such as ML engineer and data scientist.
• Uneven Regional Development: Higher education institutions' development varies across regions and states, with states like Delhi, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra hosting more reputed institutions compared to northeastern and central regions, which face challenges in terms of quality and access.

How Can the Higher Education System in India Be Revamped?

• Redefine Universities' Role: Shift focus from rote learning to practical skill development through project-based learning, internships, and industry collaborations.
  • Encourage universities to engage with local communities on social development projects, promoting social responsibility among students.
  • Transform institutes from "Degree Issuers" to "Skill Generators."
• Open Educational Resources (OER): Enhance the National Digital Library of India and promote the development and adoption of open educational resources, like MIT OpenCourseWare, providing free access to quality educational materials.
  • This approach could reduce costs, enhance access, and foster a culture of knowledge sharing.
• Entrepreneurship and Innovation Centers: Establish dedicated centres within universities, inspired by Stanford University's StartX program, offering mentorship, funding opportunities, and a supportive ecosystem for students and faculty to transform innovative ideas into successful ventures.
• Dual Study Programs: Implement phase-wise dual study programs, inspired by Germany's apprenticeship model, where students combine theoretical learning at universities with practical training in companies.
  • This approach ensures industry-relevant skill development and enhances employability.
• Competency-based Credentialing and Blockchain Certificates: Implement a competency-based credentialing system that recognizes skills and competencies acquired through various learning pathways.
  • Leverage blockchain technology to issue tamper-proof, verifiable digital certificates and credentials, promoting lifelong learning, skill-based education, and recognition of diverse learning experiences.
• Transnational Education Partnerships: Promote collaborations with reputed international universities for joint degrees, twinning programs, or branch campuses.
  • This approach could enhance global exposure, facilitate knowledge transfer, and improve the international competitiveness of Indian higher education.

Key Government Initiatives in Higher Education:

• National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Aims to transform the education system, focusing on multidisciplinary learning, skill development, and promoting research and innovation.
  • It proposes increasing the Gross Enrollment Ratio in higher education to 50% by 2035.
• Institutions of Eminence (IoE) Scheme: Launched in 2018, this scheme selects 20 institutions to enjoy complete autonomy, aiming to improve their global rankings and enhance higher education quality.
• National Credit Framework: Designed to integrate training and skill development into the education system.
  • Credits earned by students will be stored digitally in the Academic Bank of Credits, accessible via a linked Digilocker account.
• Revamped Accreditation and Ranking Systems: The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranks higher education institutions across categories, while the revamped National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) ensures quality standards among institutions.
• Digital Initiatives: SWAYAM, an online learning platform, offers courses from school to postgraduate levels.
  • The National Digital Library of India provides access to educational resources.
• SHE under INSPIRE: The Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE) program, part of the Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), supports deserving students in basic and natural sciences at undergraduate, postgraduate levels and encourages research careers through scholarships.
• Study in India Program: Launched in 2018, this program attracts international students by offering scholarships and streamlining admission processes.
• Foreign Institutions in India: The University Grants Commission's 2023 regulations allow foreign universities ranked among the world's top 500 to establish branch campuses in India.

Conclusion

India's higher education sector is undergoing significant reforms and initiatives aimed at enhancing quality, accessibility, and global competitiveness. Through policies like the National Education Policy 2020 and programs such as Institutions of Eminence, the government is prioritizing multidisciplinary learning, skill development, and research promotion. Digital initiatives like SWAYAM and the Study in India Program further contribute to modernizing and internationalizing higher education, while efforts to attract foreign institutions and scholarships underscore India's commitment to fostering innovation and excellence in education.

Why is it in the News?

The Supreme Court recently ordered the release of NewsClick Editor Prabir Purkayastha after hearing his plea, challenging the arrest by Delhi Police in an Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) case.

Context:

• The recent ruling by the Supreme Court of India reaffirms its dedication to due process, dispelling assertions of subservience to the executive branch.
• Through a landmark judgment, the Court underscored the indispensable role of due process, especially concerning the arrest and detention of Prabir Purkayastha, founder-editor of Newsclick.
• This verdict emphasizes the crucial disparity between reasons for arrest and the grounds for arrest, emphasizing that the latter must be tailored to the individual and formally communicated in writing to safeguard personal liberty.

Why did the Supreme Court Invalidate Purkayastha’s Arrest?

• The court invalidated the arrest due to the absence of provided grounds, citing a precedent set in the Pankaj Bansal case (2023).
  • This landmark ruling emphasized the constitutional right, under Article 22(1), to be informed about the grounds of arrest in writing, deeming any infringement of this right as vitiating the arrest and remand process.
• Furthermore, the verdict underscored the fundamental and statutory right of an arrested person to receive a written copy of the grounds of arrest without exception.
  • The court criticized the clandestine manner in which the procedure was conducted, noting that the accused was deprived of the opportunity to defend himself and avail legal representation.
• Additionally, the judgment clarified that an FIR serves to initiate criminal proceedings and is not exhaustive in detailing grounds of arrest.
  • The court emphasized that the grounds of arrest must convey specific, personal facts to the accused, distinct from general reasons for arrest.

What is the Due Process of Law?

• Due process of law is a foundational legal principle that ensures the fair and just application of laws while protecting individual rights.
• The concept requires the state to adhere to established legal rules and principles in every case, ensuring that all legal rights owed to a person are respected.
• It serves as a safeguard against the arbitrary exercise of government power.

Significance:

• Fairness and Reasonableness: Due process emphasizes fairness, reasonableness, justness, and non-arbitrariness in legal proceedings.
• Invalidation of Inequality: Any procedural inequality in the law can be rendered invalid under due process.
• Legislative Oversight: Courts consider legislative intent while evaluating statutes in light of due process.
• Protection of Individual Rights: Due process emphasizes the importance of individual rights and grants courts the authority to nullify biased laws.
• Adherence to Basic Legal Procedures: Laws must follow a fundamental process to receive state assent.

Historical Background:

• First mentioned in a statute by British King Edward III in the 14th century.
• The Fifth Amendment of the US Constitution (1791) introduced due process in a constitutional framework.
• In India, due process was invoked by freedom fighters against unjust colonial laws.
• The Constituent Assembly considered including due process in India's Constitution but ultimately adopted a "procedure established by law" instead.

Evolution through Case Laws:

• The Supreme Court's interpretation of due process evolved over time.
• Initial judgments, such as A K Gopalan (1950) and ADM Jabalpur (1976), limited due process by focusing on the narrow meaning of "procedure established by law."
• The Bank Nationalisation case (1970) extended due process to property rights.
• The landmark Maneka Gandhi case (1978) established due process as an integral part of the right to life and personal liberty, requiring laws to be reasonable, just, fair, and non-arbitrary.

Concerns Regarding the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) 1967 and Due Process of Law:

The UAPA 1967 raises concerns regarding due process of law due to several provisions that deviate from established criminal law principles. These include:

• Extended Remand and Custody Periods: UAPA allows for 30-day remand orders instead of the usual 15 days and extends the maximum period of judicial custody before filing a chargesheet from 90 to 180 days.
  • In the 2023 Pramod Singla case, the Supreme Court highlighted the potential for abuse in preventive detention laws and emphasized the need for strict procedural adherence.
• Controversial Bail Provisions: Section 43D(5) of the Act makes obtaining bail extremely difficult for suspects if the court believes there are reasonable grounds to presume the charges are true.
  • The accused must prove the case is false without inviting the court to evaluate evidence, which human rights defenders argue is draconian and undermines due process.
• Expanded Scope Over Time: The Act was amended in 2004 and 2013 to broaden its coverage, including the declaration of unlawful associations, punishment for terrorist acts, and activities threatening the country's security.
  • This expanded scope, along with an increased ban on organizations from two to five years, raises concerns about potential misuse and erosion of due process protections.
• Pendency of Cases: According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), over 12,000 people were imprisoned under such laws in 2021, with 76% being undertrials in 2022.
  • Only 18% of UAPA cases result in conviction, and there is an alarming 89% pendency rate for UAPA cases in courts.
  • This raises questions about the effectiveness and fairness of the Act in ensuring due process.

Achieving a Balance Between State Security and Due Process of Law:

Ensuring national security while preserving due process of law requires a nuanced approach that respects individual rights and maintains checks on state power. The following strategies can help achieve this balance:

• Clear Legal Framework: Establish precise laws that define the limits and procedures for state actions in the name of security.
  • This framework should ensure accountability and prevent misuse of authority.
  • A parliamentary committee can oversee and recommend changes to security legislation.
• Strengthened Judicial Oversight: Enhance judicial mechanisms to review and check arbitrary actions by state authorities, including scrutinizing the legality of detentions and other security measures.
  • A judicial review committee can assess cases under laws like the UAPA.
• Independent Monitoring Bodies: Create independent bodies to monitor the implementation of security laws and investigate abuses.
  • These entities should hold state actors accountable, with organizations like the National Commission for Minorities and NHRC playing crucial roles.
• Human Rights Training: Train law enforcement and security personnel on human rights standards, emphasizing the importance of protecting individual liberties while maintaining security.
  • Develop training programs in collaboration with institutions such as the National Police Academy.
• Public Participation: Encourage public engagement in security policy discussions through platforms like MyGov.
  • This fosters transparency and acceptance of policies that balance security and rights.
• International Cooperation: Collaborate with international organizations like UNESCO and press freedom groups to promote best practices, upholding press freedom and ensuring a safe environment for journalists and media workers, as outlined in the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists.

Conclusion

As India continues to evolve, it is crucial to ensure that stringent laws, such as the UAPA, do not overshadow the fundamental rights of its citizens. Achieving a balance between state security and individual liberties is vital not only for the protection of personal freedoms but also as a testament to the strength and integrity of India's democratic society. By fostering a legal and constitutional ethos that values this equilibrium, India can pave the way for continued progress, safeguarding the well-being of its people and the future of its democracy.

Why is it in the News?

Farmers have resumed protests without a specific trigger, unlike their previous march against contentious farm laws. Their main demand is a legal guarantee for Minimum Support Prices (MSP).

Context:

• The renewed protest by farmers, advocating for a legal assurance of Minimum Support Prices (MSP), underscores the enduring battle for agricultural sector stability.
• Amidst this, it's crucial to delve into the intricacies of MSP, address prevailing misconceptions, and explore the advantages of formalising this system.

What is the Minimum Support Price (MSP)?

• MSP (Minimum Support Price) is the cost at which the government buys crops from the farmers, to guarantee farmers against any sharp fall in agricultural income.
• It is declared by the Government based on the proposal of the Commission for Agricultural Cost and Prices (CACP), at the start of the planting season.
• This mechanism aims to protect small and marginal farmers from financial losses and ensure an adequate supply of food grains for public distribution across India.
• Since its inception in 1966-67 for wheat, the MSP framework has expanded to cover various essential food crops, facilitating their availability to the public through subsidized rates under the public distribution system.
  • However, only a small percentage, approximately 6% or less, of farmers are able to sell their produce at prices higher than the MSP.

Is the MSP Different in different states?

• Because of the variety in irrigation and wages, the expense of a similar yield changes from one state to another.
• However, there is no draft of the local Minimum Support Price, so there is one MSP for the whole country.

Significance of Minimum Support Price: 

• Fixed Remunerations: The farmers are financially insured against the impulses of price fall in the market.
  • It gives security to farmers from crop loss and price uncertainty.
• Help in Decision Making: MSPs are reported toward the start of the planting season, this assists farmers with settling on the best choices of crop that they should plant.
  • This development data assists the farmer with settling on the best choice with regards to which yield to plant for the most extreme monetary advantage inside the restrictions of his agricultural land size, environment, and irrigation framework.
• Crop Diversification: The MSP declared by the Government of India without precedent for 1966-67 for wheat has reached out to around 24 crops at the present.
  • This has urged the farmers to develop these different crops to maximize their agricultural income.
• Price Limitations for Private Purchasers: MSP conveys a value message to advertise that if vendors don’t offer higher than MSP costs the farmer may not sell them his produce.
  • In this manner, it goes about as an anchor or benchmark for agricultural produce.
  • It guarantees the market costs won’t be radically lower than the Minimum Support Price.
• Commercial Crops: MSP is utilized as an instrument to boost the creation of explicit food crops which is short in supply.
  • MSP spurs farmers to develop commercial crops and expand creation on a commercial basis.
• Purchasing Power Enhancement: MSP provides fixed amounts in framers’ hands which makes them financially stable.
  • It helps in upgrading the buying limit and updating the style of living of farmers and their families.

Challenges in Implementation of MSP:

• Selective Intervention and Limited Coverage: Despite the annual announcement of MSP for 23 crops, actual implementation tends to be selective, primarily focusing on major crops like rice and wheat.
  • This limited coverage undermines the broader objective of ensuring stability across various agricultural commodities.
• MSP Implementation Bias: The unequal application of MSP, favouring specific crops, marginalizes farmers cultivating other essential commodities.
  • This bias exacerbates regional disparities and impacts the economic well-being of farmers engaged in non-major crop cultivation.
• Disconnect Between Market Price and MSP: The disparity between market prices and MSP poses a significant challenge, as government intervention is triggered primarily when market prices fall below the MSP.
  • Inconsistent intervention exacerbates uncertainties for farmers, leading to financial distress during market downturns.
• Perceived Government Apathy: Farmers perceive a lack of genuine interest or urgency from the government in effectively implementing MSP.
  • This perceived apathy breeds distrust and frustration among farmers, fueling demands for a legal guarantee to ensure consistent and widespread implementation.
• Political Hesitation and Decision-Making Delays: While there is political consensus supporting a legal guarantee for MSP, successive governments have hesitated to formalize this mechanism.
  • Delayed decision-making perpetuates uncertainties in the agricultural sector, undermining the effectiveness of MSP as a stabilizing force.

What Does a Legal Guarantee of MSP Mean and What Obstacles in Legalising MSP?

• It means that anyone paying less than the price set by the government for crops could be criminally charged.
  • Currently, there is an MSP for 23 crops.
  • However, the highest procurement by the government is of wheat and rice.

• According to experts, if MSP is legally guaranteed, the government will have to pay it regardless of supply and demand dynamics.
  • At the moment, about 60 per cent of the total field crop production in India comes from wheat and paddy.
• Fiscal Concerns: Misconceptions regarding the fiscal implications of guaranteeing MSP have posed obstacles to its legalization.
  • Despite the political consensus, concerns over perceived excessive fiscal burdens have deterred governments from formalizing MSP.
• Prevalent Misconceptions: There is a prevalent misconception that legalizing MSP necessitates government procurement of all agricultural produce, which is inaccurate.
  • Government intervention is required only when market prices dip below MSP, and it does not entail the procurement of the entire marketable surplus.
• Misunderstanding of Procurement Costs and Subsidies: The cost of procuring rice and wheat is often misconstrued as the cost of the MSP program, whereas it primarily serves as a subsidy to consumers rather than farmers.
  • For other crops, government procurement is not a cost unless sold with a subsidy, with the actual cost being the difference between economic cost and issue price.

Potential Advantages of Legalising MSP:

• Ensuring Uniform Implementation: Formalizing Minimum Support Prices (MSP) establishes a clear legal framework, ensuring consistent application across all crops.
  • This move addresses current issues of selective intervention, providing farmers with a dependable safety net.
• Promoting Inclusive Agricultural Growth: Expanding MSP coverage to various crops ensures that price stability benefits all segments of the farming community.
  • Small and marginal farmers cultivating diverse crops can access MSP protection, fostering inclusive agricultural development.
• Reducing Farmer Vulnerability: Formalizing MSP reduces farmers' susceptibility to market fluctuations by guaranteeing a minimum income for their produce.
  • This assurance enables farmers to navigate uncertainties with confidence, knowing that government intervention is assured during price downturns.
• Boosting the Rural Economy: A secured MSP contributes to farmers' economic well-being, leading to increased rural income.
  • This upliftment stimulates the rural economy by generating demand for goods and services, fostering growth across multiple sectors.
• Clarifying Consumer Subsidies: Formalization helps distinguish between procurement costs and consumer subsidies, often conflated as MSP program expenses.
  • This clarity aids policy discussions and ensures targeted subsidy allocation, benefiting both farmers and consumers.
• Facilitating Strategic Government Operations: A legal framework empowers the government to conduct strategic operations in domestic and international markets.
  • Through controlled sales during periods of high market prices, the government can manage inflation, ensuring price stability for consumers.

Conclusion

The legalization of MSP presents a holistic remedy to the agricultural sector's woes.

Beyond ensuring uniform application, it fosters diversification, inclusivity, and economic robustness, ultimately benefiting farmers and bolstering rural prosperity. By dispelling misconceptions and tackling apprehensions, policymakers can pave the way toward a more secure and prosperous future for our farmers.

Why is it in the News?

A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court on Thursday unanimously struck down the Centre’s electoral bond scheme which facilitates anonymous political donations for being unconstitutional.

Context:

• A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court on Thursday unanimously struck down the Centre’s electoral bond scheme which facilitates anonymous political donations for being unconstitutional.
• It underscored that the scheme violates the right to information under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.
• Additionally, the Apex Court nullified several amendments introduced by the government in vital laws to streamline corporate donations to political parties.
  • These amendments were incorporated through The Finance Act, 2016, and The Finance Act, 2017, preceding the implementation of the EBS in January 2018.
• The decision followed petitions from the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and NGOs Common Cause and ADR.

Key Highlights of the SC Judgement:

• Protection of Voters' Right to Information: The court emphasized that access to information regarding political party funding is crucial for informed voting.
  • It argued that economic disparities lead to political inequalities, as financial resources often translate into greater political influence and access to policymakers.
  • Thus, the Electoral Bonds Scheme (EBS) was deemed to violate Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution, safeguarding freedom of speech and expression.
• Disproportionate Restrictions on Curbing Black Money: While acknowledging the importance of curbing black money, the court found the restrictions imposed by the EBS disproportionate.
  • It clarified that restrictions on the Right to Information (RTI) should align with Article 19(2) of the Constitution, which outlines reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech and expression.
  • Curbing black money was not deemed a valid reason for such restrictions.
• Right to Donor Privacy: The judgement delved into the notion of donor privacy, particularly regarding political contributions.
  • It affirmed that the right to informational privacy encompasses political affiliation.
  • However, it clarified that privacy does not extend to contributions aimed at influencing policies, emphasizing genuine political support over attempts to obscure motives, especially those of corporate entities.
• Limits on Corporate Political Contributions: The court declared unlimited political contributions by companies unconstitutional.
  • It highlighted the disproportionate influence of corporations on the political process compared to individuals.
  • Contributions from companies were viewed as business transactions aimed at securing benefits, which undermined the democratic process and equality in political participation.

What was the Existing System Before the Introduction of EBS?

• Before the enactment of The Finance Act 2016 and The Finance Act 2017, political funding operated under a different framework:
• Contribution Declarations: Political parties were mandated to declare all contributions exceeding Rs 20,000 without any exceptions.
  • Detailed records of donations exceeding Rs 20,000 were required for taxation purposes.
• Limits on Corporate Donations: Companies were subject to a cap on their political contributions, restricted to a maximum of 7.5% of their average net profits from the preceding three years.
• Amendments through The Finance Act 2017: The Finance Act of 2017 brought significant changes to political funding regulations by amending key legislations like the Representation of the People Act, 1951, the Income-tax Act, 1961, and the Companies Act, 2013.
  • These amendments introduced electoral bonds, altering the landscape of political party funding:
• Introduction of Electoral Bonds: Electoral bonds were introduced, effectively removing donation limits for companies.
  • The requirement to declare and maintain records of donations made through electoral bonds was eliminated, streamlining the process of political contributions.

Supreme Court Verdict:

• The recent Supreme Court verdict has reinstated the legal framework that existed before the enactment of the Finance Act, 2017, impacting various statutes:
• Representation of the People Act, 1951: The original Section 29C of the Act mandated political parties to report all donations exceeding Rs 20,000, specifying whether they were from individuals or companies.
  • Amendments introduced by the Finance Act, 2017 exempted donations via Electoral Bonds from this reporting requirement.
  • The Supreme Court overturned this amendment, asserting that the original provision effectively balanced voters' right to information with donors' right to privacy.
• Companies Act, 2013: Section 182(1) previously limited corporate donations to political parties to 7.5% of average net profits over three years.
  • Section 182(3) requires disclosure of all political contributions made by companies.
  • Amendments removed the donation cap and reduced disclosure requirements.
  • The Supreme Court struck down these changes, citing concerns about unchecked corporate influence in electoral processes.
• Income-tax Act, 1961: Section 13A(b) mandated political parties to maintain records of donations above Rs 20,000, including donor details.
  • Amendments exempted Electoral Bond contributions from these reporting requirements and introduced new donation methods.
  • The Supreme Court ruled that exempting Electoral Bond donations from record-keeping violated voters' right to information and struck down both amendments.

Supreme Court's Directives:

• Instructions to SBI: SBI is instructed to immediately halt the issuance of any further electoral bonds.
  • Provide detailed information on electoral bonds purchased by political parties since April 12, 2019, to the Election Commission of India (ECI) by March 6.
  • Furnish specifics including the purchase date, purchaser's name, and bond denomination for each transaction.
• Election Commission's Obligations: The ECI is directed to publish all received data from SBI on its official website by March 13, 2024.
• Return of Electoral Bonds: Electoral bonds within the 15-day validity period, yet to be encashed by political parties, must be returned.
  • The issuing bank will then reimburse the amount to the purchaser's account.

Evaluation of the Latest Ruling:

• The recent Supreme Court ruling establishes a rigorous standard for the state to justify its interference with fundamental rights, even when pursuing a conflicting right.
• It mandates that the state must prove that its action is the "least restrictive" and that no other methods of equal effectiveness exist to achieve its goal.
• Traditionally, the judicial balance between two fundamental rights has often favoured one right over the other.
• In numerous instances, the court has prioritized public interest over individual fundamental rights, thereby granting the state considerable authority.
• For instance, in 2018, the Supreme Court curtailed the right to protest near Delhi’s Jantar Mantar to uphold the right to a peaceful residence and the state's regulatory power over such activities.

What are Electoral Bonds and Why Were They Introduced?

• An electoral Bond is a type of financial instrument that functions like a Promissory Note and an interest-free banking tool.
• Any Indian citizen or organisation registered in India can buy these bonds after fulfilling the Know Your Customer (KYC) norms laid down by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
  • Before the introduction of Electoral Bonds, political parties in India relied heavily on donations from individuals and corporate entities to fund their election campaigns and day-to-day activities.
• The need for electoral reforms to address these concerns was highlighted by various stakeholders, including civil society organisations, electoral watchdogs, and the judiciary.
• In response, the government initiated efforts to reform the electoral system and enhance transparency in political funding.
• Electoral Bonds were introduced in India through the Finance Act, of 2017, as a means of reforming political funding and promoting transparency.

Key Features of Electoral Bonds:

• Anonymity: One of the key features of Electoral Bonds is the anonymity of the donor.
  • Unlike traditional forms of political donations, where the identity of the donor is disclosed to the public and the receiving political party, Electoral Bonds allow donors to remain anonymous.
  • This was intended to protect the privacy and security of donors and shield them from potential retribution or harassment.
• Denominations: Electoral Bonds are available in various denominations ranging from ?1,000 to ?1 crore (10 million).
  • Donors can purchase these bonds from notified banks in India, with the State Bank of India (SBI), the largest public sector lender in the country, being the only authorised institution to issue Electoral Bonds.
• Validity: Electoral Bonds have a validity period within which they must be redeemed.
  • As per the existing regulations, the bonds have a validity of 15 days from the date of issuance.
  • This timeframe is designed to ensure that the bonds are promptly encashed by the receiving political parties.
• Transparency: While the identity of the donor remains anonymous, the sale and redemption of Electoral Bonds are recorded electronically by the issuing bank.
  • This electronic tracking system is intended to enhance transparency in the overall process of political funding and enable regulatory authorities to monitor the flow of funds.

Why is it in the News?

The government might find it challenging to meet the protesting farmers' demand for a legal guarantee of (MSP) due to India's farm subsidies being scrutinised at the (WTO), especially with criticism from a group of 19 influential agricultural exporting countries.

Background:

• After independence, our country struggled to produce enough food for its large population as the agriculture sector was in a poor state.
• To address this challenge, we either had to import grains, which incurred significant costs, or rely on aid from other nations.
• In 1960, the government took steps toward self-sufficiency. They introduced high-yielding seeds, promoted the use of fertilisers, and improved agricultural machinery.
• At the same time, the government supported rice and wheat cultivation by offering farmers a Minimum Support Price (MSP).
  • This ensures that farmers receive a fair price; if they can't sell their crops for a better price in the market, the government will buy them at a favourable rate.
• However, there's currently tension between India and the WTO regarding these subsidies.

Green Revolution

• The Green Revolution, initiated in the 1960s, aimed to enhance agricultural productivity and bolster the nation's economy.
• India embraced technological and industrial advancements in agriculture during this era.
• This included the adoption of high-yield seeds, modern farming equipment, irrigation systems, pesticides, and fertilisers to transform the agricultural landscape.
• The green revolution helped India move from a state of importing grains to a state of self-sufficiency.

Causes of Tensions Between India and the WTO:

• India's actions in this realm have stirred discontent among other nations, who perceive India's practices as unfair trade manoeuvres.
  • The government's practice of procuring crops from farmers at low prices and subsequently exporting them at reduced rates to global markets has drawn criticism.
• Developed countries have lodged complaints, alleging multiple instances of India breaching WTO regulations by providing subsidies amounting to 60-70% of the total crop value.
• While the WTO permits governments to offer subsidies to farmers, it imposes restrictions, allowing developed countries to provide up to 5% and developing countries up to 10% of the total value in subsidies.

What are the WTO Regulations on Farm Subsidies?

• The WTO regulations on farm subsidies aim to promote fair competition and prevent global trade distortion.
• These regulations establish limits on the types and levels of subsidies that member countries can offer to their agricultural sectors.
• Levels of Subsidies:

Green Box:

• These subsidies have minimal impact on trade distortion.
• They are not specific to particular products and are generally permissible under WTO rules.
• Examples include funding for research, environmental conservation, and direct income support for farmers facing challenges such as crop loss or natural disasters.

Amber Box:

• These subsidies promote excessive production and distort international trade.
• Examples include input subsidies like those for seeds, fertilisers, and Minimum Support Price (MSP).
• WTO restricts these subsidies, capping them at 5% for developed countries and 10% for developing countries.

Blue Box:

• These subsidies, akin to Amber Box subsidies, aim to limit production.
• Currently, only a few countries, such as Norway and Iceland, utilise these subsidies.
• The WTO does not impose any limits on these subsidies.

Why India's Agricultural Subsidy Programs Encounter Challenges in the WTO?

• India's agricultural subsidies face hurdles at the WTO due to the organisation's rules, which do not consider subsidies on a per-farmer basis, disadvantageous to developing countries like India.
  • For instance, although India's per-farmer subsidy is significantly lower compared to countries like the US, the WTO regulations focus on total subsidy amounts.
• In 2019-20, India's subsidies exceeded the 10% limit relative to its total rice production, despite the per-farmer subsidy being relatively modest at $300 compared to the US's $40,000 per farmer.
• While India is safeguarded by the 'Peace Clause' established during the WTO's Bali ministerial in 2013, certain ambiguities in the clause leave India vulnerable to disputes.
• Consequently, new schemes must adhere to the 10% subsidy ceiling, foregoing protection under the 'Peace Clause'.

Criticism of India’s Agricultural Subsidies by Influential Agricultural Exporting Countries:

• The Cairns Group, which includes countries like Australia, Brazil, and Canada, has raised concerns about the level of subsidisation in India’s public stockholding (PSH) program.
• They argue that India's agricultural support measures are significantly subsidised, leading to distortions in global food prices and negatively impacting food security in other nations.
• Last year, the group circulated a comprehensive proposal aimed at reducing trade-distorting agricultural support among WTO members, advocating for a halving of the total global entitlement/subsidies.
• This proposal sparked tensions among developing nations, with India among those affected.
• Essentially, the Cairns Group is advocating for India to either dismantle or scale back its Minimum Support Price (MSP) scheme, prompting India to seek stronger legal protection for its MSP program.

Upcoming Challenges for the Government of India:

• In pursuit of greater flexibility in providing agricultural support, India is actively advocating for a permanent solution at the forthcoming inter-ministerial summit in Abu Dhabi.
• However, the entrenched impasse on politically sensitive issues between developed and developing nations makes resolution unlikely.
• Farmers' groups in India advocate for removing agriculture from the purview of the WTO, but this approach could present challenges and hinder India and other developing nations from regulating subsidies provided by developed countries.
• The government faces a dilemma, as it grapples with peer pressure at the WTO while simultaneously facing demands for Minimum Support Price (MSP) from farmers.
• The call for better MSP support isn't limited to Punjab farmers; farmers across the nation are seeking similar assurances.
• Furthermore, if farmers in Punjab and Haryana shift away from agriculture, it could pose a threat to the country's food security.

Way Forward

• While India currently avoids disputes on the subsidy matter at the WTO due to the non-functionality of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), member countries will continue to scrutinise India's adherence to subsidy limits.
• As a result, India must advocate not only for adjustments to the formula used to calculate the food subsidy cap within the WTO but also for the inclusion of programs implemented after 2013 under the protection of the 'Peace Clause'.

Why is it in the News?

During his two-day visit to UAE, Prime Minister Modi will inaugurate the BAPS Swaminarayan temple in Abu Dhabi, the first Hindu temple in the Gulf nation.

Context:

• Prime Minister Modi on Wednesday inaugurated the (BAPS) temple, the first-ever Hindu temple in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
• The iconic stone temple is located in Abu Mureikhah, near Al Rahba off the Dubai-Abu Dhabi Sheikh Zayed Highway.
• The inauguration of the 108-ft high temple marks a significant moment for the Hindu community in UAE and the two countries’ bilateral ties.

What is BAPS?

• Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS) is a socio-spiritual Hindu organisation founded on the principles of practical spirituality.
• The temple was built by the organisation, a denomination of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, a Vaishnav sect of Hinduism.
• With over 3,850 centres globally, BAPS has garnered national and international recognition, including affiliation with the United Nations.
• Through vows of abstinence and purity, BAPS fosters a foundation for humanitarian endeavours, caring for societies, families, and individuals.

What Does BAPS Do?

• The BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha views spirituality as its core mission. Through gradual steps, it strives to draw individuals closer to God.
• In collaboration with BAPS Charities, the organization extends its outreach globally, addressing diverse humanitarian needs.
  • From education to healthcare and environmental concerns, practical solutions are offered to real-world problems, impacting lives on both macro and micro scales.
• BAPS has a network of around 1,550 temples across the world, including the Akshardham temples in New Delhi and Gandhinagar, and Swaminarayan temples in London, Houston, Chicago, Atlanta, Toronto, Los Angeles, and Nairobi.

Who is Swami Narayan?

• Bhagwan Swaminarayan’s life and work have not only influenced communities in Gujarat, India but have affected change throughout the world. 
• He reestablished Hindu Sanatan Dharma, cleansing traditions and rituals of the impurities that had seeped in over time. 
• His contributions have been hailed by Hindus and dignitaries of other faiths as truly transforming the lives of millions of individuals. 
• He improved societal standards and, most importantly, the innate nature of people, eradicating them from lust, anger, greed, and envy. 
• Bhagwan Swaminarayan’s teachings transcended borders, rejuvenating Hindu traditions worldwide.

What are the Features of the (BAPS) Temple?

• The Abu Dhabi temple is a traditional stone Hindu temple with seven shikhars.
• Built in the traditional Nagar style, the temple’s front panel depicts universal values, stories of harmony from different cultures, Hindu spiritual leaders and avatars.
• Spread over 27 acres, the temple complex is on 13.5 acres
  • The 13.5 acres of land was gifted by Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the President of the UAE in 2019.
• The height of the temple is 108 ft, its length 262 ft and its width 180 ft.
• While the external facade uses pink sandstone from Rajasthan, the interior uses Italian marble.
• A total of 20,000 tonnes of stones and marble were shipped in 700 containers for the temple.
  • More than Rs 700 crore was spent on the temple’s construction.
• The temple has two central domes, Dome of Harmony and Dome of Peace, emphasizing human coexistence through the carvings of earth, water, fire, air, and plants.
• A Wall of Harmony, one of the largest 3D-printed walls in the UAE, features a video showcasing key milestones of the temple’s construction.
  • The word ‘harmony’ has been written in 30 different ancient and modern languages.
• The seven shikhars (spires) are representative of the seven Emirates of the UAE.
• Other amenities include an assembly hall with a capacity of 3,000 people, a community centre, exhibitions, classrooms, and a majlis venue.

What are the Key Architectural Features?

• The temple was judged the Best Mechanical Project of the Year 2019 at the MEP Middle East Awards, and the Best Interior Design Concept of the Year 2020.
• Among the key architectural features are 96 bells and galumphs installed around the path leading to the temple.
  • These 96 bells are a tribute to Pramukh Swami Maharaj’s 96 years of life.
  • Nano tiles have been used, which will be comfortable for visitors to walk on even in the hot weather.
• On the top left of the temple is a stone carving of the scene of Pramukh Swami Maharaj envisioning the temple in Abu Dhabi in 1997.
• Non ferrous material (which is more vulnerable to corrosion) has been used in the temple.
• While many different types of pillars can be seen in the temple, such as circular and hexagonal, there is a special pillar, called the ‘Pillar of Pillars’, which has around 1,400 small pillars carved into it.
• Buildings surrounding the temple are modern and monolithic, with their colour resembling sand dunes.
• Deities from all four corners of India have been featured in the temple.
  • These include Lord Ram, Sita, Lakshman and Hanuman, Lord Shiv, Parvati, Ganpati, Kartikeya, Lord Jagannath, Lord Radha-Krishna, Akshar-Purushottam Maharaj (Bhagwan Swaminarayan and Gunatitanand Swami), Tirupati Balaji and Padmavati and Lord Ayappa.
• The temple also has some special features, like a ‘holy river’ surrounding it, for which waters from Ganga and Yamuna have been brought in.
  • The river Saraswati has been depicted in the form of white light.
  • A Varanasi-like ghat has been created where the ‘Ganga’ passes.
• Apart from 15 value tales from Indian civilisation, stories from the Maya civilisation, Aztec civilisation, Egyptian civilisation, Arabic civilisation, European civilisation, Chinese civilisation and African civilisation have been depicted.

What is the Significance of the Temple?

• A Muslim king donated land for a Hindu Mandir, where the lead architect is a Catholic Christian, the project manager a Sikh, the foundational designer a Buddhist, the construction company a Parsi group, and the director comes from the Jain tradition.

Religious Significance:

• First Hindu stone temple in Abu Dhabi: This marks a historic milestone for the Hindu community in the UAE, providing them with a dedicated place of worship and cultural centre.
• Symbol of religious tolerance: The temple's inauguration signifies the UAE's growing acceptance and appreciation of religious diversity, fostering interfaith dialogue and understanding.

Cultural Significance:

• Strengthens India-UAE ties: The temple stands as a symbol of the strong cultural and diplomatic relations between India and the UAE, promoting mutual understanding and cooperation.
• Promotes Indian culture: The temple serves as a platform to educate the UAE community about Indian art, architecture, and traditions, fostering cultural exchange and appreciation.

Social Significance:

• Provides a sense of belonging: The temple offers a space for the Hindu community to gather, celebrate festivals, and connect with their cultural roots, fostering a sense of belonging and identity.
• Promotes social integration: The temple's open-door policy welcomes people of all faiths, encouraging social interaction and understanding between different communities in the UAE.
• Strengthens social fabric: The temple's emphasis on values like compassion, service, and community engagement contributes to strengthening the social fabric of UAE society.

Overall, the BAPS Swaminarayan Mandir in Abu Dhabi represents a significant step forward in religious tolerance, cultural exchange, and community building in the UAE. It serves as a testament to the growing understanding and appreciation between India and the UAE, and its impact will be felt for generations to come.

Why is it in the News?

Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India Prof Ajay Kumar Sood launched Science for Women-A Technology & Innovation (SWATI), a portal aimed at representing girls in STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics & Medicine).

Background:

• Gender inequality in the science sector has persisted as a significant issue, prompting a series of interventions to rectify this imbalance.
• Hence, delving into the trajectory of endeavours to narrow the gender divide in Indian science becomes crucial, particularly with the introduction of SWATI (Science For Women- A Technology & Innovation).
  • This portal seeks to establish an extensive repository of female scientists across the nation, marking a significant milestone in this ongoing journey.

What is the SWATI Portal?

• SWATI Portal is a pioneering initiative aimed at establishing a unified online platform dedicated to showcasing Indian Women and Girls in STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics & Medicine).
• The database hosted on the SWATI Portal serves as a valuable resource for informing policy decisions aimed at addressing gender disparities in STEMM fields.
• Developed, hosted, and maintained by the National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, SWATI Portal stands out as the first-of-its-kind initiative in India.

Objectives:

• To significantly expand the scope of representation, encompassing every Indian woman in science across various career stages and disciplines, spanning both academia and industry.
• Facilitating robust and enduring research on equality, diversity, and inclusivity issues in India through the establishment of a comprehensive and searchable database.
• Sections within the portal include categories such as Icons (Padma/Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar/Stree Shakti Science Samman awardees), Directors, Secretaries, Academy Presidents, Faculty from Indian Universities, and personnel from autonomous organizations including S&T Ministry, CSIR, DBT, DST, MHRD, UGC, GATI, and KIRAN.

The 2004 INSA Report and the Systematic Discrimination in Indian Science:

• Recognition of Disparity: In 2004, the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) released a pivotal report that reshaped discussions on gender disparities in Indian science.
  • This landmark document departed from conventional discourse by not only highlighting the gender gap but also delving into the complex layers of discrimination, including caste-related issues.
  • Notably, the report garnered governmental endorsement, marking a significant acknowledgement of the imperative to investigate and rectify gender imbalances in the scientific domain.

• A nuanced Approach to Gender Disparity: The report transcended simplistic narratives, unveiling evidence of workplace bias rooted not only in gender but also in caste dynamics.
  • This holistic perspective offered insights into the multifaceted challenges encountered by women in science, challenging prevalent assumptions that attributed the gender gap solely to familial responsibilities.
  • Of particular significance was the collaboration between scientists and social scientists, fostering a deeper understanding of the societal dimensions of gender disparities within the scientific realm.
  • This interdisciplinary synergy represented a departure from the traditional isolation of the scientific community from social science discourse on gender equality.
• Proposed Solutions and Recommendations: Advocating for proactive measures, the report underscored the need for collective action from policymakers, academia, and the scientific community to redress gender imbalances.
  • By providing a comprehensive analysis of the hurdles faced by women in science, the INSA report laid the groundwork for subsequent initiatives, transcending surface-level assessments.
  • Its recommendations influenced the trajectory of gender-related endeavours in the Indian scientific landscape, catalyzing a series of initiatives aimed at fostering inclusivity and equity.

Next Steps and Obstacles: Handling the Complicated Environment:

• National Conference of Women Scientists: Concurrently, the Department of Science and Technology (DST) convened a national conference in 2008, gathering over a thousand women scientists in response to the INSA report.
  • During this event, the Science and Technology Minister unveiled ambitious support measures, including flexible work arrangements, childcare facilities, research grants, and housing options.
  • However, the execution of these pledges encountered obstacles, with the envisioned standing committee failing to materialize, resulting in the delayed realization of promised advancements.
• IASc Report on Women's Attrition in Science: In 2010, IASc conducted a comprehensive survey on the factors contributing to women leaving the scientific field.
  • The findings, based on responses from approximately 800 scientists, unveiled a multifaceted array of reasons, with women emphasizing organizational challenges alongside familial and societal pressures.
  • These challenges included inflexible schedules, inadequate infrastructure, and pervasive discrimination, underscoring the necessity for systemic reforms rather than attributing departures solely to individual choices.
• Launch of "Lilavati's Daughters": Following the INSA report, the Indian Academy of Sciences (IASc) published "Lilavati's Daughters" in 2008, a compilation aimed at spotlighting the accomplishments of women in science and dispelling stereotypes.
• Discrepancies Between Intentions and Actions: The disparity between announced initiatives and their implementation underscored bureaucratic obstacles impeding progress.
  • The stalling of the proposed standing committee exemplified bureaucratic hurdles that hindered the translation of well-intentioned policies into tangible outcomes for women in science.

Newer Strategies to Tackle Gender Disparity in Indian Science:

• Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions (GATI): GATI introduces a progressive approach to addressing gender disparities, departing from conventional methods.
  • Its charter, reflecting evolving gender discourse, embraces more inclusive language and practices.
  • Recognizing transgender identities and advocating for gender-neutral parental leave, GATI acknowledges the diverse spectrum within the scientific community.
• Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STIP) 2020: The draft STIP 2020 signifies a shift towards a more inclusive science policy paradigm.
  • By integrating provisions for transgender inclusion and advocating for gender-neutral parental leave, STIP 2020 aims to foster an environment supportive of scientists across genders.
• SWATI: Science for Women- A Technology & Innovation: SWATI, unveiled on International Women's Day 2021 by the former Department of Biotechnology (DBT) chief, Renu Swarup, promises to be a pioneering platform.
  • Initially described as a portal dedicated to women scientists in DBT and its Autonomous Institutions, SWATI holds potential as a vital resource for advancing gender equality in the scientific sphere.
  • However, detailed information about SWATI has been scarce until recent developments.

Is SWATI a Fresh Start or a Familiar Cycle?

• The introduction of SWATI signifies a commitment to integrating women into the domains of science and technology, recognizing their invaluable contributions.
• However, scepticism arises from past initiatives that initially generated excitement but ultimately faltered.
• Despite this, several aspects of SWATI instill optimism. The platform's inclusivity extends to all genders beyond the male binary, emphasizing support for scientists with diverse gender identities.
• Unlike previous endeavours, SWATI adopts a flexible approach, eschewing rigid criteria such as mandatory PhD qualifications, and acknowledging the diverse roles women play in science, regardless of formal degrees.

Conclusion

While the introduction of SWATI offers hope for progress in gender equity within Indian science, it's crucial to maintain a balance of optimism and caution. The effectiveness of SWATI will be determined by its transformation from a concept into a resilient and transparent platform capable of comprehensively addressing the multifaceted challenges confronting women in the scientific realm.

Why is it in the News?

PM Modi is scheduled to pay an official visit to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) from February 13-14, 2024 which will include inaugurating a temple built by the Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha in Abu Dhabi.

Background:

• The upcoming official visit of the Indian Prime Minister to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) scheduled for February 13-14, 2024, signifies a pivotal moment in the evolving rapport between the two countries.
• This visit offers an opportunity to examine the diverse dimensions of the strategic partnership between India and the UAE, encompassing diplomatic, economic, cultural, and geopolitical connections that have matured over time.
• The Prime Minister will address the World Government Summit in Dubai as the ‘Guest of Honour’.

The Nature of India-UAE Special Diplomatic Relations:

• Elevated Diplomatic Engagements and Mutual Gestures: The essence of the India-UAE strategic partnership in diplomacy is marked by a sequence of notable visits, reciprocal actions, and joint endeavours, underscoring the depth of their association.
  • The forthcoming seventh visit of the Indian Prime Minister to the UAE, scheduled for February 13-14, 2024, reinforces the diplomatic bonds between the two countries.
• Personal Connection: The close and amicable bond between Prime Minister Modi and UAE President Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan serves as a cornerstone in diplomatic interactions.
  • This personal connection has evolved through frequent encounters, discussions, and collaborative initiatives across various domains.
  • Their shared vision acts as a catalyst for expanding cooperation across diverse sectors.
• Special Collaborative Ventures: The diplomatic cooperation extends beyond regular interactions to encompass special events and joint initiatives that highlight the importance of their partnership.
  • For instance, the felicitation of the UAE President in Gandhinagar during the Vibrant Gujarat Summit is a notable instance.
  • This reciprocal gesture underscores the mutual respect and camaraderie between the leaders.
• Global Environmental Endeavours: Both nations actively contribute to global endeavours addressing climate change.
  • Their joint involvement in the Global Green Credit Initiative underscores their dedication to environmental sustainability.
  • This shared commitment to global issues demonstrates a diplomatic convergence that transcends bilateral interests, positioning India and the UAE as responsible global participants.
• Strategic Partnerships: The strategic alignment between India and the UAE is evident in their engagement in various international forums and alliances.
  • Their participation in the West Asian Quad (I2U2) and the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor highlights a shared commitment to regional stability and economic progress.
  • These partnerships further solidify their diplomatic collaboration in shaping geopolitical dynamics.
• Crisis Management: The diplomatic ties between India and the UAE are tested during critical junctures, such as the ongoing conflict in Gaza.
  • The scheduled visit presents an opportunity for both leaders to discuss pressing regional issues, showcasing their dedication to addressing challenges and preserving regional stability.
• People-Centric Diplomacy: Cultural exchanges and people-to-people connections significantly contribute to diplomatic relations.
  • Instances like the UAE conferring the Order of Zayed on Prime Minister Modi and India's role as the 'Guest of Honour' at the Abu Dhabi Festival underscore the cultural aspects of the partnership.
  • Such gestures foster mutual understanding and goodwill among the citizens of both nations.

Additional Highlights of the UAE-India Strategic Partnership:

• Energy Security: The UAE's role as a vital partner in India's energy security is underscored by agreements on strategic oil reserves stored in India and collaborations on crude oil storage facilities.
  • The partnership between Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd and the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company reflects a shared commitment to securing energy resources.
• Defence and Security Collaboration: Both nations actively engage in defence and security cooperation, demonstrating mutual trust and a dedication to regional stability.
  • Instances such as India's special invitation to the OIC Foreign Ministers’ Meeting and the UAE's participation in the G-20 summit under India’s presidency exemplify a unique level of diplomatic understanding.
• Cultural and People-to-People Connections: Cultural exchanges, exemplified by India's role as the 'Guest of Honour' at the Abu Dhabi Festival and the conferral of the Order of Zayed on PM Modi, strengthen people-to-people bonds.
  • Initiatives like the establishment of the IIT Delhi Abu Dhabi campus and the opening of a UAE consulate in Hyderabad further enrich the cultural and educational facets of the partnership.
• The BAPS temple: Constructed on a generous donation of a 27-acre land parcel by the UAE President
  • It stands as the UAE's second prominent Hindu temple, following the inauguration of the Hindu Temple in Dubai in 2022.
• Geopolitical Alignment: Both countries' participation in significant groupings like I2U2 and the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor underscores their shared geopolitical interests.
  • The UAE's involvement in the corridor, aimed at linking India to Europe, presents a potential alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
• Fintech: The RuPay card, an integral part of India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), has been operational in the UAE since 2019.           Starting from July 2023, transactions using the Indian rupee have been facilitated at Dubai’s airports.
• Regional Dynamics: The ongoing conflict in Gaza introduces an additional layer of complexity to regional dynamics, offering an opportunity for leaders to address pressing issues.

Way Forward:

• Both nations maintain close coordination within the region and participate in several significant groupings, including the I2U2.
• The UAE's involvement in the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC) infrastructure project, established during the G-20 summit in Delhi, aims to link India to Europe via the Arabian peninsula.
  • This corridor presents a potential alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
• India boasts numerous strategic partnership agreements globally, yet none exhibit the depth of convergence and mutual respect as the one with the UAE.
• While India acknowledges and appreciates the UAE’s regional role, the UAE also acknowledges India's forthcoming 'global leadership' role.
• Both nations anticipate the continued strengthening of this privileged strategic partnership in the years to come.

Conclusion

The India-UAE strategic partnership exemplifies the extensive and varied connections that have developed over time. Spanning diplomatic, economic, and cultural spheres, as well as shared geopolitical goals, this relationship serves as a paradigm of harmony and mutual regard.

With a shared vision for continued advancement, the privileged strategic partnership is positioned for further enhancement in the future.

Why is it in the News?

While presenting the interim Union budget, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman stated that India will be negotiating Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) with its trade partners to boost the inflow of foreign direct investment.

Background:

• India's economic terrain is undergoing a significant shift following the Finance Minister's announcement of plans to negotiate Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) during the interim Union budget presentation.
• This decision arrives at a critical juncture, coinciding with India's struggle to address declining levels of foreign direct investment (FDI) and the aftermath of adopting the 2016 Model BIT.
• Given these circumstances, it becomes imperative to explore the evolution of India's BITs, assess the implications of the 2016 model, and analyze the recent policy shift to gauge its potential impact on FDI.

Evolution of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) in India:

• Origins of BITs in India (1990s): During the mid-1990s, India embarked on a significant economic policy shift by initiating Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and create an enabling environment for economic growth.
  • The primary aim was to demonstrate India's commitment to protecting investments made by individuals and companies from partner countries.
  • The signing of the first BIT between India and the UK in 1994 laid the groundwork for a series of agreements that would play a pivotal role in India's global economic integration.
• Expansion of BITs as Economic Diplomacy (Late 90s to 2000s): BITs in India evolved into strategic tools to mutually encourage and safeguard investments in each other's territories.
  • As India sought to position itself as a premier investment destination, these treaties became instrumental in signaling its dedication to safeguarding the rights and interests of foreign investors.
  • This period witnessed a proliferation of BITs, reflecting India's acknowledgement of the importance of foreign capital in stimulating domestic industries and infrastructure development.
• Emerging Challenges and Disputes (2010s): The significance of BITs became evident in 2010 with the settlement of the first-ever investor treaty claim in India.
  • Subsequent events, including the unfavorable award in the Australia-India BIT dispute (White Industries v Republic of India) in 2011, underscored the complexities and challenges associated with managing disputes arising from these agreements.
  • By 2015, India found itself embroiled in 17 known BIT claims, with the Cairn Energy Plc case being particularly notable.
  • These challenges prompted a critical reassessment of India's approach, leading to the adoption of the 2016 model BIT.
• Adoption of the 2016 Model BIT and Policy Shift: The adoption of the 2016 model BIT signalled a significant shift in India's approach to BITs.
  • It was viewed as a protective measure, resulting in the termination of numerous existing treaties.
  • However, the 2016 model BIT faced criticism for its exclusion of key international law principles, such as 'fair and equitable treatment' and 'most favoured nation.'
• Additionally, it introduced a requirement for investors to exhaust local remedies before resorting to international arbitration, potentially delaying the dispute resolution process.

Issues with the 2016 Model of BIT and their Consequences:

• Protective Nature: The introduction of the 2016 Model BIT marked a significant shift in India's approach to bilateral investment treaties, aiming for greater protection.
  • Positioned as a response to past disputes, it led to the termination of numerous existing treaties, signalling a desire to recalibrate engagement terms with foreign investors.
  • However, concerns arose about its potential impact on India's attractiveness as an investment destination.
• Absence of Key International Law Doctrines: Criticism was directed at the 2016 model BIT for deviating from established international law doctrines.
  • Notably, it lacked principles like "fair and equitable treatment" and "most favoured nation," raising doubts about fairness and protection for foreign investors.
  • This omission complicated the interpretation and enforcement of investment agreements, adding uncertainty for investors.
• Requirement for Exhausting Local Remedies: The 2016 model BIT introduced a requirement for investors to exhaust local remedies before pursuing international arbitration.
  • While this aimed to promote domestic dispute resolution, it created delays and challenges.
  • Investors found navigating local legal systems time-consuming and ineffective, potentially discouraging investment.
• Adverse Impact on FDI and Renegotiation Challenges: The consequences of the 2016 model BIT were evident in declining FDI in India.
  • FDI equity inflows dropped by 24% to $20.48 billion in April-September 2023, reflecting investor concerns.
  • The termination of existing treaties and challenges with the new model hindered India's ability to renegotiate terms, affecting its attractiveness to foreign investors.
  • The Cairn Energy Plc case, resulting in a significant award against India, highlighted the difficulties under the 2016 model BIT.

Government Recommendations and Policy Reforms Following Challenges with the 2016 BIT Model:

• Acknowledgement of Limitations and Policy Adjustment: Recognizing the constraints and hurdles posed by the 2016 Model BIT, the Indian government has signalled a shift towards more adaptable and practical strategies.
  • The announcement during the presentation of the interim Union budget, highlighting the negotiation of Bilateral Investment Treaties with trading partners, signifies a departure from rigid approaches.
  • This acknowledgement underscores the necessity for a nuanced approach that considers evolving international investment dynamics and global economic shifts.
• Parliamentary Standing Committee Proposals: In 2021, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs proposed several key recommendations to reevaluate the existing BIT framework.
  • These recommendations aimed to tackle challenges associated with the 2016 model BIT and foster a more investor-friendly environment.
  • One notable recommendation emphasized the importance of timely dispute resolution through pre-arbitration consultations and negotiations.
  • This proactive stance aims to streamline the dispute-resolution process and alleviate pressure on both foreign investors and the Indian legal system.
• Addressing India's Contract Enforcement Ranking: India's low ranking in contract enforcement, currently at 163 out of 190, remains a significant concern.
  • Recognizing the link between an efficient legal framework and foreign investment attractiveness, recommendations from the Parliamentary Standing Committee serve as a call to action.
  • A timely review of treaties and alignment with global best practices becomes crucial to improving the ease of doing business, reinforcing India's commitment to fostering an investment-friendly climate.
• Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the UK: As part of ongoing policy reforms, India is working towards finalizing a free trade agreement (FTA) with the UK.
  • This strategic endeavour has undergone over 14 rounds of negotiations, with disputes being a major obstacle.
  • The proposed FTA is expected to eliminate the requirement for exhausting local remedies, offering a mechanism for swift dispute resolution through international arbitration.
• This pragmatic approach acknowledges the importance of rapid dispute resolution in nurturing international trade relationships.

Conclusion

Achieving a $5 trillion economy hinges on robust international trade and secure investments in India. A forward-looking strategy for BITs is essential to attract and maintain long-term foreign investments, and the government's recent initiative is a positive move. Nevertheless, adopting a more tailored approach, rather than a one-size-fits-all model, is necessary to facilitate rapid yet sustainable growth in cross-border flows.

Why is it in the News?

Recently, Prime Minister Modi announced that the agriculture scientist M S Swaminathan will be honoured with the Bharat Ratna.

Who was MS Swaminathan?

• Monkomb Sambasivan Swaminathan (MS Swaminathan) was born on August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency (now Tamil Nadu).
• He was an agronomist, agricultural scientist, plant geneticist, administrator, and humanitarian.
• He was known as the ‘father of the Green Revolution’ in India.
• Swaminathan began his career in 1949 researching the genetics of potatoes, wheat, rice, and jute.
  • He played a crucial role in developing high-yielding varieties of paddy that helped ensure India’s low-income farmers produced more yield.
• Also known as the ‘father of economic ecology’ by the United Nations Environment Programme, he worked with agriculture ministers including C Subramaniam and Jagjivan Ram during the 1960s and 70s for the success of the ‘Green Revolution’ in India.
  • An initiative that paved the way for an exponential rise in the productivity of wheat and rice through the adaptation of chemical-biological technology.
• Career: Swaminathan also held administration positions in various agricultural research laboratories.
  • He served as the director general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and International Rice Research Institute.
  • He also worked as the principal secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture in 1979.
  • Later, he also served as the President of the International Union of the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
  • In 2004, Swaminathan was appointed as chairman of the National Commission on Farmers.
• Awards and Recognition: He was awarded with the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1971 and the Albert Einstein World Science Award in 1986.
  • He was awarded the first World Food Prize in 1987, following which he set up the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai.
  • Swaminathan has also been conferred with the Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan - the three most prestigious awards.
  • Apart from these, he was also given the H K Firodia Award, the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award, and the Indira Gandhi Prize.
• Swaminathan also contributed to various agricultural and environmental initiatives globally.
  • He was named one of the 20 most influential Asians of the 20th century by Time magazine.
• He also served as a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha from 2007 to 2013.
• MS Swaminathan passed away in September 2023 at the age of 98.
• His decision to focus on ensuring India's food security led him to become a key figure in the Green Revolution of the 1960s, which transformed India from a food-deficient nation to one of the world's leading agricultural producers.
  • His collaboration with Nobel laureate Norman Borlaug introduced high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, saving millions from starvation.
• Dr Swaminathan's transformative influence on Indian agriculture began to emerge when he championed the introduction of high-yielding crop varieties.
  • His visionary approach was instrumental in pioneering the Green Revolution in India when the country was still grappling with poverty and a lack of social security.
• The impact of Dr. Swaminathan's efforts was nothing short of revolutionary.
• India's food production skyrocketed, and the nation moved from a state of food scarcity to food self-sufficiency.
• His work not only averted potential famines but also elevated the economic conditions of countless farming communities.

How MS Swaminathan Contributed to the Green Revolution?

• MS Swaminathan was greatly influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's teachings of selfless service to the poor and the nation.
• He was very much influenced by the 1943 Bengal famine, which killed up to three million people and realised the need to improve agriculture and food security in India.
• After Swaminathan’s work on rice, he and other scientists worked on doing the same to enhance productivity for the wheat crop.
• India had to get Norin dwarfing genes from Norman Borlaug in Mexico to enhance the productivity and adaptability of its wheat crops.
  • These genes, known for their ability to produce shorter wheat plants, were instrumental in the Green Revolution, as they helped increase yield potential and improve resistance to lodging (falling over) in wheat plants.
  • By acquiring these genes, India aimed to replicate the success of the Green Revolution and address food security challenges by boosting wheat production.
• Norman Borlaug was an American scientist who was working on developing more productive crop varieties.
  • It led to him winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his work in developing High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of wheat.
• Many researchers and scientists were involved in this work but there isn’t any doubt that the basic strategic vision underpinning the Green Revolution in India, introducing a new genetic strain or ‘plant type’ responsive to increased fertiliser and water application came from MS Swaminathan.
• The problem with the traditional wheat and rice varieties was that they were tall and slender.
  • These ‘lodged’ – fell flat on the ground — when they grew and their heads were heavy with well-filled grains produced in response to high fertiliser doses.
  • Through Swaminathan’s research on rice, a reduction in plant height was sought to make them less lodging-prone but this was not easy to do.
• His strategy of developing semi-dwarf wheat varieties using mutagenesis exposing plants to chemicals or radiation to introduce desirable modifications in their DNA did not, however, work.
  • The lowering of plant heights led to a simultaneous reduction in the size of the grain-bearing panicles or earheads.
• The search for an ideal variety led him to contact American scientist Orville Vogel.
  • He played a role in developing a ‘dwarf wheat’ called Gaines, which had a high yield.
  • It contained dwarfing genes from a dwarf wheat called the Norin-10.
• Vogel agreed but was unsure of the wheat’s potential in the Indian climate and thus advised Swaminathan to approach Norman Borlaug, who had incorporated the same dwarfing genes through Vogel’s lines into his spring wheat varieties in Mexico that were better suited for India.
  • Borlaug also later visited India, after Swaminathan proposed so to the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, allowing for the wheat breeding programme to commence.
• In 1963, they began a serious effort to breed dwarf wheat and within five years, this initiative led to what became known as the "Wheat Revolution."
  • Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, released a special stamp to mark the achievement.

The Side Effects of the Green Revolution:

• Despite its landmark role in achieving food sufficient in India, the Green Revolution has been criticised on multiple counts, such as:
  • Benefiting the already prosperous farmers as it was introduced in states with higher productivity.
• Swaminathan recognised such issues as early as January 1968, addressing the Indian Science Congress at Varanasi.
• He highlighted concerns about the rapid spread of a few high-yielding crop varieties replacing diverse local ones, leading to potential problems like soil degradation, desertification, excessive pesticide use, and unsustainable groundwater extraction.
  • Unfortunately, many of these concerns have materialised today.
• He also lent his support to farmers as the head of the National Commission on Farmers from 2004-06, he recommended that the Minimum Support Price at which farmers sell their crops to the government should be at least 50 per cent more than the weighted average cost of production.
• For his contributions, Swaminathan was awarded the first World Food Prize Laureate in 1987, for “developing and spearheading the introduction of high-yielding wheat and rice varieties into India during the 1960s when that country faced the prospect of widespread famine.
• Wheat production doubled in just a few years, making the country self-sufficient and saving millions from extreme food deprivation.

Why is it in the News?

In her Interim Budget speech, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a Rs 1 lakh crore fund to provide long-term, low-cost or zero-interest loans for research and development.

Context:

• Finance Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman in her Interim Budget speech, announced a Rs 1 lakh crore fund to provide long-term, low-cost, or zero-interest loans for research and development.
• A new scheme to strengthen deep-tech capabilities in the defence sector that is likely to be followed up later was also announced.
• The separate announcements on the fund and defence deep tech are intricately linked and must be seen together with the government’s other plans for the R&D sector.

What is Deep Tech?

• Deep tech refers to advanced and disruptive technologies, many of which are still under development, that have the potential to trigger transformative change and provide solutions for the future.
• The term is used to describe cutting-edge research in nanotechnology, biotechnology, material sciences, quantum technologies, semiconductors, artificial intelligence, data sciences, robotics, 3D printing, etc.

What are the Advantages of Deep Tech?

• These technologies are expected to play a key role in addressing complex global challenges like climate change, hunger, epidemics, energy access, mobility, physical and digital infrastructure, and cyber security including:
• Economic Implications: Advanced capabilities in deep tech are also likely to enhance productivity drive economic growth create jobs in coming years, and offer a competitive advantage to countries with strong foundations in these areas.
• Opportunities for India: With its large base of relatively high-quality science and engineering manpower and a fairly well-established technology culture, India feels it is well-placed to be one of the frontrunners in these areas.
• Potential Benefits: There is scope to contribute to the development of these technologies, which can ensure early adoption, shares in intellectual property, indigenous know-how, and self-reliance.
  • Major associated benefits in terms of spin-off technologies, trained manpower, entrepreneurship and technology exports can accrue as well.

Initiatives by the GOI to Build a Deep Tech Ecosystem

• Over the past few years, the government has tried to incentivise research in some of these areas by setting up a National Mission on Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage and, more recently, a National Quantum Mission.

National Mission on Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage:

• This mission is aimed at fostering innovation in the mobility and energy storage sectors.
  • The government encourages research and development in electric vehicles, advanced battery technologies, and sustainable mobility solutions through focused platforms and financial incentives.
  • It targets challenges related to environmental sustainability and energy efficiency.

National Quantum Mission:

• Recognizing the transformative potential of quantum technologies, the government has initiated the National Quantum Mission.
  • This effort concentrates on promoting research and development in quantum computing, communication, and sensing.
  • Quantum technologies hold promise for revolutionizing various industries, and the mission aims to position India as a leader in global quantum advancements.

National Deep Tech Startup Policy (NDTSP):

• In addition to mission-oriented strategies, the government has devised a policy framework to create a conducive environment for deep tech companies.
  • The NDTSP addresses specific challenges faced by technology startups and aims to nurture a thriving ecosystem for their growth.
  • Currently awaiting government approval, it embodies a comprehensive approach to cultivating a vibrant deep-tech startup ecosystem in India.
• Objectives and Key Components of NDTSP: The NDTSP is designed to achieve several objectives, including:
  • Competitiveness: Fostering innovation to enable startups to compete globally.
  • Collaboration: Facilitating partnerships between startups and international counterparts.
  • Incentives: Providing appropriate incentives for companies investing in innovation and research.

The policy outlines key components to achieve its goals, such as:

• Funding Opportunities: Creating avenues for long-term funding to support sustained innovation.
• Intellectual Property Rights: Establishing a simplified yet robust intellectual property rights regime.
• Tax Incentives: Offering tax incentives to encourage investment in deep tech startups.
• Regulatory Framework: Developing a conducive regulatory environment to streamline operations.
• Standards and Certifications: Establishing standards and certifications to ensure quality and reliability.
• Talent Nurturing: Focusing on nurturing talent through skill development and educational initiatives.
• Industry-Academia Collaboration: Facilitating linkages between industry, research centres, and educational institutions to promote knowledge exchange.

The Challenge of Funding in Deep Tech Research:

• Challenges in Research Funding Landscape: There's a persistent concern within the scientific community regarding the need for more research funding.
  • India's investment in research lags behind the global average, particularly in comparison to scientifically advanced nations that serve as direct competitors.
• Disparity Between Targets and Actual Spending: For more than two decades, the Indian government has set a target of allocating at least 2% of the GDP for research and development.
  • Despite an increase in absolute spending, the proportion of GDP dedicated to research has dwindled in recent years.
  • Currently, India allocates a mere 0.65% of its national GDP to research and development activities, significantly below the global average of approximately 1.8%.

Government's Initiatives to Address the Funding Challenges:

• Harnessing Public-Private Collaboration: Recent governmental directives reflect a recognition that significant boosts in research and development expenditure may only be attainable through effective partnerships with the private sector.
  • Initiatives are underway to forge synergies among industry, research laboratories, and educational institutions, aimed at bolstering both research activities and the financial resources available to support them.
• Introduction of the National Research Foundation (NRF): The establishment of the National Research Foundation (NRF), operational in recent times, stands as a key component of this strategy.
  • With an objective to tackle the funding hurdle, the NRF is set to procure approximately 70% of its Rs 50,000 crore allocation over the next five years from the private industry.
  • This collaborative model is envisioned to cultivate a more sustainable and resilient ecosystem for deep tech research and development in India.

The 1 Lakh Crore Fund: Anticipations, Enthusiasm, and Doubts:

• Anticipations: The provision of a Rs 1 lakh crore fund for financing research and development is deemed crucial in fortifying the research landscape.
  • This fund holds particular promise for startups and private sector ventures in need of initial funding to kickstart their projects.
  • Anticipations are high that these initiatives will gain momentum with the injection of funds.
• Enthusiasm and Doubts: While the government expresses optimism regarding the potential impact of this substantial fund, there exists scepticism within the scientific community.
  • Past expectations of significant private sector contributions to research have not materialized, leading to uncertainties and reservations among researchers.
  • Scientists argue that there's an imbalance in expectations, with excessive reliance on the private sector without a corresponding increase in government funding.
  • The unpredictability and inadequacy of private-sector financing present significant challenges.
  • Currently, the government appears to heavily rely on the success of its new funding initiatives for research.
• However, the budgetary allocations for science and research departments in the Interim Budget show only nominal increases.

Conclusion

• The recent initiative promises startups and other private sector ventures access to seed funding, offering potential benefits for their projects, yet, to boost R&D expenditure, fostering deeper partnerships with the private sector is essential. Initiatives are underway to enhance collaboration among industry, research laboratories, and educational institutions, aiming to diversify research activities and amplify available funding.

Why is it in the News

The Union government’s moves, which reduce the aggregate financial transfers to States, are weakening cooperative federalism.

Background:

• The fiscal dynamics between the Union government and the states in India have experienced notable shifts since the tenure of the 14th Finance Commission (FC) award period (2015-16).
• Official data indicates a trend of diminishing financial transfers from the Union government to the states.
• Thus, it becomes imperative to analyze the nuances of these financial transfers, delving into the deviations from the recommendations of FCs, their repercussions on states, and the potential ramifications for federal fiscal policies.

An Evaluation of Deviation from Finance Commission Recommendations:

• Recommendation of Substantial Shift in Devolution by 14th FC: Recognising the imperative of empowering the States, the 14th FC recommended a significant increase in the devolution of Union tax revenues.
  • Specifically, the recommendation was to devolve 42% of Union tax revenues to the States, marking a substantial 10 percentage points increase from the preceding 13th FC's suggestion.
  • This ambitious shift was intended to enhance the financial autonomy of the States, aligning with the principles of cooperative federalism.
• Deviation from FC Recommendations by the Union Government: Instead of adhering to the recommended increase, there has been a consistent reduction in financial transfers to the States.
  • This deviation is particularly perplexing given that the 15th FC retained the recommendation of 41%.
  • It excluded the devolution to Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) and Ladakh, which were reorganized as Union Territories.
  • If the shares of J&K and Ladakh are included, the recommended devolution should stand at 42%.
• The Dynamics of Financial Transfers of Tax Revenue: The analysis of tax revenue provides a critical understanding of dynamics of financial transfers between the Union government and the States.
  • The Finance Commissions recommend the States' share based on the net tax revenue of the Union government.
  • It is derived after accounting for various factors such as collection costs, revenue assigned to Union territories, and the impact of cess and surcharge.

Analysis of Tax Revenue Disparities:

• Contrasting Trends in States' Share: A Departure from FC Guidelines: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Finance Commissions recommended states' shares of 42% and 41%, respectively, of the net tax revenue.
  • However, the actual share of gross tax revenue stood at only 35% in 2015-16, dwindling further to 30% in the 2023-24 Budget Estimate.
  • This discrepancy assumes significance, particularly against the backdrop of a significant surge in the Union government's gross tax revenue, soaring from ?14.6 lakh crore in 2015-16 to ?33.6 lakh crore in 2023-24.
• Disparities in Revenue Growth: The more than two-fold increase in the Union government's gross tax revenue over this period starkly contrasts with the doubling of states' share in Union tax revenue.
  • This discrepancy raises concerns regarding equitable resource distribution.
  • Essentially, the widening gap between the Union government's revenue generation and states' share indicates a disproportionate augmentation in the former's fiscal capacity.
• Declining Grants-in-Aid: The disparity becomes more evident when analyzing grants-in-aid to states, another statutory grant recommended by the Finance Commission.
  • The absolute amount of grants-in-aid declined from ?1.95 lakh crore in 2015-16 to ?1.65 lakh crore in 2023-24.
  • Consequently, the collective share of statutory financial transfers in the Union government's gross tax revenue witnessed a notable decline, plummeting from 48.2% to 35.32%.

Potential Factors Contributing to Decreasing States’ Share:

• Calculation Methodology: One of the primary factors behind the dwindling share of states in gross revenue lies in the calculation method.
  • The net tax revenue, used to determine states' share, excludes revenue collections under cess and surcharge, revenue from Union Territories, and tax administration expenditure.
• Role of Cess and Surcharge: In 2015-16, revenue collection through cess and surcharge accounted for 5.9% (?85,638 crore) of gross tax revenue, increasing to 10.8% (?3.63 lakh crore) by 2023-24.
  • This notable surge underscores the Union government's strategic utilization of cess and surcharge to channel funds for specific sectoral schemes, enhancing its financial autonomy.
• Exclusion of States from Cess and Surcharge Revenues: The revenues generated through these additional levies are not shared with states, highlighting a more centralized control over financial resources by the Union government.
  • This selective exclusion limits resources available for devolution to states, potentially impacting their financial autonomy.

Centralization of Public Expenditure and Its Implications:

• Union Government’s Routes of Financial Transfer: Apart from traditional financial transfers like tax devolution and grants-in-aid, the Union government employs Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) and Central Sector Schemes (CSec Schemes) for direct financial transfers to states.
• Influencing State Priorities Through CSS: Under CSS, the Union government proposes schemes and provides partial funding, compelling states to align their priorities with those proposed by the Union government.
  • The allocation for CSS has substantially increased from ?2.04 lakh crore to ?4.76 lakh crore between 2015-16 and 2023-24, although actual financial transfers to states under CSS remain lower than allocated funds.
• CSec Schemes and Exclusive Control: Fully funded by the Union government, CSec Schemes operate in sectors where the Union government holds exclusive legislative or institutional controls.
  • The significant increase in allocation for CSec Schemes from ?5.21 lakh crore to ?14.68 lakh crore between 2015-16 and 2023-24 underscores the Union government's preference for such schemes.
• Potential Bias in Resource Allocation: The decentralized implementation of CSec Schemes grants the Union government considerable latitude in allocating financial resources, raising concerns about potential bias in resource distribution.
• Challenges for Cooperative Federalism: The downward revision of states' share in Union tax revenue from 42% to 41%, despite recommendations by the 15th Finance Commission, poses challenges to cooperative federalism.
  • Future discussions before the 16th Finance Commission might continue to address such challenges, potentially impacting collaborative federalism.

Conclusion

The evolving financial landscape between the Union government and states in India underscores the imperative for a comprehensive review of the fiscal architecture. Deviations from Finance Commission recommendations, increasing reliance on non-statutory transfers, and potential biases in resource allocation challenge the principles of cooperative federalism. Addressing these issues is essential to ensure equitable distribution of resources and foster collaborative governance between the Union and states, thus reinforcing the foundation of cooperative federalism for inclusive and sustainable development across the nation.

Why is it in the News

Since the end of 2019, WTO’s crown jewel, the appellate body (AB) stands crippled because the US has single-handedly blocked the appointment of new members.

Context:

• The 13th ministerial meeting of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is scheduled in Abu Dhabi, presenting a chance to tackle the persistent crisis in the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM).
• The effectiveness of WTO's key component, the DSM, has diminished since late 2019, mainly due to the United States obstructing the appointment of new Appellate Body (AB) members.
• Despite the implications of this crisis, there exist specific options for developing countries that could offer potential solutions to rejuvenate the DSM.

What is the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

• The WTO is an international institution responsible for overseeing global trade rules among nations.
• With 164 member countries (including Liberia and Afghanistan, the most recent additions in 2016) and 25 observer countries and governments, it officially commenced operations on January 1, 1995, replacing the 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in accordance with the 1994 Marrakesh Agreement.

Organizational Structure:

• The highest authority within the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, comprising all member states, typically meeting biennially with a consensus-driven decision-making approach.
  • Daily operations are managed by three bodies, sharing the same membership:
• General Council:
  • Functions as the primary decision-making body.
  • Convenes as the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) when addressing disputes between WTO members.
• Dispute Settlement Body (DSB):
  • Empowered to establish dispute settlement panels.
  • Refers matters to arbitration.
  • Adopts reports from panels, Appellate Body, and arbitration.
  • Monitors the implementation of recommendations and rulings, authorizing concession suspension in cases of non-compliance.
  • Exclusive authority to make decisions, while panels and the Appellate Body can only offer recommendations.
• Trade Policy Review Body:
  • Operates with terms of reference distinct from the General Council and DSB.
  • Assesses the trade policies of member countries through periodic reviews.
  • This structure ensures effective governance and dispute resolution within the WTO framework, emphasizing consensus in decision-making processes.

The Importance of the Appellate Body (AB):

• Enforceable Decision-Making:nThe Appellate Body (AB) holds the authority to review and, if necessary, overturn legal findings and interpretations by WTO panels.
  • This enforceable nature ensures a conclusive resolution to trade disputes, fostering stability and predictability in international trade relations.
• Mandatory Jurisdiction: The AB's jurisdiction spans all WTO member countries, creating a mandatory framework for resolving disputes.
  • Member nations are obligated to participate in the AB process, reinforcing the foundation of a rules-based international trading system.
• Advocacy for Equitable Practices: By addressing disputes and upholding compliance with WTO rules, the AB contributes to the promotion of fair and equitable trade practices.
  • This approach establishes a level playing field for both developed and developing nations, supporting inclusivity and sustainable economic growth.

Challenges in the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM):

• Appellate Body's Paralysis: Since late 2019, the AB, integral to the DSM, has been practically non-functional due to the blockage of new member appointments, primarily led by the United States dissatisfied with previous dispute outcomes.
  • This obstruction erodes the binding nature of the dispute resolution process, creating a legal void.
• Evasion of Compliance: With the AB inoperable, countries have found a loophole to evade compliance with WTO panel rulings.
  • Nations can appeal into the void, rendering the DSM ineffective and contradicting its purpose of providing a binding and enforceable resolution to trade disputes.
• Prolonged Dispute Resolution: The absence of a functioning AB leads to delays in resolving trade disputes.
  • Without a binding appellate process, disputes may linger, contributing to economic uncertainties and potential retaliatory actions among trading partners.
• Undermining Rules-Based Trade: The DSM crisis jeopardizes the concept of a rules-based international trading system.
  • The inability to enforce agreed-upon rules diminishes predictability and stability crucial for global economic growth through trade.